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CS3251-2marks QUESTION WITH ANSWER

computer science engg (Anna University)

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UNIT I
PART- A
1. Write down the steps involved in writing a program to solve a problem.
To design a program, a programmer must determine three basic steps:
a. The instruction to be performed.
b. The sequence in which those instructions are to be performed.
c. The data required to perform those instructions.

2. List out the various stages in evolution of C.

The various stages in evolution of C are as follows
Language Year Founder
ALGOL 1960 International group
BCPL 1967 Martin Richards
B 1970 Ken Thompson
C 1972 Dennis Ritchie
K & RC 1978 Kernighan and Ritchie
ANSIC 1989 ANSI Committee
ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee

3. What is the use of main ( ) function in C program? (May 2009)

Every C program must have main () function. All functions in C, has to
begin with (and end with) parenthesis. It is a starting point of all C
programs. The program execution starts from the opening brace {and
ends with closing brace} within which executable part of the program
exists.

4. List the delimiters in

C. The delimiters in C are
a. : Colon
b. ; Semicolon
c. ( ) Parenthesis
d. [ ] Square Bracket
e. { } Curly Brace
f. # Hash
g. , Comma

5. What is the purpose of main( ) in C?

main ( ) is a special function used by the C system to tell the computer
where the program starts. Every program must have exactly one main
function. The empty parenthesis immediately following main indicates that
the function main has no arguments.
6. Write any four escape
sequences in C. (Jan 2013)
Following are the escape sequences in
C
a. \n -new line
b. \t –tab
c. \a –alert
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d. \0 –
null

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7. What you mean by C tokens

C tokens are the basic buildings blocks in C language which are
constructed together to write a C program. Each and every smallest
individual unit in a C program are known as C tokens.
„C‟ language contains the individual units called C tokens. C tokens are of
six types. They are as follows
a. Keywords (Ex: int, while)
b. Identifiers (Ex: main, total)
c. Constants (Ex: 10, 20)
d. Strings (Ex: “total”, “hello”)
e. Special symbols (Ex: (), {})
f. Operators (Ex: +, /,-,*)

8. What is a variable? Illustrate with an example. (Nov 2014)

A variable is an entity whose value can vary during the execution of a
program. A variable can be assigned different data items that at various
places within the program. A variable is a data name used for storing a
data value. It can be assigned different values at different times during
program execution. Ex: a=3, b=5.

9. What are the different data types available in C? (June 2014)

Basic /Primitive Data Types Derived Data Types
Integer types (signed int, unsigned int) Arrays
Floating Type (float, double) Pointers
Character types (signed char) Structures, Enumeration

User Defined Data Types Void

Structure, Union

10. What is meant by Enumerated data type?

Enumerated data type is a user defined data type in C language.
Enumerated data type variables can only assume values which
have been previously declared.
Ex. enum month { jan = 1, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov,
dec};

11. What are Keywords? What is the importance of keywords in C?

(May 2015) Keywords are pre-defined / reserved words in a C compiler.
Each keyword is meant to can be used only for a specific function in a C
program. Since keywords are referred names for compiler, they can‟t be
used as variable name. Ex. auto, break, const, else

12. Define Constants in C. Mention the types.

The constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during
its execution. These fixed values are also called literals. Constants can be
of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant,
a character constant, or a string constant. Ex. const int LENGTH = 10

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7. What you mean by C tokens

13. Difference between Local and Global Variable
Local Variable Global Variable
a. Variables are declared inside a function. a. Variables are declared outside any
b. They are accessed only by the statements, function.
inside a function in which they are b. They are accessed by any statement in the
declared. entire program.
c. Local variables are stored on the stack, c. Stored on a fixed location decided by a
unless specified. compiler.
d. Created when the function block is d. Remain in existence for the entire time
entered and destroyed upon exit. your program is executing.
e. They are unknown to other functions and e. They are implemented by associating
to the main program. memory locations with variable names.
f. They are recreated each time a function is f. They do not get recreated if the function
executed or called. is recalled

14. What is different between a constant and variable? (Jan 2010)

Variable Constant
a. A variable is a space reserved in the a. A constant is value stored in the
machine memory for storing values in application code itself and is not stored in
runtime. the memory
b. The stored value can be changed anytime. b. The value of a constant cannot be
c. Variables are comparatively slow when changed.
compared to constants c. Constants are slightly faster than
variables because constants are stored in
the code not running the memory.

15. Is ‘main’ a keyword in C language? Justify your answer. (May 2011)

The name main is not a keyword in C. From the compiler's perspective,
main() is a function. Just like any other function that you may define in
your program, such as factorial(), sort(). The simplest way to prove is that
you can create a variable "main" in the program and that will work.
#include Output
<stdio.h> int
The value of main is: 10
main()
{
int main = 10;
printf("The value of main is: %d \n", main);
}

16. List out the rules to be followed in forming in identifier. (June 2010)
a. First letter should be alphabets.
b. Both numeric and alphabets are permitted.
c. Both lower case and upper case are allowed.
d. No special symbols are permitted except underscore ( _ ).
e. Keywords are not permitted, blank space is not allowed.

17. What is identifier? Give any two examples for an identifier. (Jan 2009)
Identifiers are the names given to variable program elements such as
variables, functions and arrays. Ex. STDNAME, sub, TOT_MARKS,sub123

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18. What are Operators?What are various types of C

operators? (Jan 2014)
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific
mathematical or logical manipulations. C language is rich in built-in
operators and provides following type of operators
a. Arithmetic Operators d. Bitwise Operators
b. Relational Operators e. Assignment Operators
c. Logical Operators f. Misc Operators

19. What is the difference between ++a and a++?

++a means do the increment before the operation (pre increment) a++
means do the increment after the operation (post increment).

20. Give two examples for logical and relational expression. (Jan 2011)
Relational Expression Logical Expression
(a>b) if((a>b)&&(a>c))
(a==b) if((a>b)||(a>c))

21. What are the Bitwise Operators available in C? (Jan 2011)

It is used to manipulate the data at bit level. It operates only integers.
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
! Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR
<< Shift Left
>> Shift Right
~ One‟s complement

22. Write the following conditions using ternary operator. (Jan 2009)


4x+100 for x<40
Salary= 300 for x=40
Salary= x<40?4*x+100:x>40?4.5*x+150:300;

23. What is type casting?

Type casting is a way to convert a variable from one data type to another
data type. For example, if you want to store a long value into a simple
integer then you can typecast long to int. You can convert values from one
type to another explicitly using the cast operator.
int x,y;
c = (float) x/y;
where x and y are defined as integers. Then the result of x/y is converted into
float.

24. What do you meant by conditional or ternary operator? Give an

example for Ternary operator. (Nov 2014)
Conditional or ternary operator‟s returns one value if condition is true and
returns another value is condition is false. Using ?: reduce the number of
line codes and improve the performance of application.

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18. What are Operators?What are various types of C

Syntax: (Condition? true_value: false_value); Ex: a<b ? printf("a is less") :
printf("a is greater");

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25. What is the use of sizeof() oprator in C?

sizeof() is used with the data types such as int, float, char… it simply return amount of
memory is allocated to that data
types. sizeof(char); //1
sizeof(int); //4
sizeof(float); //
4
sizeof(double)
; //8
sizeof() is used with the expression, it returns size of
the expression. int a = 0;
double d = 10.21;
printf("%d",
sizeof(a+d)); //8

26. Mention the various decisions making statement available in C.

a. if statement
b. if...else statement
c. nested if statements
d. switch statement
e. nested switch statements

27. What is the difference between if and while statement?

If While
a. It is a conditional statement. a. It is a loop control statement.
b. If the condition is true, it executes b. Executes the statements within the while
some statements. block if the condition is true.
c. If the condition is false then it stops c. If the condition is false the control is
the execution the statements. transferred to the next statement of the loop.

28. What are the types of looping statements available in C?

C programming language provides following types of loop to handle looping
requirements.
a. for loop
b. while loop
c. do...while loop

29. Distinguish between while and do..while statement in C. (Jan 2009)

While Do..while
a. Executes the statements within the while a. Executes the statements within the while
block, if only the condition is true. block at least once.
b. The condition is checked at the starting of b. The condition is checked at the end of the
the loop. loop.
c. It is an entry controlled loop. c. It is an exit controlled loop.

30. Write a for loop statement to print numbers from 10 to 1. (Jan 2014)
#include <stdio.h>
void main(void) Output:
{ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
int count; // Display the numbers
10 to 1 for(count = 10; count Press any key to continue . . .

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25. What is the use of sizeof() oprator in C?

sizeof() is used with the data types such as int, float, char… it simply return amount of
>= 1; count--) printf("%d ",
count);
}

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31. What are the types of I/O statements available in C?

There are two types of I/O statements available in C
a. Formatted I/O Statements
b. Unformatted I/O Statements.

32. Differentiate between formatted and unformatted functions.

Formatted I/O functions Unformatted I/O functions
a. Formatted data requires more space than a. Unformatted input/output is usually the
unformatted to represent the same most compact way to store data.
information. b. Unformatted input/output is the least
b. Formatted input/output is very portable. portable form of input/output.
c. It is a simple process to move formatted c. Unformatted data files can only be moved
data files to various computers, even easily to and from computers that share
computers running different operating the same internal data representation.
systems, as long as they all use the ASCII
character set.

33. List the various input and output

statements in C. (May 2015) The various input
and output statements in C are
Input Statements Output Statements
a. gets() a. puts()
b. getch() b. putch()
c. getchar() c. putchar()
d. scanf() d. printf()
e. getche()

34. Write the limitations of using getchar() and scanf()

functions for reading strings. (Jan 2009)
getchar(): It is written in standard I/O library. It reads a single character
only from a standard input device. This function is not use for reading
strings.
Scanf: It is use for reading single string at a time. When there is a blank
was typed, the scanf() assumes that it is an end.

35. What are the pre-processor directives? (Jan 2014, May 2014, 2015)
Preprocessor directives are the commands used in preprocessor and they
begin with “#” symbol. Before a C program is compiled in a compiler,
source code is processed by a program called preprocessor. This process is
called preprocessing.
Syntax: #define
Macro
This macro defines constant value and can be any of the basic data types.
Syntax: #include <file_name>
Header file
The source code of the file “file_name” is included in the main program at
inclusion
the specified place.
Syntax: #ifdef, #endif, #if, #else, #ifndef
Conditional
Set of commands are included or excluded in source program before
compilation
compilation with respect to the condition.
Syntax: #undef, #pragma
Unconditional
#undef is used to undefine a defined macro variable. #Pragma is used to call
compilation
a function before and after main function in a C program.

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36. What are storage classes?

A storage class is the one that defines the scope (visibility) and life time of variables and/or
functions within a C Program.

37. What are the storage classes available in C?

Storage classes are categorized in four types as,
Automatic Storage Class -
auto Register Storage
Class - register Static
Storage Class - static
External Storage Class -
extern

38. What is register storage in storage class?

Register is used to define local variables that should be stored in a register
instead of RAM. This means that the variable has a maximum size equal to
the register size (usually one word) and can‟t have the unary '&' operator
applied to it (as it does not have a memory location). Ex. register int
a=200;

39. What is static storage class? (Nov 2014)

Static is the default storage class for global variables. The static storage
class object will be stored in the main memory.
Ex. static int Count=19;

40. Define Auto storage class in C.

Auto is the default storage class for all local variables. The auto storage
class data object will be stored in the main memory. These objects will
have automatic (local) lifetime.
Ex. auto int Month;

41. Define Macro in C. What is the use of #define preprocessor? (Nov

2014)
A macro can be defined as the facility provided by the C preprocessor by
which a token can be replaced by the user defined sequence of
characters. Macros are defined with the help of define directive. Its format
is: #define identifier replacement.
#define TABLE_SIZE 100

42. What are conditional Inclusions in Preprocessor Directive?

The conditional inclusion directives are the one that is used to control the
preprocessor with conditional statements. Ex: #ifdef, #else, #endif

43. What you meant by Source file Inclusion in Preprocessor directive?

When the preprocessor finds an #include directive it replaces it by the
entire content of the specified file. There are two ways to specify a file to
be included:
#include
"filename.extension "

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36. What are storage classes?

A storage class is the one that defines the scope (visibility) and life time of variables and/or
#include
<filename.extension>

44. Define Compilation process.

Compilation process is defined as the processing of source code files and
the creation of an object' file. The compiler produces the machine
language instructions that correspond to the source code file that was
compiled.
.

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PART - B
1. Explain different data types in C with examples.
2. What are the different operators available in C? Explain with examples.
3. Differentiate Signed and Unsigned integer.
4. Describe the statements for decision making, branching and looping.
5. Explain in detail about the formatted and unformatted I/O functions in C.
6. Discuss about bitwise operators and logical operators in C.
7. Explain any four format string with examples.
8. Write the syntax of „for‟ construct in C. Give an example.
9. Write the algorithm and C program to print the prime numbers less than 500.
10. Explain the following
conditional statements.
Nested if-else statement
Switch-case statement
11. Write about the need and types of looping statements in C
language and discuss with examples. (Jan, Nov 2014, May
2015)
12. Write about the need and types of branching statements in C
language and discuss with examples. (Jan 2014)
13. Write a program to check whether a given number is prime or not. (May 2014)
14. Write a C program to find sum of digits of an integer. (May 2014)
15. Write a C program to find roots of a quadratic equation. (May 2014)
16. Differentiate entry and exit checked conditional constructs with an example.
(May 2014)
17. What are the various operators available in C? Discuss each
one of them with suitable illustrations. (Nov 2014, May 2015)
18. What are constants? Explain the various types of constants in C. (May 2015)
19. Write a C program to solve any quadratic equations. (May 2015)

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8. Define Two Dimensional Array.

PART- A
1. Def
ine array. Give example. (Jan 2009, 2014)
Array can be define as a collection of similar data elements of similar
data type that are stored in consecutive memory locations. They are
referenced by an index/subscript.
Syntax: data_type array_name [size] Ex.: int rollno[10];

2. Why is it necessary to give the size of an array in an array

declaration?
a. When an array is declared, the compiler allocates a base address
and reserves enough space in the memory for all the elements of
the array.
b. The size is required to allocate the required space. Thus, the size must be
mentioned.

3. What is the difference between an array and pointer?

Arrays Pointers

a. Array allocates space automatically. a. Pointer is explicitly assigned to point to an

allocated space.
b. It cannot be resized.
b. It can be resized using realloc().
c. It cannot be reassigned.
c. Pointers can be reassigned.
d. Sizeof (array name) gives the number
of bytes occupied by the array. d. Sizeof (pointer name) returns the number
of bytes used to store the pointer variable.

4. List the characteristics of Arrays. (Jan 2013)

a. The elements of array share the same name and they are
distinguished from one another with helps of an elements
number.
b. An elements of array a[] can be assigned
c. The array elements are stored in continuous memory locations.

5. What are the types of Arrays?

a. One-Dimensional Array
b. Two-Dimensional Array
c. Multi-Dimensional Array

6. Write the features of array. (Jan 2013)

a. An array is a derived data type. It is used to represent a correction
of elements of the same data type.
b. The elements can be accessed with base address and the
subscript defined for the position of elements.
c. The elements are stored in continuous memory location
d. The starting memory location is represented by the array name
and it is known as the base address of the array.

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8. Define Two Dimensional Array.

7. Define One dimensional Array.

One dimensional array can be defined as the collection of data item that
can be stored under a one variable name using only one subscript. Ex. int
a[10];

Two dimensional arrays can be defined as an array with two subscripts.

A two dimensional array enables us to store multiple row of elements. Ex.
int a[10][10];

9. Give example for array initialization.

An array can be initialized at the time of declaration is known
as compile time initialization. Ex. int a[5]={5,3,5,4,1};

10. Why do you need to use array? (Jan 2012)

In many cases, we need to declare a set of variables that are of the same
data type. Instead of declaring each variable separately, we can declare
all variable collectively in the format of an array. Each variable, as an
element of the array, can be accessed either through the array elements
references or through a pointer that references the array.

11. List out the disadvantages of an array.

a. The elements in the array must be same data types.
b. The size of an array is fixed.
c. If we need more space at run time, it Is not possible to extend array.
d. The insertion and deletion an operation is an array require shifting
of elements which takes times.

12. What are the limitation of one-dimensional and two dimensional

arrays?
The limitations of one dimensional array are
a. There is no easy method to initialize large number of array elements
b. It is difficult to initialize selected
array element The limitations of two
dimensional arrays are
a. Deletion of any element from an array is not possible
b. Wastage of memory when it is specified in large array size

13. Why array elements must be initialized?

After declaration array elements must be initialized otherwise it holds
garbage value. There are two types of initialization
a. compile time initialization(initialization at
the time of declaration) int
a[5]={12,34,23,56,12};
b. run time initialization (when the array has large number of
elements it can be initialized at run time)

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8. Define Two Dimensional Array.

for(i=0;i<10;i+
+)
scanf(“%d”,&a[
i]);

14. What is the value of b in the following

program?(Jan 2012) main()
{int a[5]={1,3,6,7,0}; Output: 6
int *b;
b=&a[
2];
printf(“%d”,*b);
}

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15. Write a C program to Calculate power of number.

#include
<stdio.h> int Output
main()
{ Enter a base number: 3
int base, Enter an exponent: 4
exponent; long Answer = 81
long result = 1;
printf("Enter a base
number: "); scanf("%d",
&base); printf("Enter an
exponent: "); scanf("%d",
&exponent);
while (exponent != 0)
{
result *= base;
--exponent;
}
printf("Answer = %lld",
result); return 0;
}

16. Write a C program to generate Pascal triangle.

#include
<stdio.h> void
main()
{
int array[30], temp[30], i, j, k, l, num;
//using 2 arrays printf("Enter the number
of lines to be printed: "); scanf("%d",
&num);
temp[0] = 1;
array[0] = 1; Output
for (j = 0; j < num; j++) Enter the number of lines to be printed: 4
{ 1
printf(" "); 1 1
} 1 21
printf(" 1\n"); 1331
for (i = 1; i < num; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < i;
j++) printf("
");
for (k = 1; k < num; k++)
{
array[k] = temp[k - 1] + temp[k];
}
array[i] = 1;
for (l = 0; l <= i; l++)
{
printf("%3d",
array[l]); temp[l]
= array[l];
}
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15. Write a C program to Calculate power of number.

printf("\n");
}
}

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17. Write a C program to find the number of elemnt it an

array. #include
<stdio.h> int Output
main()
{ Size of the given array is 7
int array[] = {15, 50, 34, 20, 10, 79, 100};
int n;
n = sizeof(array);
printf("Size of the given array is
%d\n", n/sizeof(int)); return 0;
}

18. Define Strings.

Strings or character arrays can be defined as the group of characters, digit
and symbols enclosed within quotes. Strings are always terminated with
“\0” (NULL) character. The compiler automatically adds “\0” at the end of
the strings.

19. What is the use of ‘\0’ character?

When declaring character arrays (strings), “\0” (NULL) character is
automatically added at end. The “\0‟ character acts as an end of
character array.

20. Define string.h.

String.h is a header file which includes the declarations, functions,
constants of string handling utilities. Ex.: strlen(), strrev(), strncpy().

21. How strings are represented in C language?(Jan 2010)

Strings in C are represented by arrays of characters. The end of the string
is marked with a special character, the null character, which is simply the
character with the value 0. (The null character has no relation except in
name to the null pointer. In the ASCII character set, the null character is
named NUL.) Ex.: char string1[] = "Hello, world!";

22. How strings are declared and initialized in C?

Strings are declared as a array of characters Syntax: char string_name[size];
Ini琀椀aliza琀椀on of strings Char name[6]=”RAM
Example: char text[30]; Char city[]={„B‟,‟O‟,‟M‟,‟B‟,‟A‟,‟Y‟,‟\0‟}

23. Write important string handling functions in C.

Some of the important strings handling functions in C are as follows
a. strcat()-concatenates two strings
b. strcmp()-compares two strings
c. strcpy()-copies one string over other
d. strlen()-finds length of a string
e. strrev()-reverse the string

24. What is the difference between a string and an array?

String Array

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17. Write a C program to find the number of elemnt it an

a. String can hold only char data
a. Array can hold any data type
b. String size can be changed if it is a
b. Array size cannot be changed
character pointer
c. The last element of an array is an element
c. The last character of string is a null –
of the specific type
„\0‟character
d. The length of an array is specified in [] at
d. The length of the string is the number of
the time of declaration (except char[])
characters + one

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25. Write a C program to input and their ASCII values in an integer array
and print the
Output
array. #include
<stdio.h> void Enter the no of characters to be
main() in an array 8
{ Enter the string of 8
char characters ProgRams
string[20]; int P = 80 r
n, count = 0; = 114 o
printf("Enter the no of characters to be in an array = 111 g
\n"); scanf("%d", &n); = 103 R
printf(" Enter the string of %d = 82 a
characters \n" , n); scanf("%s", string); = 97 m
while (count < n) =
{ 109 s =
printf(" %c = %d\n", string[count], string[count]); 115
++ count;
}
}
26. What is the formula to calculate determinant of 3 x 3 Matrix?
a bc

A  d e f  | A | aei  fh bdi  gf  cdh  eg 
 
g h i 
 
27. What is the use of strlen()?
This function is used to count and return the number of
character present in a string Syntax:
len=strlen(string);

28. What is the use of strcat()?

This function is used to concatenate or combine to strings together
then forms a new string. Syntax: strcat(str1,str2);

29. What is the use of strrev()?

This function is used to reverse a string. This function takes
and return only one argument Syntax: strrev(str);

30. What is the use of strcmp()?

This function which compares two string to find whether they are same or
different. If two strings are equal means it return a zero otherwise numeric
difference between the non matching character
Syntax: strcmp(string1,string2);

31. What does strncpy()do?

strncpy()copies portion of one string to another string. Ex :
strncpy(str1 , str2 ,4) It copies first 4 characters of str2 to str1.

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32. Define sorting.

Sorting can be defined as a technique to rearrange the elements of a list
in ascending or descending order, which can be numerical,
lexicographical, or any user-defined order. Sorting is a process through
which the data is arranged in ascending or descending order.

33. What are the two type of sorting techniques?

The two types of sorting are as follows
Internal sorting: If sorting operation is done in main memory of
computer then it is called as internal sorting Ex. bubble sort, selection
sort, quick sort, radix sort, heap sort.
External sorting: If sorting operation is done in secondary memory of
computer then it is called as external sorting Ex. multi-way merge,
polyphase merge.

34. Define searching.

Searching can be defined as the process by which one searches the group
of elements for the desired element. There are different methods of
searching but let us deal two popular methods of searching and they are
linear search and binary search.

35. Mention the various types of searching techniques in C.

The various types of searching techniques in C are
a. Linear search
b. Binary search

PART-B
1. Discuss about any eight built in functions of string. (Jan 2013)
2. Briefly explain the various string handling functions in C. (Jan 2010)
3. Write C program to sort the given set of numbers in ascending order. (Jan
2013, 2011)
4. Write C program to find addition of two matrices. (Jan 2013, 2014)
5. Write C program to find multiplication of two matrices.
6. Write a C program to reverse a given string. (May 2011)
7. Write C program to perform scaling on a given matrix.
8. Write C program to calculate determinant of a matrix
9. Write a C program to convert the given string from lowercase
characters to uppercase character and uppercase to lowercase.
(May 2011)
10. Write a C program using arrays with height of persons and find how
many persons are above the average height.
11. Populate a two dimensional array with height and weight of persons and
compute the Body Mass Index of the individuals.
12. Write a C program to find largest and smallest number in the given array. (May
2010)
13. Write a C program to concatenate two strings. (May 2009)

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32. Define sorting.

14. Write a C program to demonstrate one dimensional, two
dimensional and multidimensional arrays.

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UNIT III
PART- A
1. What is a function? (Nov 2014)
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C
program has at least one function which is main(), and all the most trivial
programs can define additional functions.

2. How will define a function in C?

The general form of a function definition in C programming
language is as follows return_type function_name
(parameter list)
{
body of the function
}

3. What does a function header and function body consist of?

A function definition consists of The Function header consists of
a. Function header a. Return Type
b. Function body b. Function Name
c. Parameters
The Function body consists of
a. Declarations and statements necessary for performing the required task.

4. What are the steps in writing a function in a program?

a. Function Declaration/Prototype: Every user-defined functions

has to be declared before the main().
b. Function Callings: The user-defined functions can be called inside
any functions like main(), user-defined function.
c. Function Definition: The function definition block is used to
define the user-defined functions with statements.

5. What is the need for functions? (Jan 2014)

a. Functions are self-contained block or sub program of one or
more statements that performs a specific task.
b. It increases the modularity, reusability of a program.

6. What is the purpose of the main ()? (May 2009)

The main () invokes other functions within it. It is the first function to
be called when the program starts execution.

7. What are the elements of user-defined function?

a. Function Definition.
b. Function Declaration.
c. Function call

8. List the types of functions in C programming.

Depending on whether a function is defined by the user or already
included in C compilers, there are two types of functions in C
programming
a. Standard library functions
b. User defined functions
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9. What are standard library FUNCTION?

The standard library functions are built-in functions in C programming to
handle tasks such as mathematical computations, I/O processing, string
handling. These functions are defined in the header file. When you include
the header file, these functions are available for use. For example: The
printf() is a standard library function to send formatted output to the
screen (display output on the screen). This function is defined in "stdio.h"
header file.

10. List the advantages of user-defined

function. The advantages of user defined
functions are as follows
a. The program will be easier to understand, maintain and debug.
b. Reusable codes that can be used in other programs
c. A large program can be divided into smaller modules. A large
project can be divided among many programmers.

11. Is it better to use a macro or a function?

Macros are more efficient than function, because their corresponding code
is inserted directly at the point where the macro is called. There is no
overhead involved in using a macro like there is in placing a call to a
function. Macros are generally small and cannot handle large, complex
coding constructs. In cases where large, complex constructs are to
handled, functions are more suited, additionally.

12. Classify the functions based on arguments and return values.

Depending on the arguments and return values, functions are classified into four
types.
a. Function without arguments and return values.
b. Function with arguments but without return values.
c. Function without arguments but with return values.
d. Function with arguments and return values.

13. What are address operator and indirection operator? (Nov 2014)
a. The address operator (&) - It represents the address of the variable.
b. Indirection pointer (*) - When a pointer is dereferenced, the
value stored at that address by the pointer is retrieved.

14. What is function prototyping? Why it is necessary? (May 2011)

Many built in functions can be used in C programs. The prototype of these
functions is given in the respective header files. With the help of a
function prototype, the compiler can automatically perform type checking
on the definition of the function, which saves the time to delay the
program.

15. What are actual parameters and formal parameters? (May 2015)
Actual Parameters: The parameters in the calling program or the
parameters in the function call are known as actual parameters.
Formal Parameters: The parameters in the called program or the
parameters in the function header are known as formal parameters.

16. State the advantage of using functions.

The advantages of using functions are as follows

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9. What are standard library FUNCTION?

a. Reduces the size of the program: The length of the source program
can be reduced by using functions at appropriate places.
b. Avoids rewriting the code: As function can be called many times in the
program.
c. Improves re-usability: Same function may be used later by many other
programs.

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d. Program testing becomes easy: Each function can be tested

separately and it is easy to locate and isolate a faculty function for
further investigation.
e. Increases program readability.

17. Differentiate library functions and User-defined functions.

Library Function User- defined functions
a. The library functions are predefined set a. The user defined functions are defined by
of functions. the user.
b. Their task is limited b. Their task is based on user requirement.
c. The user can use the functions but c. The user can modify the function
cannot change or modify them. according to the requirement.

18. What is a recursive function?

If a function calls itself again and again, then that function is called Recursive
function. This technique is known as recursion.
void recursion()
{ recursion(); /* function calls itself */
}
int main()
{ recursion(); }

19. What are the applications of recursive function?

The applications of the recursive function are
a. Calculating Fibonacci Series.
b. Calculating Factorial of a program.

20. State the advantage and disadvantage of recursive function.

Advantage of recursive func琀椀on Disadvantage of recursive fun
Reduce unnecessary calling of func琀椀on. It is very di昀케cult to trace (deb
Takes
Through recursion one can solve problem in easy way while its itera琀椀ve solu琀椀on a lotbig
is very of and
stackcomplex.
space.
Uses more processor 琀椀me.

21. What is a Pointer? How a variable is declared to the

pointer? (Jan 2013, May 2009) Pointer is a variable which holds
the address of another variable.
Syntax: data_type
*variable_name; Ex.: int *x,
a=5;
x=&a;

22. List the key points to remember about pointers in C.

The key points to remember about pointers in C are
a. The content of the C pointer always be a whole number i.e. address.
b. Always C pointer is initialized to null i.e., int *p=null.
c. The value of null pointer is 0.
d. The size of any pointer in 2 byte.

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23. What are the uses of pointers?

The uses of pointers are as follows
a. Pointers are used to return more than one value to the function
b. Pointers are more efficient in handling the data in arrays
·Pointers reduce the length and complexity of the
program ·
c. They increase the execution speed
d. The pointers save data storage space in memory

24. What is dangling pointer?

In C, a pointer may be used to hold the address of dynamically allocated
memory. After this memory is freed with the free() function, the pointer
itself will still contain the address of the released block. This is referred to
as a dangling pointer. Using the pointer in this state is a serious
programming error. Pointer should be assigned NULL after freeing memory
to avoid this bug.

25. What is the output of the following program? (May 2015)

main ()
{
Output
int a=8, b=4, c, *p1=&a, c: 39
*p2=&b; c=*p1**p2-*p1/
*p2+9;
printf (“%d”,c); }

26. List the pointer operators.

* Value at Operator Gives values stored at particular address
& Address Operator Gives address of variable

27. What is the output

for the following? Output
#include<stdio.h> int
38353229262320171411852
fun()
{
static int num
= 40;
return num--;
}
int main()
{
for(fun(); fun(); fun())
{
printf("%d", fun());
}
getchar();
}
28. What is a pointer variable?
The variables that hold the memory address are called
pointer variables. int *p;
P = &n;

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23. What are the uses of pointers?

P stores the
address of n.

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29. What will be output of the following program?

#include<stdi
o.h> int Output
main() 20
{ 1260034844
int n=20; 20
printf(“\n %d “, n);
printf(“\n %u“, &n);
printf(“\n %d “, *(&n));
}

30. What are the possible arithmetic operations on pointers in C

language?
a. Increment
b. Decrement
c. Subtraction
d. Comparison

31. What are null pointers?

A pointer that does not point to any valid memory
address is called null pointer. Ex: int * ptr =NULL;

32. List out the applications of pointers.

a. We can section multiple values from function using pointer.
b. Supports dynamic management.

33. What are pointers to pointers?

Pointer variable contains the address of another variable. Similarly
another pointer variable can store the address of a pointer variable. The
pointer variable is said to be pointer to pointer.

34. What is pointer arithmetic?

One of the uses of pointer is pointer arithmetic. Like an ordinary variable,
pointer variable can also be used in arithmetic expressions. Assume x, y
and z are pointer variables, and the values are 10, 20, 30 respectively.
Then the following is an example of pointer expression.
Expression Result
C =*y + 10 Value of c is 30
C = *z + *y Value of c is 50
C = *x + 10 + *y Value of c is 40
C = ++*x Value of c is 11

35. Distinguish between Call by value Call by reference. (May 2014)

Call by Value / Pass by value Call by reference / Pass by reference
a. In Call by value, the value of actual a. In Call by reference, the address of
agreements is passed to the formal actual arguments values is passed to
arguments and the operation is done on formal argument values.
formal arguments. b. Formal arguments values are pointers
b. Formal arguments values are photocopies to the actual arguments values.
of actual arguments values. c. Since address is passed, the changes
c. Changes made in formal arguments valued made in the formal arguments will be
do not affect the actual argument values reflected back to the actual arguments.
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PART - B
1. Explain in detail about Function with example.
2. Explain function with and without arguments with example for each. (Jan
2014)
3. What is recursion? Give an example and explain in detail. (Jan 2014, Nov
2014)
4. Explain (Jan 2014, May 2014, Nov 2014)
(i) Function declaration
(ii) Call by reference; call by value with an example.
5. Explain the use of pointers in arrays with suitable example. (May 2014)
6. How array elements are accessed using pointers?
7. How can you pass a array as a parameter in C? Give an example
8. How can you pass a pointer as a parameter in C? Give an example.
9. Write a function using pointers to add two matrices and to return
the resultant matrix to the calling function. (May 2012)
10. Write a C program to find the factorial of a given number using function.
(May 2014)
11. Write a C program to exchange the values of two
variables using pass by reference. (May2014)
12. Write a C program to find the sum of the digits using recursive function.
(May 2015)
13. Write a C program to using pointers to read in an array of
integers and print its elements in reverse order. (May 2015)
14. Write an iterative and recursive function to find the power of a number.
(Nov 2014)
15. Explain any 5 string functions with example.
16. Explain the math functions briefly.
17. Explain in detail about recursion with an example.
18. Write a program to calculate the sine series using function recursion.
19. Explain pointer arithmetic with examples.
20. Explains the use of pointers in handling arrays.
21. Write a program to sort names using pointers.
22. With a suitable example explain the pass by reference method of calling a
function.

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UNIT IV
STRUCTURES PART
–A
1. Distinguish between arrays and structures.
Arrays Structures
a. An array is a collection of data items of a. A structure is a collection of data items
same data type. Arrays can only be of different data types. Structures can be
declared. declared and defined.
b. There is no keyword for arrays b. The keyword for structures is struct.
c. An array name represents the address of c. A structure name is known as tag. It is a
the starting element Shorthand notation of the declaration.
d. An array cannot have bit fields d. A structure may contain bit fields

2. Differentiate structures and Union

Structure Union
a. Every member has its own memory. a. All members use the same memory.
b. The keyword used is struct. b. The keyword used is union.
c. All members occupy separate memory c. Different interpretations for the same
location, hence different interpretations of memory location are possible.
the same memory location are not possible.
d. Consumes more space compared to union. d. Conservation of memory is possible.
3. Define Structure in C.
Structure can be defined as a collection of different data types which are
grouped together and each element in a C structure is called member. To
access structure members in C, structure variable should be declared. The
keyword used is struct.

4. How will you define a structure?

A structure can be defined as
struct tag
{
datatype member 1;
datatype member 2;
………
………
datatype member n;
}; struct library_books
where struct is a keyword, tag is a name that identifies
{ structures,
member 1, member 2,….. member n are individual member declarations.
char title[20];
char author[15];
5. How will you declare structure variables? int pages;
float price;
}; 28
struct library_books b1,b2,b3;
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Declaration of structure variables includes the following

statements
a. The keyword struct
b. The structure name
c. List of variable names separated by commas
d. A terminating semicolon

6. What is meant by Union in C? (May 2014)

A union is a special data type available in C that enables to store different
data types in the same memory location. Union can be defined with many
members, but only one member can contain a value at any given time.
Unions provide an efficient way of using the same memory location for
multi-purpose.

7. How to define a union in C.

The format of the union statement is as
follows union tag
{
member
definition;
member
definition;
...
member definition;
} one or more union variables;
8. How can you access the member of the union ?
To access any member of a union, use the member access operator (.). The
member access
operator is coded as a period between the union variable name and the
union member to access. Union keyword is used to define variables of
union type.

9. List the features of structures. (May 2015)

The features of structures are as follows
a. All the elements of a structure are stored at contiguous memory locations
b. A variable of structure type can store multiple data items of
different data types under the one name

10. List the main aspects of working with structure.

a. Defining a structure type (Creating a new type).

b. Declaring variables and constants (objects) of the newly created type.
c. Initializing structure elements

11. What are the two ways of passing a structure to function in C?

a. Passing structure to a function by value

b. Passing structure to a function by address(reference)

12. Write any two advantage of Structure.

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a. It is used to store different data types.

b. Each element can be accessed individually.

13. How to initialize a structure variable? Give it’s syntax.

Static storage class is used to initialize structure. It should being and end with
curly braces.
Syntax: Static structure tag-field structure variable = {value1, value2,...value
3};

14. Define Anonymous structure.

Unnamed anonymous structure can be defined as the structure definition
that does not contain a structure name. Thus the variables of unnamed
structure should be declared only at the time of structure definition.

15. What are the operations on

structures? The operations on
structures are
a. Aggregate operations: An aggregate operation treats an operand as
an entity and operates on the entire operand as whole instead of
operating on its constituent members.
b. Segregate operations: A segregate operation operates on the
individual members of a structure object.

16. How to access members of a structure object?

a. Direct member access operator (dot operator)

b. Indirect member access operator(arrow operator)

17. What is the use of ‘period (.)’ in C?

To access any member of a structure, we use the member access
operator (.). The member access operator is coded as a period between
the structure variable name and the structure
member that we wish to access.
9. How will you access the structures member through pointers?
The structures member can be accessed through pointers by the following ways
a. Referencing pointer to another address to access memory
b. Using dynamic memory allocation

10. Define Nested structure.

Nested structure can be defined as the structure within structure. One
structure can be declared inside other structure as we declare structure
members inside a structure. The structure variables can be a normal
structure variable or a pointer variable to access the data.

11. Define array of structures.

Each elements of an array represent a structure variable. If we want to
store more array objects in a structure, then we can declare “array of
structure”.

12. Consider the declaration and illustrate the application

of size of operator to this structure. (Nov 2010)
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struct student
{ Size of this is 3 bytes:1 byte for name and 2 bytes for integer num.
char
name;
int num;
} S;

13. Define Dynamic memory allocation.

The process of changing the array size during program execution is
called as dynamic memory allocation.

14. What are various dynamic memory allocation functions in C?

a. malloc() – Used to allocate blocks of memory I required size of bytes
b. free() – Used to release previously allocated memory space
c. calloc() –Used to allocate memory space for an array of elements
d. realloc()-Used to modify the size of previously allocated memory space

15. What is a volatile and non-volatile memory?

Volatile memory: also known as volatile storage is computer memory that
requires power to maintain the stored information, unlike non-volatile
memory which does not require a maintained power supply. It has been
less popularly known as temporary memory. Non-volatile memory:
nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-volatile storage, is computer memory
that can retain the stored information even when not powered.

16. What is Linked List?

A linked list is a set of nodes where each node has two fields „data and
„link‟. The data field is used to store actual piece of information and link
field is used to store address of next node.

17. Write down the steps to modify a

node in linked lists. The steps to modify
a node in linked lists are
a. Enter the position of the node which is to be modified.
b. Enter the new value for the node to be modified.
c. Replace the original value of that node by a new value.
d. Display the message as “The node is modified”.
18. List the operations on singly linked list.
a. Create function
b. Display function
c. Search function
d. Insert function
e. Delete function

19. What are the pitfalls encountered in singly linked list?

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The singly linked list has only forward pointer and no backward link is
provided. Hence the traversing of the list is possible only in one direction.
Backward traversing is not possible.
Insertion and Deletion operations are less efficient because for inserting
the element at desired position the list needs to be traversed. Similarly,
traversing of the list is required for locating the element which needs to
be deleted.

20. Define doubly linked list.

Doubly linked list can be defined as a kind of linked list in which each node
has two link fields. One link field stores the address of previous node and
the other link field stores the address of next node.

21. Differentiate between arrays and lists

In arrays any element can be accessed randomly with the help of index of
array, whereas in lists any element can be accessed by sequential access
only. Insertions and deletions of data is difficult in arrays on the other
hand insertion and deletion of data is easy in lists.

22. Write syntax of calloc() and relloc().

Calloc() is for allocating the required amount of memory.
Syntax: Void *calloc(size_t nitems,size_t size)
Relloc() function modifies allocated memory size by malloc() and calloc().
Syntax:Void *relloc(void *ptr,size_t size)

23. What is the use of typedef?

Typedef is used for renaming data types. It redefines the name of
existing variable type. It provides a short and meaningful way to call a
data type.

PART - B
1. Define Structures. Explain structures in detail.
2. Explain array of structure in C.
3. Write a C program to create mark sheet for students using structure. (Jan 2014)
4. How can you insert structure with in another structure?
5. Explain the concept of structures and functions, structures and pointers with
example.
6. Define union . Explain union in detail.
7. What are storage classes? Explain each with example. (May 2014, Jan 2014,
May 2015)
8. Describe in detail about the Preprocessors in C.
9. What is a structure? Create a structure with data members of various
types and declare two structure variables. Write a program to read data
into these and print the same. (Nov 2014)
10. Justify the need for structured data type. (Nov 2014)
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11. Write notes on: (Nov 2014)

(i) Unions
(ii) Register storage class
(iii) #include statement
(iv) #ifndef…#endif
12. Define a structure called book with book name, author name and price.
Write a C program to read the details of book name, author name and
price of 200 books in a library and display the total cost of the books and
the book details whose price is above Rs. 500. (May 2015)
13. Write a C program using structure to store date, which includes day,
month and year. (Jan 2014)
14. Write a C program to store the employee information using
structure and search a particular employee using Employee
Number. (June 2014)
15. A sample C programming code for real time Bank application
program is given below. This program will perform all below operations.
(i) Creating new account: To create a new account
(ii) Cash Deposit: To Deposit some amount in newly
created account (iii)Cash withdrawal: To Withdraw
some amount from your account
(iv)Display Account information: It will display all information‟s of the existing
accounts
(v) Log out
(vi)Clearing the output screen and display available options

Unit 5 FILE
1. What is file ?
A file is a collection of related data stored on a secondary storage device
like hard disk. Every file contains data that is organized in hierarchy as
fields, records, and databases. Stored as sequence of bytes logically
contiguous (may not be physically contiguous on disk).

2. List out the types of

files. The following are
the types of files
a. Text file or ASCII text file: collection of information or data
which are easily readable by humans. Ex. .txt, .doc,
.ppt, .c, .cpp
b. Binary file: It is collection of bytes. Very tough to read by humans. Ex.
.gif, .bmp,

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.jpeg, .exe, .obj

4. What are file attributes?

a. File name
b. File Position
c. File Structure
d. File Access Methods
e. Attributes flag

5. What is the use of functions fseek(), fread(), fwrite() and ftell()?

a. fseek(f,1,i)Move the pointer for file f of a distance 1 byte from location i.
b. fread(s,i1,i2,f)Enter i2 dataitems, each of size i1 bytes from file f to string s.
c. fwrite(s,i1,i2,f)send i2 data items,each of size i1 bytes from string s to file f.
d. ftell(f)Return the current pointer position within file f.
e. The data type returned for functions fread,fseek and fwrite is int and ftell is
long int.

6. How is a file opened and file closed?

a. A file is opened using fopen()function. Ex: fp=fopen(filename,mode);
b. A file closed using fclose()function. Ex: fclose(fp);

7. What are the statements used for reading a file? (Nov 2014)
a. FILE*p;Initialize file pointer.
b. fp=fopen(“File_name” ”r”);Open text file for reading.
c. Getc(file_pointer_name);Reads character from file.
d. fgets(str,length,fp); Reads the string from the file.

8. What is the difference between getc() and getchar()? (May 2015)

int getc(FILE * stream) gets the next character on the given input stream
„s file pointer to point to the next character.
int getchar(void) returns the next character on the input stream stdin.

9. Differentiate text file and binary file.

Text file Binary File
a. Data are human readable characters a. Data is in the form of sequence of bytes.
b. Each line ends with a newline character. b. There are no lines or newline character.
c. Ctrl+z or Ctrl+d are end of file character c. An EOF marker is used.
d. Data is read in forward direction only d. Data may be read in any direction.
e. Data is converted into the internal format e. Data stored in file are in same format
before being stored in memory that they are stored in memory

10. What is random access file?

A file can be accessed at random using fseek() function
fseek(fp,position,origin);fp file pointer position number of bytes offset
from origin 0,1 or 2 denote the beginning current position or end of file
respectively.
12. What does the syntax depicts
fread(&my_record,sizeof(struct rec), ptr_myfile); (May
2015)
a. In the above statement, my_record is a pointer to an area of
memory that will receive the data from the file.
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b. Size of (struct rec) indicates that number of bytes required for structure rec
to be read.
c. Paramater „1‟ indicates that only one time bytes required for structure rec
to be read.
d. ptr _myfile is pointer to previously opened file.

13. State the two types of data files.

a. Steam oriented or standard data files.

b. System oriented or low level data files.

14. State the two categories of

standard data files. The two
categories of standard data files are
a. Text files.
b. Unformatted data files (Binary files).

15. What are unformatted data files or binary files?

The files that organize data into blocks of contiguous bytes of
information are called unformatted data files or binary files.

16. State the parameter of fopen function.

The parameter of fopen function are
a. Name of the file to be open
b. Mode of use

17. Define text files.

Text files are more restrictive than binary files since they can only
contain textual data. However, unlike binary files, they are less likely to
become corrupted. While a small error in a binary file may make it
unreadable, a small error in a text file may simply show up once the file
has been opened.

18. Define binary files.

Binary files typically contain a sequence of bytes, or ordered groupings
of eight bits. When creating a custom file format for a program, a
developer arranges these bytes into a format that stores the necessary
information for the application.

19. What do you mean by data file?

The data was written to the standard output and data was read from the
standard input. As long as only small amount of data are being accessed in the
form of simple variables and a character strings. This type of I/O is sufficient. With
large amount of data, the information has to be written to or read from auxiliary
device. Such information is stored on the device in the form of a data file.

21. What is the use of rewind function?

rewind(): This function is used to move the file pointer to the beginning of the
given file.

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Syntax : rewind(fptr); Where fptr is a file pointer.

22. List the different modes of opening a file.

The function fopen() has various modes of operation that are listed below
Mode Description
R Opens a text file in reading mode
W Opens or create a text file in writing mode.
A Opens a text file in appended mode.
r+ Opens a text file in both reading and writing mode.
w+ Opens a text file in both reading and writing mode.

23. Define logical file.

A logical file determines how data records are selected and defined when
read by an application program. A logical file can be a simple, multiple
formats, or join logical file.

24. What are command line arguments?

It is possible to pass some values from the command line to your C
programs when they are executed. These values are called command line
arguments and many times they are important for your program
especially when you want to control your program from outside instead of
hard coding those values inside the code.
#include <stdio.h>
Output
int main( int argc, char *argv[] ) $./a.out testing
{ The argument supplied is testing
if( argc == 2 ) {
$./a.out testing1 testing2
printf("The argument supplied is %s\n", argv[1]);
Too many arguments supplied.
}
$./a.out
else if( argc > 2 ) { One argument expected
printf("Too many arguments supplied.\n");
}
else {
printf("One argument expected.\n");
}
}

26. Which methods are used to write in to binary files?

The following are the methods are used to write in to binary files
a. fread() function is used to read a binary file.
b. fwrite() functions is used to write a binary file.

27. What is the basic file operation in C?

There are four basic operations that can be performed on any files
in C programming language.

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a. Opening / Creating a file.

b. Closing a file
c. Reading a file.
d. Writing in a file.

28. State the fflush() method.

fflush() is typically used for output stream only. Its purpose is to clear (or
flush) the output and move the buffered data to console (in case of
stdout) or disk (in case of file output stream). Syntax.
fflush(FILE*ostream);

29. What is the difference between printf() and sprint()?

sprint() writes data to the character array whereas printf(…) writes data to
the standard output device.

30. What is the different file extensions involved when programming in

C?
Source codes in C are saved with .C file extensions. Header files or library
files have the .H file extension. Every time a program source code is
successfully compiled, it creates an.OBJ object file, and an executable
.EXE file.

31. What is a sequential access file?

When writing programs that will store and retrieve data in a file, it is
possible to designate that file in to different forms. A sequential access file
is such that data are saved in sequential access file, one data is placed in
to the file after another. To access a particular data within the sequential
access, data has to be read one data at a time, until the right one is
reached.

32. Is it possible to create your own header files?

Yes, it is possible to create a customized header file. Just include in it the
function prototypes that you want to use in your program, and use the
#include directive followed by the name of your header file.
34. How do you search data in a data file using random access method?
Use the fseek() function to perform random access input / output on a file.
After the file was opened by the fopen() function, the fseek would require
three parameters to work: a file pointer to the file, the number of bytes to
search, and the point of origin in the file.

PART - B
1. What is file in C? Give brief introduction about files and its operations.
2. How to read and write the binary file? Explain with example.
3. Briefly explain the concept of the file management functions.
4. List out some inbuilt functions for file handling in c language.
5. How to access random access file? Write an example program.

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6. Give brief notes about command line arguments in c.

7. Write a C program to write data to a text file and to read it.
8. Create a file, which contains a series of integer numbers. Search all odd
numbers and save it to file called odd.txt. Search all even numbers and
save it to a file called even.txt.
9. Write a C program to implement the random access file.
10. Write a C program for handling records (structures) in a file.
11. Write a C program to calculate electricity bill as per the consumer usage.
12. Write a program to copy contents of input, txt file to output .txt file.
13. Explain about random access to files with examples.
14. Write a program that reads a text of characters from a file in
departmental store and keep track of the frequency of usage of each
items stock and price.
15. Write a C program to read name and marks of n number of students
from user and store them in a file. If the file previously exits, add the
information of n students.
16. With a C program find Sum of numbers given in Command Line Arguments
Recursively
17. Write a C program for the following. There are two input files named
“first.dat” and “second.dat”. The files are to be merged. That is, copy
the contents of first.dat and then second.dat to a new file named
result.dat.
18. Write a program to read the current date in the order: year, month,
and day of month. The program then prints the date in words: Today is
th th
the n day of Month of the year Year. Example: Today is the 24 day
of December of the year 2000
19. Explain the command line argument. What are the syntactic constructs
followed in C?
20. Write a C program to copy the contents of one file into another
using command line arguments.
21. Explain about transaction processing using random access files.
22. Write a C program to find average of numbers stored in sequential access file.

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