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Recommendation System:-

A recommendation system (or recommender system) is a class

of machine learning that uses data to help predict, narrow down,
and find what people are looking for among an exponentially
growing number of options.

What Is a Recommendation System?

A recommendation system is an artificial intelligence or AI
algorithm, usually associated with machine learning, that uses Big
Data to suggest or recommend additional products to consumers.
These can be based on various criteria, including past purchases,
search history, demographic information, and other factors.
Recommender systems are highly useful as they help users
discover products and services they might otherwise have not
found on their own.
Recommender systems are trained to understand the preferences,
previous decisions, and characteristics of people and products
using data gathered about their interactions. These include
impressions, clicks, likes, and purchases. Because of their
capability to predict consumer interests and desires on a highly
personalized level, recommender systems are a favorite with
content and product providers. They can drive consumers to just
about any product or service that interests them, from books to
videos to health classes to clothing.
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Types of Recommendation Systems:-

While there are a vast number of recommender algorithms and

techniques, most fall into these broad categories:
 collaborative filtering
 content filtering and context filtering.

Collaborative filtering :-

Collaborative filtering algorithms recommend items (this is the

filtering part) based on preference information from many users
(this is the collaborative part). This approach uses similarity of
user preference behavior, given previous interactions between
users and items, recommender algorithms learn to predict future
interaction. These recommender systems build a model from a
user’s past behavior, such as items purchased previously or
ratings given to those items and similar decisions by other users.
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The idea is that if some people have made similar decisions and
purchases in the past, like a movie choice, then there is a high
probability they will agree on additional future selections. For
example, if a collaborative filtering recommender knows you and
another user share similar tastes in movies, it might recommend
a movie to you that it knows this other user already likes.

Content filtering:-

Content filtering, by contrast, uses the attributes or features of an

item (this is the content part) to recommend other items similar
to the user’s preferences. This approach is based on similarity of
item and user features, given information about a user and items
they have interacted with (e.g. a user’s age, the category of a
restaurant’s cuisine, the average review for a movie), model the
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likelihood of a new interaction. For example, if a content filtering
recommender sees you liked the movies You’ve Got Mail and
Sleepless in Seattle, it might recommend another movie to you
with the same genres and/or cast such as Joe Versus the
Volcano.

Artificial Neural Network Tutorial:-

Artificial Neural Network Tutorial provides basic and advanced
concepts of ANNs. Our Artificial Neural Network tutorial is
developed for beginners as well as professions.
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The term "Artificial neural network" refers to a biologically inspired

sub-field of artificial intelligence modeled after the brain. An
Artificial neural network is usually a computational network based
on biological neural networks that construct the structure of the
human brain. Similar to a human brain has neurons
interconnected to each other, artificial neural networks also have
neurons that are linked to each other in various layers of the
networks. These neurons are known as nodes.

Artificial neural network tutorial covers all the aspects related to

the artificial neural network. In this tutorial, we will discuss ANNs,
Adaptive resonance theory, Kohonen self-organizing map,
Building blocks, unsupervised learning, Genetic algorithm, etc.

What is Artificial Neural Network?

The term "Artificial Neural Network" is derived from Biological
neural networks that develop the structure of a human brain.
Similar to the human brain that has neurons interconnected to
one another, artificial neural networks also have neurons that are
interconnected to one another in various layers of the networks.
These neurons are known as nodes.
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The given figure illustrates the typical diagram of Biological

Neural Network.

The typical Artificial Neural Network looks something like the

given figure.

Dendrites from Biological Neural Network represent inputs in

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Artificial Neural Networks, cell nucleus represents Nodes,
synapse represents Weights, and Axon represents Output.

Relationship between Biological neural network and artificial

neural network

Biological Neural Network Artificial Neural Network

Dendrites Inputs

Cell nucleus Nodes

Synapse Weights

Axon Output

An Artificial Neural Network in the field of Artificial

intelligence where it attempts to mimic the network of neurons
makes up a human brain so that computers will have an option to
understand things and make decisions in a human-like manner.
The artificial neural network is designed by programming
computers to behave simply like interconnected brain cells.
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The architecture of an artificial neural network:

To understand the concept of the architecture of an artificial

neural network, we have to understand what a neural network
consists of. In order to define a neural network that consists of a
large number of artificial neurons, which are termed units
arranged in a sequence of layers. Lets us look at various types of
layers available in an artificial neural network.

Artificial Neural Network primarily consists of three layers:

Input Layer:

As the name suggests, it accepts inputs in several different

formats provided by the programmer.

Hidden Layer:
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The hidden layer presents in-between input and output layers. It
performs all the calculations to find hidden features and patterns.

Output Layer:

The input goes through a series of transformations using the

hidden layer, which finally results in output that is conveyed using
this layer.

The artificial neural network takes input and computes the

weighted sum of the inputs and includes a bias. This computation
is represented in the form of a transfer function.

Advantages of Artificial Neural Network (ANN):-

Parallel processing capability:

Artificial neural networks have a numerical value that can perform

more than one task simultaneously.

Storing data on the entire network:

Data that is used in traditional programming is stored on the

whole network, not on a database. The disappearance of a couple
of pieces of data in one place doesn't prevent the network from
working.
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Capability to work with incomplete knowledge:

After ANN training, the information may produce output even with
inadequate data. The loss of performance here relies upon the
significance of missing data.

Having a memory distribution:

For ANN is to be able to adapt, it is important to determine the

examples and to encourage the network according to the desired
output by demonstrating these examples to the network. The
succession of the network is directly proportional to the chosen
instances, and if the event can't appear to the network in all its
aspects, it can produce false output.

Having fault tolerance:

Extortion of one or more cells of ANN does not prohibit it from

generating output, and this feature makes the network fault-
tolerance.

Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Network:

Assurance of proper network structure:

There is no particular guideline for determining the structure of

artificial neural networks. The appropriate network structure is
accomplished through experience, trial, and error.

Unrecognized behavior of the network:

It is the most significant issue of ANN. When ANN produces a

testing solution, it does not provide insight concerning why and
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how. It decreases trust in the network.

Hardware dependence:

Artificial neural networks need processors with parallel

processing power, as per their structure. Therefore, the realization
of the equipment is dependent.

Difficulty of showing the issue to the network:

ANNs can work with numerical data. Problems must be converted

into numerical values before being introduced to ANN. The
presentation mechanism to be resolved here will directly impact
the performance of the network. It relies on the user's abilities.

The duration of the network is unknown:

The network is reduced to a specific value of the error, and this

value does not give us optimum results.

Backpropagation Process in Machine learning:-

Backpropagation is one of the important concepts of a neural

network. Our task is to classify our data best. For this, we have to
update the weights of parameter and bias, but how can we do
that in a deep neural network? In the linear regression model, we
use gradient descent to optimize the parameter. Similarly here we
also use gradient descent algorithm using Backpropagation.

For a single training example, Backpropagation algorithm

calculates the gradient of the error function. Backpropagation can
be written as a function of the neural network. Backpropagation
algorithms are a set of methods used to efficiently train artificial
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neural networks following a gradient descent approach which
exploits the chain rule.

The main features of Backpropagation are the iterative, recursive

and efficient method through which it calculates the updated
weight to improve the network until it is not able to perform the
task for which it is being trained. Derivatives of the activation
function to be known at network design time is required to
Backpropagation.

Now, how error function is used in Backpropagation and how

Backpropagation works? Let start with an example and do it
mathematically to understand how exactly updates the weight
using Backpropagation.

Perceptron in Machine Learning:-

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In Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Perceptron is the
most commonly used term for all folks. It is the primary step to
learn Machine Learning and Deep Learning technologies, which
consists of a set of weights, input values or scores, and a
threshold. Perceptron is a building block of an Artificial Neural
Network. Initially, in the mid of 19th century, Mr. Frank
Rosenblatt invented the Perceptron for performing certain
calculations to detect input data capabilities or business
intelligence. Perceptron is a linear Machine Learning algorithm
used for supervised learning for various binary classifiers. This
algorithm enables neurons to learn elements and processes them
one by one during preparation. In this tutorial, "Perceptron in
Machine Learning," we will discuss in-depth knowledge of
Perceptron and its basic functions in brief. Let's start with the
basic introduction of Perceptron.

What is the Perceptron model in Machine Learning?:-

Perceptron is Machine Learning algorithm for supervised learning

of various binary classification tasks. Further, Perceptron is also
understood as an Artificial Neuron or neural network unit that
helps to detect certain input data computations in business
intelligence.

Perceptron model is also treated as one of the best and simplest

types of Artificial Neural networks. However, it is a supervised
learning algorithm of binary classifiers. Hence, we can consider it
as a single-layer neural network with four main parameters,
i.e., input values, weights and Bias, net sum, and an activation
function.

Basic Components of Perceptron

Mr. Frank Rosenblatt invented the perceptron model as a binary

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classifier which contains three main components. These are as
follows:

o Input Nodes or Input Layer:

This is the primary component of Perceptron which accepts the

initial data into the system for further processing. Each input node
contains a real numerical value.

o Wight and Bias:

Weight parameter represents the strength of the connection

between units. This is another most important parameter of
Perceptron components. Weight is directly proportional to the
strength of the associated input neuron in deciding the output.
Further, Bias can be considered as the line of intercept in a linear
equation.
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o Activation Function:

These are the final and important components that help to

determine whether the neuron will fire or not. Activation Function
can be considered primarily as a step function.

Types of Perceptron Models:-

Based on the layers, Perceptron models are divided into two types.
These are as follows:

1. Single-layer Perceptron Model

2. Multi-layer Perceptron model

Single Layer Perceptron Model:

This is one of the easiest Artificial neural networks (ANN) types. A

single-layered perceptron model consists feed-forward network
and also includes a threshold transfer function inside the model.
The main objective of the single-layer perceptron model is to
analyze the linearly separable objects with binary outcomes.

In a single layer perceptron model, its algorithms do not contain

recorded data, so it begins with inconstantly allocated input for
weight parameters. Further, it sums up all inputs (weight). After
adding all inputs, if the total sum of all inputs is more than a pre-
determined value, the model gets activated and shows the output
value as +1.

If the outcome is same as pre-determined or threshold value, then

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the performance of this model is stated as satisfied, and weight
demand does not change. However, this model consists of a few
discrepancies triggered when multiple weight inputs values are
fed into the model. Hence, to find desired output and minimize
errors, some changes should be necessary for the weights input.

Multi-Layered Perceptron Model:

Like a single-layer perceptron model, a multi-layer perceptron

model also has the same model structure but has a greater
number of hidden layers.

The multi-layer perceptron model is also known as the

Backpropagation algorithm, which executes in two stages as
follows:

o Forward Stage: Activation functions start from the input

layer in the forward stage and terminate on the output layer.

o Backward Stage: In the backward stage, weight and bias

values are modified as per the model's requirement. In this
stage, the error between actual output and demanded
originated backward on the output layer and ended on the
input layer.

Advantages of Multi-Layer Perceptron:

o A multi-layered perceptron model can be used to solve

complex non-linear problems.

o It works well with both small and large input data.

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o It helps us to obtain quick predictions after the training.

o It helps to obtain the same accuracy ratio with large as well

as small data.

Disadvantages of Multi-Layer Perceptron:

o In Multi-layer perceptron, computations are difficult and time

-consuming.

o In multi-layer Perceptron, it is difficult to predict how much

the dependent variable affects each independent variable.

o The model functioning depends on the quality of the training.

Introduction to Deep Learning:-



Deep learning is a branch of machine learning which is based on

artificial neural networks. It is capable of learning complex
patterns and relationships within data. In deep learning, we don’t
need to explicitly program everything. It has become increasingly
popular in recent years due to the advances in processing power
and the availability of large datasets. Because it is based on
artificial neural networks (ANNs) also known as deep neural
networks (DNNs). These neural networks are inspired by the
structure and function of the human brain’s biological neurons,
and they are designed to learn from large amounts of data.
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1. Deep Learning is a subfield of Machine Learning that

involves the use of neural networks to model and solve
complex problems. Neural networks are modeled after the
structure and function of the human brain and consist of
layers of interconnected nodes that process and transform
data.
2. The key characteristic of Deep Learning is the use of deep
neural networks, which have multiple layers of
interconnected nodes. These networks can learn complex
representations of data by discovering hierarchical patterns
and features in the data. Deep Learning algorithms can
automatically learn and improve from data without the need
for manual feature engineering.
3. Deep Learning has achieved significant success in various
fields, including image recognition, natural language
processing, speech recognition, and recommendation
systems. Some of the popular Deep Learning architectures
include Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent
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Neural Networks (RNNs), and Deep Belief Networks (DBNs).
4. Training deep neural networks typically requires a large
amount of data and computational resources. However, the
availability of cloud computing and the development of
specialized hardware, such as Graphics Processing Units
(GPUs), has made it easier to train deep neural networks.