TOPIC 3

CONCRETE
WORK
CONCRETE
i) IN SITU CONCRETE
ii) READY MIX CONCRETE

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 MATERIALS FOR
CONCRETE

TYPES :
a) Cement – ordinary
portland cement,
rapid hardening, etc

b) Fine aggregate –
sand, crushed rock,
gravel, etc that will
pass through 5mm BS
sieve

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 MATERIALS FOR
CONCRETE
TYPES :
c) Course aggregate – crushed
rock, gravel, etc that is retained in
this seive

d) water – clean i.e free from

suspended solids, organics
matters, etc to be used for mixing
concrete. Price included in
Preliminaries section and
therefore not considered in the
calculation of rates for concrete.

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WEIGHTS AND VOLUMES
Table 4.1 : Weights and volumes per 1m3 of concrete
Materials Volume Weight
Cement 1 m3 1,400 kg (28 bags)
Sand 1 m3 1.52 tonnes
Aggregate 1 m3 1.62 tonne

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STRENGTH
Strength of concrete – depends on the proportion of
materials in a particular mix
Concrete may be specified according to :
A) Designed mix – examples, Grade 20, Grade 30, etc
◦ User specify the performance and producer will select
the mix proportions that will conform with the
performance requirements.
B) Prescribed mixes – examples, 1:1:2, 1:2:4
◦ User specify the mix proportion for the required
performance and producer will produce the concrete
accordingly

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Composition and strength of concrete
Table 4.2 : Composition and strength of concrete
Nominal Mix Cube Strength After Mixing Maximum Size Minimum
of Materials (N/mm2) of Aggregate Content of
7th day 28th day (mm) Cement/m3
concrete (Kg)
1:1:2 20 30 19 380
1:1.5:3 17 25.5 19 361
1:2:4 14 21 19 321
1:3:6 10 15 38 200

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SHRINKAGE, WASTAGE &
CONSOLIDATION IN CONCRETE MIX
Reduction in bulk during mixing – finer particles of sand and cement filling the
voids between course aggregate
Wastage occurs during transporting, mixing and placing of concrete
Vibrating and compacting during placing – also cause reduction in bulk
To get the required volume in a mix – increase the quantities of materials
Studies shows maximum shrinkages, etc = 1/3 of original quantity i.e. 33.33%
Allowance for shrinkage, etc for 1m3 concrete
= 0.333m3 x 100 = 50%
0.667m3
Add 50% to material cost to compensate for the reduction in bulk

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MIXING OF CONCRETE
a) by hand b) concrete mixer
MIXING BY HAND
normally for small quantities
Labour constant – 2.00hours/m3

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MIXING BY CONCRETE MIXER
Size, example 5/3
- maximum quantity of materials loaded into mixer (before mixing) = 5 f.c
- quantity of concrete discharged (after mixing) = 3 f.c

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 Types of concrete mixer
Table 4.3 : Ouput of concrete mixer
Size No. of Workers required Output/hour Diesel/hour Lubricant/hour
(m3) (liter) (liter)

5/3 1 operator 1.25 1.10 0.04

1 unskilled workers

7/5 1 operator 2.25 1.60 0.06

3 unskilled workers

10/7 1 operator 3.25 1.80 0.07

4 unskilled workers

14/10 1 operator 4.50 2.10 0.08

4 unskilled workers

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 PLACING OF CONCRETE
Placing output depends on the output of mixer and the locations
where concrete is to be placed, examples foundation, slab, column,
etc.
Workers normally use wheelbarrows to transport the concrete
For large site or high-rise building, dumper, cranes, etc may be used
for transporting concrete
Non mechanical plant- wheelbarrow, spades, etc - included in
overhead cost
Mechanical plant – need to be considered if not yet priced in the
Preliminaries

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HOISTING, PLACING, COMPACTING & PACKING CONCRETE
AROUND REINFORCEMENT BARS

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LABOUR OUTPUT FOR PLACING CONCRETE
Table 4.4 : Labour output for placing concrete
DESCRIPTIONS UNIT UNSKILLED WORKER (HOUR)
Pad Foundations M3 6.00
Ground Floor Slab
a) ≤ 150mm thick M3 7.75
b) 150mm – 300mm thick M3 6.50
c) ˃ 300mm thick M3 5.00
Upper Floor Slab
a) ≤ 150mm thick M3 9.25
b) 150mm – 300mm thick M3 7.50
c) ˃ 300mm thick M3 6.50
Wall
a) ≤ 150mm thick M3 10.00
b) 150mm – 300mm thick M3 8.50
c) ˃ 300mm thick M3 7.50
Columns and beams M3 8.00
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EXAMPLE 1
Reinforced in-situ concrete Grade 25 in isolated column. – m3
Data: Mixing and placing of concrete are to be done by hand

Cement : RM 19.00/bag
Sand : RM 60.00/m3
Aggregate : RM 33.00/m3
Unskilled worker : RM 90.00/day

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Concrete by hand
1. Material cost
a. 1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM 19.00/bag RM 532.00
b. 1.5m3 sand = 1.5 m3 x RM 60.00/m3 RM 90.00
c. 3 m3 aggregate = 3m3 x RM 33.00/m3 RM 99.00
RM 721.00
Add 50% for shrinkage, compaction and wastages RM 360.50
Material cost for 5.50 m3 RM 1,081.50
Material cost for 1 m3 = RM 1,081.50 RM 196.64/M3
5.50 m3
2. Labour Cost
a. Mixing – unskilled = 2 hours/m3 x RM 90.00 RM 22.50/M3
8 hours
b. Placing – unskilled = 8.00 hours/m3 x RM 90.00 RM 90.00/M3 RM 112.50/M3
8 hours
RM 309.14/M3

15% for profit and overhead RM 46.37/M3

Price / m3 RM 355.51/M3
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EXAMPLE 2
Reinforced in-situ concrete Grade 25 in isolated column. – m3
Data: Mixing of concrete by using own concrete mixer type 7/5

Cement : RM 19/bag
Sand : RM 60.00/m3
Aggregate : RM 33.00/m3
Diesel : RM 2.95/liter
Lubricant : RM 20.00/liter
Unskilled worker : RM 90.00/day
Skilled worker : RM 120.00/day
Economic life of concrete mixer : 4 years
Initial cost of concrete mixer : RM 7,800
Resale value of concrete mixer : RM 1,500
Interest : 10% p.a

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Concrete by concrete mixer
1. Material cost
a. 1m3 cement = 28 bags x RM 19.00/bag RM 532.00
b. 1.5m3 sand = 1.5 m3 x RM 60.00/m3 RM 90.00
c. 3 m3 aggregate = 3m3 x RM 33.00/m3 RM 99.00
RM 721.00
Add 50% for shrinkage, compaction and wastages RM 360.50
Material cost for 5.50 m3 RM 1,081.50
Material cost for 1 m3 = RM 1,081.50 RM 196.64/M3
5.50 m3
2. Mixing cost – using mixer type 7/5
Initial cost
a. Capital cost RM 7,800
b. Interest on capital for 4 years @10% p.a RM 3,120
= RM 7,800 x 4 years x 10%
c. Maintenance cost for 4 years RM 780
= RM 7,800 x 10%
d. Transportation cost for 4 years RM 390
= RM 7,800 x 5%
RM 12,090
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Concrete by concrete mixer – Cont’d
Less resale value RM 1,500
Cost for 4 years RM 10,590
Cost for 1 year = RM 10,590 RM 2,647.50
4 years
Average no of working days in a year = 200 days (assume)
Total working hours = 200 days x 8 hours = 1,600 hours
Capital cost per hour = RM 2,647.50 RM 1.65/HR
1,600 hours
2. Mixing cost – using mixer type 7/5
Operating cost
a. Operator RM 130.00
b. Unskilled worker = 3 nos x RM 90.00 RM 270.00
c. Diesel = 1.60 liter x 8 hours x RM 2.95/liter RM 37.76
d. Lubricant = 0.06 liter x 8 hours x RM 20.00/liter RM 9.60
Total operating cost / day RM 447.36
e. Operating cost /hour = RM 447.36 RM 55.92/HR
8 hours
Total cost of using concrete mixer (initial + operating) RM 57.57/HR
Output of mixer = 2.25 m3/hour RM 25.59/M3
Cost of mixing = RM 57.57/HR
2.25M3/HR
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Concrete by concrete mixer – Cont’d
3. Placing of concrete
Unskilled = 8.00 hours/m3 x RM 90.00 RM 90.00/M3
8 hours
Total cost of concrete (Material + Mixing + Placing) RM 194.64/m3
RM 25.59/m3
RM 90.00/m3
RM 310.23/m3
15% profit and overhead RM 46.53/m3
Price /m3 RM 356.76/M3

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EXAMPLE 3
Reinforced in-situ concrete Grade 25 in isolated column. –
m3
Data: Same situation as per example 2 for mixing, but using crane to
transport and place concrete in position

Rental charge for 10 tonne mobile crane : RM 600/day (including all

operating cost)
Crane output : 15m3/day
a gang of 5 unskilled worker required for the operation

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Concrete – mixing and placing by machine
1. Material cost – as per example 1 RM 194.64/M3
2. Mixing cost – as per example 2 RM 25.59/M3
3. Placing cost
a. Plant cost, rental per day RM 600.00
b. Labour cost = 5 nos x RM 90.00/day RM 450.00
RM 1,050.00/DAY
c. Crane output= 15m3/day
Cost of placing/m3 = RM 1,050/day
15 m3/hr RM 70.00/M3
Total cost (material + mixing + placing) RM 290.23/M3
15% for profit and overhead RM 43.53/m3
Price / m3 RM 333.76/M3

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TUTORIAL

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1. Reinforced in situ concrete Grade 15 in upper floor slab
150mm thick. – m3
Data : Mixing and placing by hand
Additional data:

2. Reinforced in situ concrete Grade 30 in wall 150mm – 200mm 1. Cement = RM 19.00/bag

thick. – m3 2. Sand = RM 60/m3
Data : 3. Aggregate = RM 33/m3
a. Using contractor’s own concrete mixer type 14/10 4. Unskilled worker = RM
b. Initial cost = RM 23,500 90/day
c. Resale value = RM 1,500 5. Skilled worker = RM
d. Economics Life = 4 years 130/day
e. Interest rate = 10% p.a 6. Diesel = RM 2.95/liter
7. Lubricant = RM 20/liter
3. Reinforced in situ concrete Grade 20 in suspended floor slab
exceeding 300mm thick. – m3
Data :
a. Ready mix concrete (deliver to site) = RM 275/m3
b. Rental of 15 tonne mobile crane = RM 800/day
c. Crane output = 20m3/day
d. A gang of 6 unskilled worker required for the work

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