NETZWERK ACADEMY

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted by
Ajay Rapeti A21126551049

In fulfillment of the Internship in

Computer Science & Engineering (AI & ML, DS)

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AND SCIENCES
(Affiliated to Andhra University)
SANGIVALASA, VISAKHAPATNAM - 531162
2021-2025
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING(AI,ML&DS)

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AND SCIENCES
(Affiliated to Andhra University)
SANGIVALASA, VISAKHAPATNAM - 531162
2021-2025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Internship Report “Data Science” From Netzwerk Academy
Organisation is a bonafide work of R. Ajay (A21126551049) of 3/4 CSD carried out
the Internship under my Supervision.

Class Teacher
Mrs. G SURYAKALA ESWARI
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE(AI,ML&DS)

Reviewers
Mrs. G SURYAKALA ESWARI
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE(AI,ML&DS)

Dr.K.S.Deepthi
Head of The Department
Department of CSE(AI,ML&DS)
ANITS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
An endeavor over a long period can be successful with the advice and support of many well-
wishers. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of them.

We owe our tributes to Dr .K. S. Deepthi , Head of the Department, Computer Science &
Engineering (AI&ML,DS), ANITS, for his valuable support and guidance during the period
of the Internship.

We wish to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Course Curators Akash Kulkarani
, Pavithra, Netzwerk Academy who helped in stimulating discussions, and for guiding us
throughout the Course. We express our warm and sincere thanks for the encouragement,
untiring guidance, and confidence they had shown in us.

We also thank all the staff members of the Computer Science & Engineering (AI&ML,DS)
department for their valuable advices. We also thank supporting staff for providing resources
as and when required.
 Table of Contents:
1. About the Data Science Course Using Python

2. Importance of Data and Computational Problem Solving using Data Science

3. Course Modules
 Mathematics
 Python
 Machine Learning
 Deep Learning
 Tableau
 SQL
4.Plagiarism Report

5. Course Completion Certificate

About the Course Computational Problem Solving in Java

Title: Comprehensive Data Science Course

Course Description:
The Comprehensive Data Science Course is designed to equip students with the
essential knowledge and skills required to excel in the field of data science. This course
covers a wide range of topics, including mathematics, programming, machine learning, deep
learning, data visualization, SQL, and computer vision. Whether you're a beginner or an
experienced data professional looking to advance your skills, this course provides a strong
foundation for a successful career in data science.

Course Duration: 6 months (can be adjusted based on the depth of coverage and
student pace)

Course Outline:

Module 1: Mathematics for Data Science (4 weeks)

- Introduction to Linear Algebra
- Calculus and Optimization
- Probability and Statistics
- Linear Regression
- Matrix Operations in Python

Module 2: Python Programming for Data Science (4 weeks)

- Introduction to Python
- Libraries for Data Manipulation (NumPy, Pandas)
- Data Visualization (Matplotlib, Seaborn)
- Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
- Working with APIs and Web Scraping

Module 3: Machine Learning (4 weeks)

- Supervised Learning: Regression and Classification
- Unsupervised Learning: Clustering and Dimensionality Reduction
- Model Evaluation and Hyperparameter Tuning
- Ensemble Learning
- Real-world Case Studies and Projects

Module 4: Deep Learning (2 weeks)

- Introduction to Neural Networks
- Deep Learning Frameworks (TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch)
- Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
- Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
- Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- Transfer Learning and Pre-trained Models
 Module 5: Data Visualization with Tableau (2 weeks)
- Introduction to Tableau
- Data Connection and Transformation
- Creating Interactive Dashboards
- Storytelling with Data
- Advanced Visualization Techniques

Module 6: SQL for Data Science (4 weeks)

- Introduction to Relational Databases
- SQL Basics: SELECT, WHERE, JOIN
- Data Retrieval and Manipulation
- Working with Large Datasets
- Database Design and Optimization

Module 7: Computer Vision (4 weeks)

- Introduction to Computer Vision
- Image Processing Techniques
- Object Detection and Image Classification
- Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer Vision
- Face Recognition and Image Segmentation
- Real-world Computer Vision Projects

Assessment and Certification:

- Regular quizzes, assignments, and projects to assess understanding and practical
skills.
- A comprehensive final project where students apply their knowledge to solve real-
world data science problems.
- Successful completion results in a certification of "Comprehensive Data Science
Course" with a detailed description of the skills and topics covered.

Prerequisites:
- No prior experience is required, but a strong desire to learn and a basic
understanding of mathematics and programming concepts will be beneficial.

Target Audience:
- Students aspiring to become data scientists
- Working professionals seeking to transition into the field of data science
- Data professionals looking to enhance their skillset

This Comprehensive Data Science Course is designed to give students a well-

rounded education in data science, enabling them to tackle complex data challenges and
make informed, data-driven decisions. It equips graduates with the knowledge and practical
experience to excel in a rapidly evolving field and contributes to the growing demand for
data scientists in various industries.
 Importance of Data Science

In today's data-driven world, the field of Data Science has emerged as a critical
player in various sectors, from business and healthcare to government and academia.
Data Science is the interdisciplinary practice of extracting valuable insights and
knowledge from data, and its importance cannot be overstated. Here, we explore the
significance of Data Science in a one-page overview.

1. Informed Decision-Making:
Data Science enables organizations to make informed decisions based on data
analysis. Whether it's optimizing supply chains, predicting customer behavior, or
improving healthcare outcomes, data-driven decisions lead to increased efficiency,
reduced risks, and better outcomes.

2. Business Growth and Innovation:

In the business world, Data Science is a catalyst for growth and innovation. It helps
in identifying new market opportunities, improving customer experiences, and
developing products and services aligned with consumer preferences, leading to a
competitive edge.

3. Healthcare Advancements:
Data Science plays a pivotal role in healthcare by analyzing patient data to improve
diagnostics, treatment plans, and disease prevention. Predictive analytics can aid in
early disease detection and personalized medicine, ultimately saving lives.

4. Scientific Research:
In academia and research, Data Science empowers scientists to analyze vast
datasets, accelerating discoveries in fields such as genomics, astronomy, and climate
science. It aids in pattern recognition, simulations, and hypothesis testing.

5. Public Policy and Governance:

Governments utilize Data Science for evidence-based decision-making. It helps in
areas like crime prediction, resource allocation, and disaster management. Data-
driven policies result in improved public services and better resource management.

6. Personalization and User Experience:

Data Science underlies the personalization of user experiences. Recommendation
systems in e-commerce and content platforms, for instance, enhance customer
satisfaction by offering products and content tailored to individual preferences.
7. Fraud Detection and Security:
Data Science is essential in fraud detection and cybersecurity. Advanced algorithms
can identify unusual patterns in financial transactions, protecting consumers and
businesses from cyber threats and financial fraud.

8. Predictive Maintenance:
In manufacturing and logistics, Data Science helps predict when machines or
vehicles require maintenance. This prevents costly breakdowns, reduces downtime,
and increases operational efficiency.

9. Environmental Sustainability:
Data Science is employed to monitor and manage environmental resources. It aids in
climate modeling, natural resource conservation, and sustainable agriculture
practices.

10. Economic Impact:

Data Science contributes significantly to the economy by creating high-demand job
opportunities and fostering innovation. Organizations that harness the power of data
gain a competitive edge and drive economic growth.

11. Data Ethics and Privacy:

Data Science also emphasizes the importance of ethical data collection, usage, and
privacy protection. This is crucial to maintain public trust and ensure responsible
data handling.

In conclusion, Data Science has become an indispensable tool across diverse sectors,
transforming the way businesses operate, healthcare is delivered, research is
conducted, and policies are formulated. The ability to extract actionable insights
from data is a defining factor in the success and progress of modern society, making
Data Science a field of paramount importance. As technology and data continue to
evolve, the role of Data Science will only become more central to our daily lives and
the global economy.
Importance in the workplace:

Data Science plays a pivotal role in the modern workplace, serving as a catalyst for
informed decision-making and enhanced efficiency. Its significance lies in its ability to
extract actionable insights from vast amounts of data, enabling organizations to make
data-driven decisions. Businesses leverage data science to optimize operations, forecast
trends, and identify opportunities for growth. It empowers marketing teams to target the
right audience, assists healthcare professionals in diagnosing diseases, and aids financial
institutions in fraud detection. Moreover, data science drives automation, streamlining
processes, and reducing human error. In a data-rich world, its importance cannot be
overstated, as it allows companies to remain competitive, adapt to changing market
dynamics, and stay ahead of the curve. With data science, businesses can gain a deeper
understanding of their customers, enhance products and services, and ultimately achieve
sustainable success.
 Course Modules

 Introduction to Mathematics:

Mathematics plays a crucial role in data science, as it provides the foundation for
various data analysis, modeling, and machine learning techniques. Here are some key
mathematical topics commonly used in data science:

1. Statistics:
- Descriptive Statistics: Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode),
measures of spread (variance, standard deviation), and percentiles.
- Inferential Statistics: Hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and p-values.
- Probability: Probability distributions (e.g., normal, binomial, Poisson) and
probability theory.

2. Linear Algebra:
- Vectors and Matrices: Understanding and manipulation of vectors and matrices,
which are fundamental for data transformations and modeling.
- Matrix Operations: Matrix multiplication, transposition, and determinant
calculations.

3. Calculus:
- Differentiation: Used in optimization algorithms (e.g., gradient descent) and in
finding derivatives for functions.
- Integration: Used in cumulative distribution functions and probability density
functions.

4. Optimization:
- Gradient Descent: A common optimization algorithm used in training machine
learning models to find the best model parameters.
- Convex Optimization: Techniques for finding the minimum of convex functions,
often used in machine learning.

5. Linear Regression:
- Linear regression is a statistical method that involves fitting a linear equation to a set
of data points. It requires a solid understanding of regression analysis, least squares, and
residuals.

6. Probability and Random Variables:

- Understanding of probability concepts and random variables, which are fundamental
for dealing with uncertainty and probabilistic models.
7. Differential Equations:
- Used in time-series analysis and modeling dynamic systems, such as in financial
forecasting and scientific simulations.

8. Information Theory:
- Concepts like entropy and mutual information are relevant for feature selection and
measuring the information gain in machine learning.

9. Graph Theory:
- Graph theory is used in network analysis and various data science applications, such
as social network analysis and recommendation systems.

10. Numerical Methods:

- Techniques for solving mathematical problems numerically, such as root-finding
methods and interpolation.

11. Bayesian Statistics:

- Bayesian inference and probability theory are used in Bayesian machine learning
methods for modeling uncertainty and making probabilistic predictions.

12. Time-Series Analysis:

- Techniques like autocorrelation, seasonality, and exponential smoothing are
essential for analyzing time-dependent data.

A strong grasp of these mathematical concepts is essential for data scientists to

understand and develop data-driven models, analyze data, and make informed decisions.
Depending on the specific tasks and projects in data science, practitioners may delve
deeper into certain mathematical areas to solve particular problems effectively.
  Introduction to Python:

Python is a versatile and widely used programming language in the field of data science
due to its rich ecosystem of libraries and tools. Here are some of the essential topics and
libraries in Python used in data science:

1. Data Manipulation with NumPy and Pandas:

- NumPy (Numerical Python): NumPy provides support for large, multi-dimensional
arrays and matrices, along with a collection of mathematical functions to operate on
these arrays efficiently.
- Pandas:Pandas is a powerful library for data manipulation and analysis. It introduces
data structures like DataFrames and Series, making it easy to work with structured data.

2. Data Visualization with Matplotlib and Seaborn:

- Matplotlib: Matplotlib is a popular library for creating static, animated, and
interactive visualizations in Python. It allows you to create a wide range of plots and
charts.
- Seaborn: Seaborn is a high-level interface to Matplotlib. It provides a more
aesthetically pleasing and informative statistical graphics.

3. Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn:

- Scikit-Learn: Scikit-Learn is a machine learning library that offers a wide range of
tools for classification, regression, clustering, dimensionality reduction, and more. It
provides an easy-to-use API for building and evaluating machine learning models.

4. Deep Learning with TensorFlow and Keras:

- TensorFlow: Developed by Google, TensorFlow is an open-source deep learning
library widely used for building and training neural networks. It provides tools for deep
learning and machine learning, including TensorFlow Keras for high-level neural
network APIs.
- Keras: Keras is a high-level neural networks API that can run on top of TensorFlow
and other deep learning frameworks. It simplifies the process of building and training
deep learning models.

5. Data Analysis and Statistics:

- SciPy: SciPy builds on NumPy and provides additional functionality for scientific
and technical computing, including optimization, signal processing, and statistical
functions.
- Statsmodels:Statsmodels is a Python module that allows you to estimate and interpret
statistical models. It's particularly useful for performing statistical tests and regression
analysis.
6. Data Cleaning and Preprocessing:
- Data cleaning: Various Python libraries and techniques are used for data cleaning,
including handling missing data, outlier detection, and feature scaling.
- Feature engineering:This involves creating new features or transforming existing
ones to improve the performance of machine learning models. Libraries like Pandas and
Scikit-Learn are commonly used for this purpose.

7. Database and SQL Integration:

- Libraries like SQLAlchemy and pandasql enable data scientists to work with
databases and write SQL queries to retrieve and manipulate data stored in relational
databases.

8. Natural Language Processing (NLP):

- NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit): NLTK is a library for working with human
language data. It is useful for text processing and analysis tasks in NLP.
- spaCy: spaCy is another popular NLP library known for its speed and efficiency in
performing NLP tasks like tokenization, part-of-speech tagging, and named entity
recognition.

9. Web Scraping:
- Libraries like Beautiful Soup and Scrapy are used for web scraping, allowing data
scientists to extract data from websites for analysis.

These Python topics and libraries form the foundation for data science work,
allowing data scientists to manipulate data, build models, visualize results, and
gain insights from various data sources. Depending on the specific data science
task, other specialized libraries and tools may also be employed.
Introduction to Machine Learning:

Machine learning is a fundamental component of data science and plays a crucial

role in the analysis and interpretation of data. Here are some of the key topics in
machine learning that are commonly used in data science:

1. Supervised Learning:
Regression: Involves predicting a continuous target variable based on input
features.
Classification: Focuses on categorizing data points into predefined classes or
categories.

2. Unsupervised Learning:
Clustering:Groups data points into clusters based on similarity or patterns, with
applications in customer segmentation, anomaly detection, and more.
Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) and t-SNE help reduce the number of features while preserving essential
information.

3. Semi-Supervised Learning: A combination of both supervised and

unsupervised learning, useful when only a fraction of the data is labeled.

4. Reinforcement Learning: Involves training agents to make sequential

decisions in an environment to maximize a reward. Commonly used in
applications like gaming, robotics, and autonomous systems.

5. Natural Language Processing (NLP): Focuses on understanding and

generating human language, including tasks like text classification, sentiment
analysis, language translation, and chatbots.

6. Time Series Analysis: Specifically for data that varies with time, often used in
financial forecasting, demand prediction, and climate modeling.

7. Ensemble Learning: Combines multiple machine learning models to improve

overall predictive performance. Techniques like Random Forests and Gradient
Boosting are popular examples.

8. Deep Learning: Involves neural networks with multiple hidden layers, suitable
for complex tasks like image and speech recognition, natural language
understanding, and more.
9. Feature Engineering: The process of selecting, transforming, and creating new
features to improve model performance.

10. Model Evaluation and Validation: Techniques to assess the performance of

machine learning models, such as cross-validation, hyperparameter tuning, and
metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC.

11. Overfitting and Underfitting:Addressing issues of model complexity and

generalization to ensure models perform well on unseen data.

These machine learning topics are essential in the data science toolkit and are used
to extract insights, build predictive models, and make data-driven decisions across
various domains and industries. The choice of techniques depends on the specific
problem and dataset being analyzed.
 Introduction to Deep Learning:

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on neural networks with
many layers, also known as deep neural networks. Deep learning techniques have
gained significant prominence in the field of data science due to their ability to
automatically learn patterns and representations from large and complex datasets. Some
of the key topics in deep learning that are commonly used in data science include:

1. Neural Networks:
- Neural networks are the foundational building blocks of deep learning. They consist
of interconnected nodes, or artificial neurons, organized into layers. These networks can
be used for tasks such as classification, regression, and feature extraction.

2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs):

- CNNs are specialized neural networks designed for image and video analysis. They
use convolutional layers to automatically detect patterns and features in images, making
them invaluable for tasks like image recognition, object detection, and facial
recognition.

3. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs):

- RNNs are used for sequential data analysis, such as time series forecasting, natural
language processing (NLP), and speech recognition. They have a feedback mechanism
that allows them to maintain memory of previous inputs, making them suitable for tasks
involving sequences.

4. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs):

- LSTM and GRU are specialized RNN architectures that address the vanishing
gradient problem, allowing for more effective modeling of long-range dependencies in
sequential data. They are commonly used in NLP, speech recognition, and time series
analysis.

5. Transfer Learning:
- Transfer learning involves using pre-trained deep learning models as a starting point
for new tasks. By fine-tuning existing models, data scientists can save time and
resources and achieve better results, especially when working with limited datasets.

6. Autoencoders:
- Autoencoders are neural networks used for unsupervised learning and dimensionality
reduction. They can be employed for data compression, feature learning, and anomaly
detection.
7. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs):
- GANs consist of two neural networks, a generator and a discriminator, which work
in opposition. They are used for generating data that is similar to a given dataset,
making them useful for tasks like image generation, data augmentation, and creating
realistic synthetic data.

8. Natural Language Processing (NLP) with Transformers:

- Transformers, a type of deep learning architecture, have revolutionized NLP tasks.
Models like BERT, GPT, and T5 have shown remarkable performance in tasks such as
text classification, language translation, and text generation.

9. Deep Reinforcement Learning:

- Deep reinforcement learning combines deep learning with reinforcement learning to
enable machines to learn by interacting with an environment. It is commonly used in
robotics, game playing, and autonomous systems.

10. Explainable AI (XAI):

- XAI techniques within deep learning aim to make the decision-making process of
models more interpretable and transparent, which is crucial for applications where
understanding the model's reasoning is important.

These topics in deep learning play a crucial role in data science, enabling data scientists
to tackle a wide range of complex data analysis, prediction, and modeling tasks across
various domains. Understanding and applying these techniques is essential for
harnessing the power of deep learning in data science applications.
 Introduction to Tableau:

Tableau is a powerful data visualization and business intelligence tool used in the field
of data science to help professionals analyze and communicate data-driven insights
effectively. Some of the key topics and features in Tableau that are used in data science
include:

1. Data Connection:
- Connecting to various data sources, such as databases, spreadsheets, and cloud
services.
- Importing and blending data from multiple sources for analysis.

2. Data Preparation:
- Cleaning and transforming data to make it suitable for analysis.
- Handling missing values, data shaping, and structuring datasets.

3. Data Visualization:
- Creating interactive and visually appealing data visualizations.
- Building various types of charts and graphs, including bar charts, line charts, scatter
plots, and heatmaps.

4. Dashboard Creation:
- Designing interactive dashboards that consolidate multiple visualizations on a single
canvas.
- Adding filters, parameters, and actions to make dashboards user-friendly.

5. Calculated Fields:
- Creating calculated fields using Tableau's formula language for custom calculations
and aggregations.
- Implementing advanced calculations for complex data analysis.

6. Mapping and Geospatial Analysis:

- Plotting data on maps to analyze geographic trends.
- Using geographic dimensions and spatial calculations to gain insights from location-
based data.

7. Time-Series Analysis:
- Analyzing time-series data with features like date hierarchies, trend lines, and
forecasting.
- Creating timelines and trend visualizations.

8. Data Blending and Joins:

- Combining data from multiple sources through blending and joining techniques.
- Ensuring that related data can be analyzed together.
9. Parameters:
- Utilizing parameters to create dynamic and user-controlled visualizations.
- Allowing users to change aspects of the visualization, such as date ranges or
categories.

10. Customization and Formatting:

- Customizing visualizations with colors, labels, tooltips, and fonts.
- Formatting to ensure a polished and professional appearance.

11. Aggregations and Level of Detail (LOD) Expressions:

- Performing aggregations and specifying the level of detail for calculations.
- Fine-tuning analysis to answer specific data questions.

12. Storytelling:
- Creating data stories to convey a narrative through a sequence of dashboards and
visualizations.
- Guiding the audience through insights and findings.

13. Integration with Python and R:

- Utilizing Tableau's integration with Python and R for advanced analytics and
machine learning models.
- Embedding Python or R code within Tableau calculations.

14. Publishing and Sharing:

- Publishing Tableau workbooks to Tableau Server or Tableau Online for
collaboration and sharing within an organization.
- Embedding Tableau visualizations in websites or applications.

15. Data Security and Permissions:

- Implementing data security measures, including user access control and permissions
management.
- Ensuring data privacy and compliance.

Tableau's versatility and user-friendly interface make it a valuable tool in the data
science workflow, enabling professionals to explore, analyze, and communicate data
insights efficiently. It is particularly useful for creating data visualizations that can help
stakeholders understand complex data and make data-driven decisions.
 Introduction to SQL:

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a critical tool in data science for managing and
manipulating data stored in relational databases. Data scientists often use SQL to
extract, transform, and analyze data. Here are some key SQL topics commonly used in
data science:

1. Data Retrieval:
- SELECT Statement: The fundamental SQL command used to retrieve data from a
database table.
- FROM Clause: Specifies the table or tables from which you want to retrieve data.
- WHERE Clause: Filters rows based on specific conditions, allowing you to extract
subsets of data.

2. Data Filtering:
- WHERE Clause: Used to filter rows based on specific conditions, such as date
ranges, categories, or numerical values.
- LIKE Operator: Enables pattern matching for text data.
- IN Operator: Allows you to filter data based on a list of values.
- BETWEEN Operator: Filters data within a specific numeric or date range.

3. Data Aggregation:
- GROUP BY Clause: Groups data based on one or more columns, often used with
aggregate functions.
- Aggregate Functions (e.g., SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN): Perform calculations
on grouped data, providing summaries or statistics.
- HAVING Clause: Filters grouped data based on aggregate function results.
4. Joining Tables:
- JOIN Clause: Combines data from multiple tables based on related columns.
- INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN: Different types of joins used
to merge data with varying inclusion rules.

5. Subqueries:
- Subquery: A query nested within another query, often used to retrieve data from one
query's result in the context of another.

6. Window Functions:
- OVER Clause: Used with aggregate functions to perform calculations within specific
windows of data, allowing for advanced data analysis.

7. Data Modification:
- INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE Statements: Used to insert new records, update
existing records, or delete records from a table.

8. Indexes and Performance Optimization:

- Indexes: Enhance query performance by facilitating rapid data retrieval.
- EXPLAIN Plan: A tool to analyze how the database executes a query to identify
potential optimizations.

9. Working with Date and Time:

- DATE, TIME, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP Data Types: Used to handle date and
time data.
- DATE Functions: Allow for date and time calculations, like date subtraction or
formatting.
10. Handling NULL Values:
- IS NULL, IS NOT NULL: Used to identify records with or without NULL values.
- COALESCE Function: Replaces NULL values with specified values.

11. Case Statements:

- CASE Statement: Allows you to perform conditional operations in SQL queries, like
creating calculated columns.

12. Stored Procedures and Functions:

- Stored Procedures: Predefined SQL scripts that can be executed with parameters.
- User-Defined Functions: Custom SQL functions that can be applied within queries.

Data scientists use these SQL topics to extract and manipulate data from databases,
create meaningful datasets, and perform various data transformations necessary for
analysis and modeling. It's an essential skill for any data scientist working with
relational databases.
PROJECT:
Title: Taxi Fare Prediction Data Science and Machine Learning Project

Project Overview:
The Taxi Fare Prediction project is a data science and machine learning endeavor aimed
at developing a predictive model for estimating taxi fares in urban areas. This project is
essential for optimizing pricing strategies and providing fare estimates to passengers,
offering transparency and convenience.

Project Steps:

1. Data Collection:
- Gather historical taxi ride data, including information such as pick-up and drop-off
locations, trip duration, distance, time of day, and, most importantly, the actual fare
charged.

2. Data Preprocessing:
- Data Cleaning: Handle missing values, outliers, and data inconsistencies.
- Feature Engineering: Create relevant features such as time of day, day of the week,
and geographical features like distance between pick-up and drop-off locations.
- Data Transformation: Convert categorical data into numerical formats and scale
numerical features as needed.

3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):

- Analyze the dataset to understand patterns, correlations, and distributions.
- Visualize data using graphs and charts to gain insights into factors affecting taxi
fares.
4. Data Splitting:
- Divide the dataset into training, validation, and test sets for model development and
evaluation.

5. Model Selection:
- Choose an appropriate machine learning model for regression, as this is a prediction
task.
- Experiment with various models such as linear regression, decision trees, random
forests, gradient boosting, or neural networks.

6. Model Training:
- Train the selected machine learning model on the training dataset.
- Optimize hyperparameters to improve model performance.

7. Model Evaluation:
- Assess the model's performance on the validation dataset using metrics like Mean
Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Root Mean Squared Error
(RMSE).

8. Model Testing:
- Evaluate the final model's performance on the test dataset to ensure it generalizes
well to new data.

9. Feature Importance Analysis:

- Examine which features have the most significant impact on fare prediction, helping
to understand the pricing dynamics.
10. Model Deployment:
- Deploy the trained model in a real-world environment to predict fares in real-time
for taxi bookings.

11. User Interface Development:

- Create a user-friendly interface where passengers can input their trip details to get
fare estimates.

12. Monitoring and Maintenance:

- Continuously monitor model performance and update it as necessary to adapt to
changing conditions or patterns.

Project Goals:

- Develop an accurate and reliable machine learning model for taxi fare prediction.
- Improve passenger experience by providing transparent fare estimates.
- Assist taxi service providers in optimizing pricing strategies and revenue management.

This Taxi Fare Prediction Data Science and Machine Learning Project has significant
implications for the transportation industry, providing a valuable tool for both taxi
service providers and passengers. It enhances pricing transparency, improves user
experience, and contributes to data-driven decision-making in the taxi business.
 taxifare

November 4, 2023

[1]: import pandas as pd

import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor
from sklearn.ensemble import AdaBoostRegressor
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingRegressor
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.svm import SVR

[2]: # Load the dataset

data = pd.read_csv('TaxiFare.csv')

[3]: data.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 50000 entries, 0 to 49999
Data columns (total 8 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 unique_id 50000 non-null object
1 amount 50000 non-null float64
2 date_time_of_pickup 50000 non-null object
3 longitude_of_pickup 50000 non-null float64
4 latitude_of_pickup 50000 non-null float64
5 longitude_of_dropoff 50000 non-null float64
6 latitude_of_dropoff 50000 non-null float64
7 no_of_passenger 50000 non-null int64
dtypes: float64(5), int64(1), object(2)
memory usage: 3.1+ MB

[4]: data.describe().T

[4]: count mean std min 25%

amount 50000.0 11.364171 9.685557 -5.000000 6.000000 \
longitude_of_pickup 50000.0 -72.509756 10.393860 -75.423848 -73.992062

1
 latitude_of_pickup 50000.0 39.933759 6.224857 -74.006893 40.734880
longitude_of_dropoff 50000.0 -72.504616 10.407570 -84.654241 -73.991152
latitude_of_dropoff 50000.0 39.926251 6.014737 -74.006377 40.734372
no_of_passenger 50000.0 1.667840 1.289195 0.000000 1.000000

50% 75% max

amount 8.500000 12.500000 200.000000
longitude_of_pickup -73.981840 -73.967148 40.783472
latitude_of_pickup 40.752678 40.767360 401.083332
longitude_of_dropoff -73.980082 -73.963584 40.851027
latitude_of_dropoff 40.753372 40.768167 43.415190
no_of_passenger 1.000000 2.000000 6.000000

[5]: data.isna().sum()

[5]: unique_id 0
amount 0
date_time_of_pickup 0
longitude_of_pickup 0
latitude_of_pickup 0
longitude_of_dropoff 0
latitude_of_dropoff 0
no_of_passenger 0
dtype: int64

[6]: data['date_time_of_pickup']=pd.to_datetime(data['date_time_of_pickup'])

[7]: data['year']=data['date_time_of_pickup'].dt.year
data['month']=data['date_time_of_pickup'].dt.month
data['date']=data['date_time_of_pickup'].dt.day
data['hour']=data['date_time_of_pickup'].dt.hour
data['day']=data['date_time_of_pickup'].dt.dayofweek
data['min']=data['date_time_of_pickup'].dt.minute

[8]: data.drop(['unique_id','date_time_of_pickup'],axis=1,inplace=True)

[9]: data

[9]: amount longitude_of_pickup latitude_of_pickup longitude_of_dropoff

0 4.5 -73.844311 40.721319 -73.841610 \
1 16.9 -74.016048 40.711303 -73.979268
2 5.7 -73.982738 40.761270 -73.991242
3 7.7 -73.987130 40.733143 -73.991567
4 5.3 -73.968095 40.768008 -73.956655
… … … … …
49995 15.0 -73.999973 40.748531 -74.016899
49996 7.5 -73.984756 40.768211 -73.987366

2
 49997 6.9 -74.002698 40.739428 -73.998108
49998 4.5 -73.946062 40.777567 -73.953450
49999 10.9 -73.932603 40.763805 -73.932603

latitude_of_dropoff no_of_passenger year month date hour day min

0 40.712278 1 2009 6 15 17 0 26
1 40.782004 1 2010 1 5 16 1 52
2 40.750562 2 2011 8 18 0 3 35
3 40.758092 1 2012 4 21 4 5 30
4 40.783762 1 2010 3 9 7 1 51
… … … … … … … … …
49995 40.705993 1 2013 6 12 23 2 25
49996 40.760597 1 2015 6 22 17 0 19
49997 40.759483 1 2011 1 30 4 6 53
49998 40.779687 2 2012 11 6 7 1 9
49999 40.763805 1 2010 1 13 8 2 13

[50000 rows x 12 columns]

[10]: # Split the data into features (X) and target variable (y)
X = data.drop('amount', axis=1)
y = data['amount']

[12]: plt.scatter(data['no_of_passenger'],data['amount'])
plt.xlabel("no_of_passenger")
plt.ylabel("amount")
plt.show()

3
[13]: plt.scatter(data['amount'],data['no_of_passenger'])
plt.ylabel("no_of_passenger")
plt.xlabel("amount")
plt.show()

4
[14]: plt.scatter(data['day'],data['no_of_passenger'])
plt.ylabel("no_of_passenger")
plt.xlabel("day")
plt.show()

5
[15]: plt.scatter(data['year'],data['amount'])
plt.ylabel("amount")
plt.xlabel("year")
plt.show()

6
[56]: # Split the data into training and testing sets
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2,␣
↪random_state=42)

[57]: # Create a linear regression model

model = LinearRegression()
# Train the model
model.fit(X_train, y_train)

[57]: LinearRegression()

[58]: # Make predictions on the test set

y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
# Calculate the R-squared score
r2 = r2_score(y_test, y_pred)
print("R-squared score:", r2*100.00)

R-squared score: 2.06623944734462

[59]: # Create a linear regression model

model8 = LinearRegression()

7
 # Train the model
model8.fit(X_train,y_train)
print(model8.score(X_test,y_test)*100)
model8.score(X_train,y_train)*100

2.06623944734462

[59]: 1.6400191665462027

[60]: model = RandomForestRegressor()

# Train the model
model.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(model.score(X_test,y_test)*100)
model.score(X_train,y_train)*100

75.19978360686885

[60]: 96.76705114116024

[61]: model = GradientBoostingRegressor()

# Train the model
model.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(model.score(X_test,y_test)*100)
model.score(X_train,y_train)*100

69.28470842864147

[61]: 75.5375121470838

[62]: model = SVR()

# Train the model
model.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(model.score(X_test,y_test)*100)
model.score(X_train,y_train)*100

-9.082248439246676

[62]: -9.377654882461295

[63]: model=DecisionTreeRegressor()
model.fit(X_train,y_train)
print(model.score(X_test,y_test)*100)
model.score(X_train,y_train)*100

55.07387698313491

[63]: 100.0

8
[64]: model=AdaBoostRegressor()
model.fit(X_train,y_train)
print(model.score(X_test,y_test)*100)
model.score(X_train,y_train)*100

-10.976289738995849

[64]: -7.4549865583041

0.0.1 conclusion :- The random forest regressor having the more accuracy complared
to others, so we can use model of random forest regressor for predicting the
fair price.

9
COURSE COMPLETION CERTIFICATE