1732012352988
1732012352988
1732012352988
Section A
1.
A capacitor made up of two large parallel conducting plates kept at a small distance is called parallel plate capacitor.
Two parallel conducting plates are arranged parallel to each other as shown in figure. Area of each plate is A and perpendicular
distance between the two plates is d. Charge on them is +Q and – Q respectively.
σ and – σ respectively.
Here the separation (d) between two plates is very small compared to the area of the plates. (d2 << A) Therefore, the electric
field between the two plates can be considered uniform (So that we can use the formula E = to find out electric field due to
both plates.)
E’ = – =0
Electric field in the region below plate II,
E’’ = – =0
Electric field in the region between two plates,
∴E= +
∴E=
V= ... (2)
Now, capacitance,
C=
2.
T0 = 0 °C R0 = 5 Ω
T1 = 100 °C R1 = 5.23 Ω
T2 = ? R2 = 5.795 Ω
from equation
R = R0[1 + α(T – T0)]
But, T0 = 0 °C
R = R0(1 + αT)
∴ R = R0 + R0 αT
∴ R – R0 = R0αT
∴ T2 =
= 345.65 °C
3.
dW = τdθ
∴ Total Work W = τ dθ
∴W= mB sin θ dθ
∴ W = mB sin θ dθ
∴ W = mB (– cos θ)
∴ W = – mB cos θ
This work is stored in the form of potential energy.
∴ U = – mB cos θ
∴U=– ·
Special Cases :
(i) When the magnetic needle is parallel to the field,
θ=0
∴ Potential energy (P.E.)
∴ U = – mB cos θ = –mB cos 0
∴ U = – mB (minimum)
Which shows the maximum steady (stable) condition of the needle.
(ii) When the magnetic needle is anti parallel to the magnetic field,
θ = π (180°)
∴ P.E. U = – mB cos π
∴ U = mB (maximum)
Which shows the most unstable position of the needle.
(iii) When the magnetic needle is perpendicular to the magnetic field,
θ = 90° ( rad)
∴ P.E. U = – mB cos 90°
∴U=0
4.
Induced emf ε = – L
If =1
so, ε = –L
“If the rate of change of current passing through the coil is unit, then the emf induced in the coil is called self-induced emf and
this phonomenon is called self inductance of the coil.
Self inductance depends on the following factors :
(1) Dimensions of coil
(2) Shape and number of turns in coil
(3) Magnetic properties of medium.
Unit : henry (H), ,
Dimensional Formula : M1L2T–2A–2
5.
L = 25 mH
V = 220 V
υ = 50 Hz
Inductive reactance (XL)
XL = ωL = 2πυL
∴ XL = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 25 × 10–3
∴I=
∴I=
∴ I = 28 A
6.
The figure shows two different states of the lens A and B. This is always reflected on the screen itself.
From figure,
x + 20 + x = 90
∴ 2x = 90 – 20
∴ 2x = 70
∴ x = 35 cm
If the lens is at A,
object distance u = – x = – 35 cm
image distance υ = 20 + x = 20 + 35 = 55 cm
from lens formula,
– =
∴ + =
∴ =
∴f=
∴ f = 21.4 cm
7.
Ei – Ef = 2.3 eV
v=?
As we know,
Ei – Ef = hvif
∴ vif =
∴ vif =
8.
The nucleus is made up of neutrons and protons. Therefore, it may be expected that the mass of the nucleus is equal to the total
mass of its individual protons and neutrons.
But the nuclear mass M is found to be always less than the total mass of its individual protons and neutrons.
For example :
16
8O , a nucleus which has 8 neutrons and 8 protons.
Mass of 8 neutrons = 8 × 1.00866 u
Mass of 8 protons = 8 × 1.00727 u
Mass of 8 electrons = 8 × 0.00055 u
Therefore, the expected mass of 8O16 nucleus
= (8 × 1.00866 + 8 × 1.00727)
= 8(1.00866 + 1.00727)
= 8 × 2.01593 u
= 16.12744 u
The atomic mass of 8O16 found from mass spectroscopy experiments is seen to be 15.99493 u.
Subtracting the mass of 8 electrons
(8 × 0.00055 u = 0.0044 u) from this we get the experimental mass of 8O16 nucleus to be 15.99053 u.
Thus, the mass of the 8O16 nucleus is less than the total mass of its constituents by
(16.12744 – 15.99053) = 0.13691 u.
“The difference in mass of a nucleus and its constituents, ∆M is called the mass defect” and is given by
∆M = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn] – M
Where, Z = number of protons
A – Z = N = neutron number
mp - mass of proton
mn - mass of neutron
M - mass of a nucleus
The energy equivalent to this mass defect is called the binding energy of nucleus.
∴ Binding energy Eb = ∆Mc2
Binding energy per nucleon is the binding energy divided by the total number of nucleons.
∴ Ebn =
The binding energy per nucleon gives a measure of the stability of the nucleus.
A nucleus for which the value of Ebn is comparatively higher is said to be more stable and for a nucleus for which the value of
Ebn is comparatively less is said to be less stable.
9.
If there is a continuous electric charge on a line, it is called linear distribution of electric charge.
The electric charge per unit length on an electrically charged line is called linear density of electric charge.
The electric charge per unit surface is called surface density of charge.
σ= =
SI unit : C/m 2
The electric charge per unit volume is called volume density of charge.
= =
SI unit : C/m 3
10.
Huygen’s principle :
“Every point or particle of a wavefront behaves as an independent secondary source, emits by itself secondary spherical
waves. After a very small time interval the surface tangential to all such secondary spherical wavelets gives the position and
shape of the new wavefront.”
To determine the shape of the wavefront at time t = τ‚ we draw spheres of radius υτ‚ from each point (points A1, B1, C1 ....
etc.) on the wavefront. (Where is the speed of waves in the medium.)
A tangent common to all such points is drawn, which gives the position and shape of the new wavefront at time t = τ.
11.
(i) During the interaction of radiation with matter, the radiation behaves as if it is made up of particles called photons.
(ii) The energy of each photon is
E = hv = and
momentum p =
(iii) If the frequency v and wave lenght λ of a radiation are constant,
p= remains constant.
If the intensity of the radiation is changed, the number of photons emitted (or incident) per unit time changes, but the
energy remains constant.
(iv) Photons are electrically neutral and are not affected by electric or magnetic fields.
(v) Energy and momentum are conserved during photon-particle collision, but the number of photons is not conserved.
During the collision the number of photons may decrease such that in photoelectric emission the number of photons
decreases and an electron is emitted.
The number of photons can also increase during the collision. For example, x-rays (photons) are emitted from high-energy
electrons striking a metal such as Mo (molybdenum).
12.
Forward Bias Reverse Bias
In forward bias, the current is due to majority charge In Reverse bias, the current is due to minority charge
carriers. carriers.
Current obtained in forward bias is of the order of Current obtained in Reverse bias is of the order of
mA. µA.
When diode is connected in forward bias, width of its When diode is connected in reverse bias, width of its
depletion layer and height of potential barrier depletion layer and height of potential barrier
reduces. increases.
Section B
13.
B = 0.3 T
l = 8 cm = 8 × 10–2 m
b = 2 cm = 2 × 10–2 m
Speed of loop υ = 1 cm/sec = 10–2 m/sec
(a) In direction perpendicular to longer side : ( as per fig. a)
As shown in figure, a small cut is between B and C. AB side is outside magnetic field, thus no induced emf is obtained in it.
Here, for sides AE and CD, || . Thus, no induced emf obtained in these sides.
Induced emf will be produced till small side comes out of magnetic field.
Suppose, time is t,
t1 = =
=
= 2 sec
Thus, induced emf will remain for 2 sec.
(b) In direction perpendicular to shorter side : ( as per fig. b)
= 0.06 × 10–3 V
= 0.06 mV
Induced emf will be produced till longer side comes out of magnetic field suppose, time is t2
t2 = =
= = 8 sec
Thus, induced emf will remain for 8 sec.
14.
C = 600 pF
V = 200 V
Energy stored in the capacitor initially,
U1 = CV2
U1 = 12 × 10–6 J
U’ = =
∴ U’ =
∴ U’ = 6 × 10–6 J
Energy loss (/ lost) during the process,
∆U = U – U’ = 12 × 10–6 – 6 × 10–6
∆U = 6 × 10–6 J
15.
B = 6 × 10–4 T υ = 3 × 107 m/s
m = 9 × 10–31 kg q = 1.6 × 10–19 C
1eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J
(i) The radius of the path (r)
r=
∴r=
∴r= × 10–1
∴ r = 2.812 × 10–1 m
∴ r = 28.12 cm
(ii) Frequency (v)
v=
∴v=
∴v= × 108
∴ v = 0.17 × 108
∴ v = 17 × 106 Hz
= 17 MHz
(iii) Kinetic energy or energy
K= mυ2
∴ K = 40.5 ×10–17 J
∴K= eV
2
∴ K = 25.3 × 10
= 2.53 keV
16.
As shown in fig.(c), consider two needles S1 and S2 moving periodically up and down in an identical fashion in a trough of
water.
Here, they produce two water waves, and at a particular point, the phase difference between the displacements produced by each
of the waves does not change with time.
When this happens, the two sources (here S1 and S2) are said to be coherent sources.
As shown in fig. (a), consider a point R for which,
S2R – S1R = – 2.5 λ
The waves emanating from S1 will arrive exactly two and a half cycles later than the waves from S2. Hence the wave coming
from S2 will be ahead in phase by 5π rad.
Hence, displacement produced by S1 is given by
y1 = a cos ωt
then the displacement produced by S2 will be given by,
y2 = a cos (ωt + 5π)
y2 = – a cos ωt
Resultant (/ Net) displacement at R,
y = y1 + y2
∴ y = a cos ωt + (– a cos ωt)
∴y=0
As the net displacement at point R is zero, the resultant intensity at R will also be zero. (That is because, here, the two
displacement are now out of phase and they will cancel out to give zero intensity.)
This is referred to as Destructive interference.
17.
r = 1.5 × 1011 m
υ = 3 × 104 m/s
m = 6 × 1024 kg
n=?
According to Bohr hypothesis, angular momentum
L=
∴ mυr = ( L = mvr)
∴n=
∴n=
∴ n = 25.59 × 1073
∴ n = 2.6 × 1074
18.
λ= = ( p = mv)
∴λ=
∴ λ = 0.13492 × 10–9
∴ λ = 0.135 nm
(b) v = 30.0 m/s
m = 150 g = 150 × 10–3 kg
λ=?
λ= =
∴λ=
λ = 0.001473 × 10–31
λ = 1.473 × 10–34 m
19.
d = 1.5 10–2 m
Force due to electric field,
F = qE ∴ ma = qE ∴ a =
From the equation of uniform accelerated linear motion,
∴ d = υ0t + at2
∴d=0+ at2
∴d= t2
∴ t2 =
te =
∴ te =
∴ te = 2.92 10–9 s
∴ te = 2.92 ns
The time taken by the proton (tp) from eq. (1),
tp =
∴ tp =
∴ tp = 1.26 × 10–7 s
∴ tp = 126 ns
Hence, the time taken by the proton will be more.
ap =
∴ ap =
∴ ae =
(b) The acceleration generated in proton,
∴ ae =
20.
As shown in the fig., an AC source is connected to a capacitor.
Voltage of the AC source,
= m sin ωt ... (1)
Remember : A capacitor connected to an AC source, limits or regulates the current, but does not completely prevent the
flow of charge.
The capacitor is alternatively charged and discharged as the current reverses each half cycle.
Let q be the charge on the capacitor at any time t.
The instantaneous voltage v across the capacitor is,
=
∴m sin ωt =
∴q = m · C sin ωt
To find the current, we use the relation,
i=
∴ = m C (sin ωt)
∴ i = m ωC cos ωt
∴ i = m ωC sin
∴i= sin
Thus, the term is similar (or analogus) to resistor in D.C. circuit.
It is called capacitive reactance and is denoted by XC.
im =
From eq. (1) and (2), it can be said that current is rad ahead of voltage in phase.
21.
– =
∴ = +
∴ = –
∴ =
∴=– = – 8.4 cm
Here υ is negative which indicates that image is virtual and erect towards the object.
magnification m =
∴m=
∴ m = 0.6
As | m | < 1 image obtained is smaller than object.
m=
∴ 0.6 =
∴ h’ = 1.8 cm
Height of image is 1.8 cm.
As the object goes away from the lens, the image moves away from the lens towards the principal focus.
When the object reaches infinity, image is obtained at the principal focus of the lens.
Section C
∴ 4I + 3 I2 = 2 ... (5)
By multipying equation (4) by 4 and subtracting equation (5), we have
4I + 20 I2 = 0
4I + 3 I2 = 2
–––
17 I2 = –2
∴ I2 = – A
Putting the value of I2 in equation (4)
∴I+5 =0
∴I= A
I= A and I2 = – A
∴ – 3(I1) – =0
∴ + = 3 I1
∴ = 3 I1
∴ I1 = A
Current flowing in the branch AB,
I1 = A
Current flowing in the branch BD,
I2 = – A
Here the negative sign indicates that the current actually flows in the opposite direction to the journey we have considered. i.e.
from D to B.
Current flowing in the branch BC,
I1 – I2 = –
∴ I1 – I2 =
∴= A
Current flowing in the branch DC,
I – I1 + I2 = – +
= A
Current flowing in the branch AD
I – I1 = –
= A
Total current = + + + +
= A
23.
As shown in fig., an AC source is connected to pure inductor. (A pure inductor means an inductor having negligibly small
resistance.)
Let the voltage across the source be
u = um sin wt... (1)
Using the kirchhoff’s loop rule for the AC circuit shown in the fig.,
∴u=L
∴ um sin wt = L
is a sinusoidally varying quantity, with the same phase as the source voltage and an amplitude given by .
To obtain the current, we integrate equation (3)
∴ dt = sin (ωt) dt
∴i=– cos ωt
∴i= sin
The quantity ωL is analogous to the resistance and is called inductive reactance, denoted by XL :
∴ XL = ωL
For an AC circuit which is purely inductive, electric current, i = im sin .
Comparison of above two equations shows that current lags behind the voltage by rad (or one fourth of a time period
)
The fig. shows the voltage and the current phasors for some time t1. Current phasor is lagging behind voltage phasor by
radian.
When rotated with angular frequency ω counter clockwise, they generate the voltage and current given by equations
i = im sin
∴ p = υm im sin ωt sin
∴ p = – υm im sin ωt cos ωt
∴p=– sin 2 ωt
The average power over a complete cycle is
P= =
24.
Figure (a) shows the geometry of image formation by a convex lens.
A point object O is placed at a distance u from the optical centre. On the other side of the lens there is image I. Here image
distance is υ. The radii of curvature of both surfaces of the lens are R1 and R2 respectively and the focal length of the lens is f.
The image formation can be seen in terms of two steps :
(i) The first refracting surface forms the image I1 of the object O. (figure b)
(ii) The image I1 acts as a virtual object for the second surface. (figure c) that forms image at I.
For refraction at interface ABC,
+ = ... (1)
A similar procedure applied to the interface ADC gives,
– + =
For a thin lens,
BI1 = DI1
∴– + = ... (2)
Adding equations (1) and (2),
= + ... (3)
Suppose the object is at infinity
i.e. OB → ∞ and DI → f (focal length)
from equation (3),
0+ = +
∴ = (n2 – n1)
Now substituting BC1 = R1 and DC2 = –R2 in above equation.
(Positive and negative signs are determined according to the sign convention).
∴ = (n2 – n1)
∴ =
∴ =
∴ = (n21 – 1)
This equation is known as lensmaker’s formula.
Note that the formula is true for a concave lens also. For concave lens R1 is negative, R2 positive and therefore f is negative.
25.
Nucleus contains protons and neutrons, in which there is a coulomb repulsion between protons and protons. However, the proton
can not escape from the nucleus. Because to bind a nucleus together there must be a strong attractive force of a totally different
kind. It must be strong enough to overcome the repulsion between (the positively charged) protons and to bind both protons and
neutrons into the tiny nuclear volume.
Many features of the nuclear binding force are summarised below :
(i) The nuclear force is much stronger than the Coulomb force acting between charges or the gravitational forces between
masses. That’s why it holds protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
(ii) The range of the nuclear force is of the order of femtometres. For distances greater than one femtometres this force
rapidly decreases to zero.
A plot of the potential energy between two nucleons as a function of distance as shown in figure.
The potential energy is minimum at a distance r0 of about 0.8 fm. The force is attractive for distance larger than 0.8 fm.
Unlike Coulomb’s law or the Newton’s law of gravitation there is no simple mathematical form of the nuclear force.
26.
To find the energy stored in capacitor, suppose the charge on the conductor is zero, initially.
Suppose the positive charge is taken from conductor-2 to conductor 1, bit by bit. At the end of the process, suppose the
conductor 1 gets charge Q and conductor 2 has charge –Q.
To transfer the positive charge from conductor 2 to conductor 1, work needs to be done and the energy equivalent to this work is
stored in the capacitor, which is known as the energy stored in the capacitor.
Consider the intermediate situation when the conductors 1 and 2 have charges Q’ and –Q’ respectively. At this stage, the p.d. V’
W=
∴W=
∴W=
∴W=
Because this work is stored in capacitor in the form of energy which is called energy stored in capacitor.
∴U=
Using Q = CV in above equation, we can easily get other alternate forms of above equation.
U= = CV2 = VQ
27.
When an external voltage V is applied across a semi-conductor diode such that p-side is connected to the positive terminal of the
battery and the n-side to the negative terminal (fig. (a)), it is said to be forward biased.
Here, the voltage applied to the diode across the two terminals of the depletion region and the direction of the applied voltage
(V) is opposite to the built-in potential (V).
As a result, the depletion layer width decreases and the barrier height is reduced (Fig. (b)). The effective barrier height under
forward bias is (V0 - V).
If the applied voltage is small, the barrier potential will be reduced only slightly below the equilibrium value and only a small
number of carriers in the material - those that happen to be in the uppermost energy levels - will possess enough energy to cross
the junction. So the current will be small.
If we increase the applied voltage significantly, the height of the barrier potential reduces, and more number of charge carriers
gain enough energy to cross the depletion region, due to which the current also increases.
“Due to the applied voltage, electrons from the n-side cross the depletion region and reach p-side (Where they are minority
carriers). Similarly, holes from the p-side cross the junction and reach the n-side. (Where they are minority carriers.) This
process under forward bias is known as minority carrier injection.”
At the junction boundary, on each side, the minority carrier concentration increases significantly compared to the locations far
from the junction.
Due to this concentration gradient, the injected electrons on p-side diffuse from the junction edge of p-side to the other end of p-
side. Likewise, the injected holes on n-side diffuse from the junction edge of n-side to the other end of n-side. This is shown in
fig. below.
This motion of charged carriers on either side gives rise to current. The total diode forward current is sum of hole diffusion
current and conventional current due to electron diffusion. The magnitude of this current is usually in mA.