BS EN 62446-1-2016+A1-2018--[2024-06-25--04-07-00 PM]

BS EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
BSI Standards Publication
Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Requirements for

testing, documentation and maintenance
Part 1: Grid connected systems – Documentation,

commissioning tests and inspection
BS EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of
EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018. It is identical to IEC 62446‑1:2016,
incorporating amendment 1:2018. It supersedes BS EN 62446‑1:2016,
which is withdrawn.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is
indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to IEC text carry
the number of the IEC amendment. For example, text altered by IEC
amendment A1 is indicated by  .
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee GEL/82, Photovoltaic Energy Systems.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2018
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018
ISBN 978 0 580 51016 8
ICS 27.160
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
30 November 2018 Implementation of amendment 1:2018 with CENE‑

LEC endorsement A1:2018
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62446‑1:2016
NORME EUROPÉENNE +A1
EUROPÄISCHE NORM October 2018
ICS 27.160
English Version
Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Requirements for testing,

documentation and maintenance – Part 1: Grid connected
systems – Documentation, commissioning tests and
inspection (IEC 62446-1:2016)
Systèmes photovoltaïques (PV) – Exigences pour Photovoltaik (PV) Systeme – Anforderungen an
les essais, la documentation et la maintenance – Prüfung, Dokumentation und Instandhaltung –
Partie 1: Systèmes connectés au réseau Teil 1: Netzgekoppelte Systeme –
électrique – Documentation, essais de mise Dokumentation, Inbetriebnahmeprüfung und
en service et examen (IEC 62446-1:2016) Prüfanforderungen (IEC 62446-1:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2016-02-23. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the
CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a
national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made
by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2018 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018: E
worldwide for CENELEC Members.
BS EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018 (E)
European foreword
The text of document 82/1036/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62446‑1, prepared by IEC/TC 82 “Solar
photovoltaic energy systems” was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN 62446‑1:2016.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at (dop) 2016-11-23

national level by publication of an identical national standard or
by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2019-02-23
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 62446:2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62446‑1:2016 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
Foreword to amendment A1
The text of document 82/1415/FDIS, future IEC 62446‑1:2016/A1, prepared by IEC/TC 82 "Solar
photovoltaic energy systems" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN 62446‑1:2016/A1:2018.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at (dop) 2019-06-14

national level by publication of an identical national standard or
by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2021-09-14
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62446‑1:2016/A1:2018 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
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EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications with their

corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is
available here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60364‑6 — Low voltage electrical installations — Part 6:Verifica‑ HD 60364-6 —

tion
IEC 60891 2009 Photovoltaic devices — Procedures for temperature andEN 60891 2010
irradiance corrections to measured I-V characteristics
IEC 61010 series Safety requirements for electrical equipment for meas‑ EN 61010 series
urement, control, and laboratory use
IEC 61557 series Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up EN 61557 series
to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V d.c. — Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective measures
IEC 61730 series Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification EN IEC 61730 series
IEC 62548 2016 Photovoltaic (PV) arrays — Design-requirements —
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BS EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
IEC 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
Contents Page
FOREWORD................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vi
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 System documentation requirements............................................................................................................................................. 3
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 System data................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.2.1 Basic system information.......................................................................................................................................... 4
4.2.2 System designer information................................................................................................................................. 4
4.2.3 System installer information.................................................................................................................................. 4
4.3 Wiring diagram........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
4.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
4.3.2 Array — General specifications........................................................................................................................... 5
4.3.3 PV string information................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.3.4 Array electrical details................................................................................................................................................. 5
4.3.5 AC system................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
4.3.6 Earthing and overvoltage protection.............................................................................................................. 5
4.4 String layout............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.5 Datasheets.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.6 Mechanical design information................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.7 Emergency systems............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.8 Operation and maintenance information......................................................................................................................... 6
4.9 Test results and commissioning data................................................................................................................................... 6
5 Verification.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
5.2 Inspection..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2.2 DC system — General................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2.3 DC system — Protection against electric shock..................................................................................... 8
5.2.4 DC system — Protection against the effects of insulation faults............................................. 8
5.2.5 DC system — Protection against overcurrent......................................................................................... 8
5.2.6 DC system — Earthing and bonding arrangements........................................................................... 9
5.2.7 DC system — Protection against the effects of lightning and overvoltage..................... 9
5.2.8 DC system — Selection and erection of electrical equipment................................................... 9
5.2.9 AC system............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
5.2.10 Labelling and identification.................................................................................................................................. 10
5.3 Testing.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.3.2 Test regimes and additional tests.................................................................................................................... 11
5.3.3 Test regimes for systems with module level electronics............................................................. 11
5.3.4 Category 1 test regime — All systems......................................................................................................... 11
5.3.5 Category 2 test regime.............................................................................................................................................. 12
5.3.6 Additional tests............................................................................................................................................................... 13
6 Test procedures — Category 1.............................................................................................................................................................13
6.1 Continuity of protective earthing and equipotential bonding conductors....................................... 13
6.2 Polarity test.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
6.3 PV string combiner box test...................................................................................................................................................... 13
6.4 PV string — Open circuit voltage measurement...................................................................................................... 14
6.5 PV string — Current measurement..................................................................................................................................... 15
6.5.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.5.2 PV string — Short circuit test............................................................................................................................. 15
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

BS EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
IEC 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018

6.5.3 PV string — Operational test.............................................................................................................................. 16

6.6 Functional tests.................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.7 PV array insulation resistance test...................................................................................................................................... 17
6.7.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.7.2 PV array insulation resistance test — Test method........................................................................ 17
6.7.3 PV array insulation resistance — Test procedure............................................................................. 18
7 Test procedures — Category 2.............................................................................................................................................................19
7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
7.2 String I-V curve measurement................................................................................................................................................. 19
7.2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
7.2.2 I-V curve measurement of Voc and Isc.......................................................................................................... 19
7.2.3 I-V curve measurement — Array performance check ................................................ 20
7.2.4 I-V curve measurement — Identification of module / array defects or
shading issues.................................................................................................................................................................. 21
7.3 PV array infrared camera inspection procedure..................................................................................................... 21
7.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
7.3.2 IR test procedure........................................................................................................................................................... 21
7.3.3 Interpreting IR test results.................................................................................................................................... 22
8 Test procedures — Additional tests................................................................................................................................................23
8.1 Voltage to ground — Resistive ground systems....................................................................................................... 23
8.2 Blocking diode test............................................................................................................................................................................ 23
8.3 PV array — Wet insulation resistance test................................................................................................................... 23
8.3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
8.3.2 Wet insulation test procedure............................................................................................................................ 24
8.4 Shade evaluation................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
9 Verification reports.........................................................................................................................................................................................25
9.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
9.2 Initial verification............................................................................................................................................................................... 25
9.3 Periodic verification......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Annex A (informative) Model verification certificate.......................................................................................................................26
Annex B (informative) Model inspection report....................................................................................................................................27
Annex C (informative) Model PV array test report..............................................................................................................................30
Annex D (informative) Interpreting I-V curve shapes......................................................................................................................31
© ISO/CIE 2018 – All rights reserved v

BS EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018 (E)
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for
standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees).
The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning
standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other
activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”).
Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental
and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC
collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance
with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible,
an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has
representation from all interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by
IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the
technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in
which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply
IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional
publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or
regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide
conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not
responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual
experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal
injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or
for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon,
this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced
publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the
subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62446‑1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 82: Solar
photovoltaic energy systems.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC 62446 published in 2009. This edition constitutes a
technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical change with respect to IEC 62446:2009 :
— the scope has been expanded to include a wider range of system test and inspection regimes to
encompass larger and more complex PV systems.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
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EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018 (E)
FDIS Report on voting

82/1036/FDIS 82/1056A/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting
indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62446 series, published under the general title Photovoltaic (PV) systems -
Requirements for testing, documentation and maintenance, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the
specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018 (E)
INTRODUCTION
Grid connected PV systems are expected to have a lifetime of decades, with maintenance or modifications
likely at some point over this period. Building or electrical works in the vicinity of the PV array are very
likely, for example roof works adjacent to the array or modifications (structural or electrical) to a home
that has a PV system. The ownership of a system may also change over time, particularly for systems
mounted on buildings. Only by the provision of adequate documentation at the outset can the long term
performance and safety of the PV system and works, on or adjacent to the PV system, be ensured.
This part of IEC 62446 is split into two sections:
• System documentation requirements – This section details the information that shall be
provided within the documentation provided to the customer following installation of a grid
connected PV system.
• Verification – This section provides the information expected to be provided following initial (or
periodic) verification of an installed system. It includes requirements for inspection and testing.
This part of IEC 62446 references IEC TS 62548:2013, which is in the process of being converted into an
International Standard. It is envisaged that work on the second edition of IEC 62446‑1 will start when
IEC 62548 is completed.
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IEC 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Requirements for testing,

documentation and maintenance —
Part 1:
Grid connected systems – Documentation, commissioning
tests and inspection
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62446 defines the information and documentation required to be handed over to a
customer following the installation of a grid connected PV system. It also describes the commissioning
tests, inspection criteria and documentation expected to verify the safe installation and correct
operation of the system. It can also be used for periodic retesting.
This part of IEC 62446 is written for grid connected PV systems that do not utilize energy storage (e.g.
batteries) or hybrid systems.
This part of IEC 62446 is for use by system designers and installers of grid connected solar PV
systems as a template to provide effective documentation to a customer. By detailing the expected
commissioning tests and inspection criteria, it is also intended to assist in the verification/inspection
of a grid connected PV system after installation and for subsequent re-inspection, maintenance or
modifications.
This part of IEC 62446 defines the different test regimes expected for different solar PV system types
to ensure that the test regime applied is appropriate to the scale, type and complexity of the system
in question.
NOTE This part of IEC 62446 does not address CPV (concentrating PV) systems, however many of the
parts may apply.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60364‑6, Low-voltage electrical installations — Part 6: Verification
IEC 62548:2016, Photovoltaic (PV) arrays — Design requirements
NOTE In some countries IEC 60364‑7‑712 is preferred over IEC 62548. Both standards are expected to
provide similar results.
IEC 61730 (all parts), Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification

IEC 61557 (all parts), Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1 000 V a.c. and 1 500 V
d.c. — Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures
IEC 61010 (all parts), Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and
laboratory use
IEC 60891:2009, Photovoltaic devices — Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to
measured I-V characteristics
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IEC 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
AC module
PV module with an integrated inverter in which the electrical terminals are AC only
3.2
cable type
description of a cable to enable its rating and suitability for a particular use or environment to
be determined
Note 1 to entry: In many countries this is done via a code number (eg “H07RNF”).
3.3
data sheet
basic product description and specification
Note 1 to entry: Typically one or two pages. Not a full product manual.
3.4
inspection
examination of an electrical installation using all the senses in order to ascertain correct selection and
proper erection of electrical equipment
3.5
inverter
electric energy converter that changes direct electric current to single-phase or polyphase
alternating current
3.6
micro inverter
small inverter designed to be connected directly to one or two PV modules.
Note 1 to entry: A micro inverter will normally connect directly to the factory fitted module leads and be fixed to
the module frame or mounted immediately adjacent to the module.
3.7
module integrated electronics
any electronic device fitted to a PV module intended to provide control, monitoring or power
conversion functions
Note 1 to entry: Module integrated electronics may be factory fitted or assembled on site.
3.8
PV array
assembly of electrically interconnected PV modules, PV strings or PV sub-arrays.
3.9
PV cell
most elementary device that exhibits the photovoltaic effect, i.e the direct non-thermal conversion of
radiant energy into electrical energy
3.10
PV module
smallest complete environmentally protected assembly of interconnected PV cells
3.11
PV string
circuit of one or more series-connected PV modules
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IEC 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
3.12
PV string combiner box
junction box where PV strings are connected which may also contain overcurrent protection devices,
electronics and/or switch-disconnectors
3.13
IMOD_MAX_OCPR
PV module maximum overcurrent protection rating determined by IEC 61730‑2
Note 1 to entry: This is often specified by module manufacturers as the maximum series fuse rating.
3.14
reporting
recording of the results of inspection and testing
3.15
testing
implementation of measures in an electrical installation by means of which its effectiveness is proved
Note 1 to entry: It includes ascertaining values by means of appropriate measuring instruments, said values not
being detectable by inspection.
3.16
verification
all measures by means of which compliance of the electrical installation to the relevant
standards is checked
Note 1 to entry: It comprises inspection, testing and reporting.
3.17
string wiring harness
prefabricated cable assembly that aggregates the output of multiple PV string conductors along a
single main cable
Note 1 to entry: The harness may or may not include fusing on the individual string conductors. The wiring
harness typically does not include a disconnect device in line.
Note 2 to entry: An IEC standard for string wiring harnesses is under development.
3.18
Harness Sub Array
HSA
group of PV strings connected in parallel using a string wiring harness
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, the HSA shall have a combined ISC-STC of no greater than 30 A
and combine no more than 10 PV strings.
Note 2 to entry: In some subclauses of this document, HSA tests are presented as an alternative to individual
string tests. The 30 A and 10 string limits defined herein set the limit where a HSA test is considered a safe and
valid alternative to individual string tests.
Note 3 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.
4 System documentation requirements
4.1 General
The purpose of Clause 4 is to list the minimum documentation that should be provided following the
installation of a grid connected PV system. This information will ensure key system data is readily
available to a customer, inspector or maintenance engineer. The documentation includes basic system
data and the information expected to be provided in the operation and maintenance manual.
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4.2 System data
4.2.1 Basic system information
As a minimum, the following basic system information shall be provided. This “name plate” information
would typically be presented on the cover page of the system documentation pack.
a) Project identification reference (where applicable).
b) Rated (nameplate) system power (kW DC or kVA AC).
c) PV modules and inverters — manufacturer, model and quantity.
d) Installation date.
e) Commissioning date.
f) Customer name.
g) Site address.
4.2.2 System designer information
As a minimum, the following information shall be provided for all bodies responsible for the design of
the system. Where more than one company has responsibility for the design of the system, the following
information should be provided for all companies together with a description of their role in the project.
a) System designer, company.
b) System designer, contact person.
c) System designer, postal address, telephone number and e-mail address.
4.2.3 System installer information
As a minimum, the following information shall be provided for all bodies responsible for the installation
of the system. Where more than one company has responsibility for the installation of the system, the
following information should be provided for all companies together with a description of their role in
the project.
a) System installer, company.
b) System installer, contact person.
c) System installer, postal address, telephone number and e-mail address.
4.3 Wiring diagram
4.3.1 General
As a minimum, a single line wiring diagram shall be provided. This diagram shall be annotated to
include the information detailed in 4.3.2 to 4.3.6.
In general, it is expected that this information will be presented as annotations to the single line wiring
diagram. In some circumstances, typically for larger systems where space on the diagram may be
limited, this information may be presented in table form.
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4.3.2 Array — General specifications
The wiring diagram or system specification shall include the following array design information.
a) Module type(s).
b) Total number of modules.
c) Number of strings.
d) Number of modules per string.
e) Identify which strings connect to which inverter.
Where an array is split into sub-arrays, the wiring diagram shall show the array — sub-array design
and include all of the above information for each sub-array.
4.3.3 PV string information
The wiring diagram or system specification shall include the following PV string information.
a) String cable specifications — size and type.
b) String overcurrent protective device specifications (where fitted) — type and
voltage/current ratings.
c) Blocking diode type (if relevant).
4.3.4 Array electrical details
The wiring diagram or system specification shall include the following array electrical information
(where fitted).
a) Array main cable specifications — size and type.
b) Array junction box / combiner box locations.
c) DC switch disconnector, location and rating (voltage / current).
d) Array overcurrent protective devices — type, location and rating (voltage / current).
e) Other array electronic protective circuitry (such as arc fault detection), if applicable — type,
location and rating.
4.3.5 AC system
The wiring diagram or system specification shall include the following AC system information.
a) AC isolator location, type and rating.
b) AC overcurrent protective device location, type and rating.
c) Residual current device location, type and rating (where fitted).
4.3.6 Earthing and overvoltage protection
The wiring diagram or system specification shall include the following earthing and overvoltage
protection information.
a) Details of all earth / bonding conductors — size and type. Including details of array frame
equipotential bonding cable where fitted.
b) Details of any connections to an existing Lightning Protection System (LPS).
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IEC 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
c) Details of any surge protection device installed (both on AC and DC lines) to include location,
type and rating.
4.4 String layout

For systems with three or more strings, a layout drawing of the PV system showing how the array is
split and connected into strings shall be provided.
NOTE This is particularly useful for finding faults in larger systems and on building mounted arrays where
access to the rear of the modules is difficult.
4.5 Datasheets
As a minimum, datasheets shall be provided for the following system components.
a) Module datasheet for all types of modules used in system — to the requirements of IEC 61730‑1.
b) Inverter datasheet for all types of inverters used in system.
The provision of datasheets for other significant system components should also be considered.
4.6 Mechanical design information

A data sheet for the array mounting system shall be provided. If the mounting structure was custom
engineered, include the relevant documentation.
4.7 Emergency systems

Documentation of any emergency systems associated with the PV system (fire alarms, smoke alarms,
etc). This information shall include both operation and design details.
4.8 Operation and maintenance information

Operation and maintenance information shall be provided and shall include, as a minimum, the
following items:
a) Procedures for verifying correct system operation.
b) A checklist of what to do in case of a system failure.
c) Emergency shutdown / isolation procedures.
d) Maintenance and cleaning recommendations (mechanical, civil & electrical) — if any.
e) Considerations for any future building works related to the PV array (e.g. roof works).
f) Warranty documentation for PV modules and inverters — to include starting date of warranty and
period of warranty.
g) Documentation on any applicable workmanship or weather-tightness warranties.
4.9 Test results and commissioning data

Copies of all test and commissioning data shall be provided. As a minimum, these shall include the
results from the verification tests detailed in Clause 5 to 9 of this document (see also model forms in
Annexes A to C).
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5 Verification
5.1 General
Clause 5 provides the requirements for the initial and periodic verification of a grid connected PV
electrical installation. It references IEC 60364‑6 where appropriate and also details additional
requirements or considerations.
Much of the verification of a grid connected PV system should be done with reference to IEC 60364‑6,
which provides the requirements for initial and periodic verification of any electrical installation.
Every installation of subsystems and components shall be verified with reference to IEC 60364‑6
during erection, as far as reasonably practicable, and on completion, before being put into service by
the user. Initial verification shall include comparison of the results with relevant criteria to confirm
that the requirements of IEC 60364 have been met.
For an addition or alteration to an existing installation, it shall be verified that the addition or alteration
complies with IEC 60364 and does not impair the safety of the existing installation.
Initial and periodic verifications shall be made by a skilled person, competent in verification.
NOTE 1 Typical verification test sheets are provided in Annexes A, B and C to this standard.
Initial verification takes place upon completion of a new installation or completion of additions or
of alterations to existing installations. Periodic verification shall determine, as far as reasonably
practicable, whether the installation and all its constituent equipment remain in a satisfactory
condition for use.
For a PV system, the interval between verifications shall be no longer than that required by the AC
electrical system that the PV system is connected to.
NOTE 2 In some countries the interval between verifications is stipulated by national regulations.
5.2 Inspection
5.2.1 General
Inspection shall precede testing and shall normally be done prior to energizing the installation. The
inspection shall be done to the requirements of IEC 60364‑6.
If wiring will not be readily accessible after the installation, wiring may need to be inspected prior to or
during installation works.
The following items, specific to grid connected PV systems, shall be included in the inspection.
5.2.2 DC system — General
Inspection of the DC installation shall include at least verification that:

a) the DC system has been designed, specified and installed to the requirements of IEC 60364 and
IEC 62548:2016;
b) the maximum PV array voltage is suitable for the array location (IEC 62548:2016 and local
codes may dictate that installations above a certain voltage may only be placed in certain locations);
c) all system components and mounting structures have been selected and erected to withstand the
expected external influences such as wind, snow, temperature and corrosion;
d) roof fixings and cable entries are weatherproof (where applicable).
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5.2.3 DC system — Protection against electric shock
Inspection of the DC installation shall include at least verification of the measures in place for protection
against electric shock:
a) Protective measure provided by extra low voltage (SELV / PELV) — yes / no.
b) Protection by use of class II or equivalent insulation adopted on the DC side — yes / no.
c) PV string and array cables have been selected and erected so as to minimize the risk of earth faults
and short-circuits. Typically achieved by the use of cables with protective and reinforced insulation
(often termed “double insulated”) — yes / no.
5.2.4 DC system — Protection against the effects of insulation faults
against the effects of insulation faults, including the following:
a) Galvanic separation in place inside the inverter or on the AC side — yes / no.
b) Functional earthing of any DC conductor — yes / no.
Knowledge of the galvanic separation and functional earthing arrangements is necessary in order
to determine if the measures in place to protect against the effects of insulation faults have been
correctly specified.
c) That a PV Array Earth Insulation Resistance detection and alarm system is installed — to the
requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
NOTE 1 This is typically provided within the inverter.
d) That a PV Array Earth Residual Current Monitoring detection and alarm system is installed — to
the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
NOTE 2 This is typically provided within the inverter.
5.2.5 DC system — Protection against overcurrent
against overcurrent in the DC circuits:
a) For systems without string overcurrent protective device, verify that:
• IMOD_MAX_OCPR (the module maximum series fuse rating) is greater than the possible
reverse current;
• string cables are sized to accommodate the maximum combined fault current from
parallel strings.
NOTE See IEC 62548:2016 for calculation of array reverse currents.
b) For systems with string overcurrent protective device, verify that:

• the string overcurrent protective devices are fitted and correctly specified to the requirements
of IEC 62548:2016.
c) For systems with array / sub-array overcurrent protective devices, verify that:
• the overcurrent protective devices are fitted and correctly specified to the requirements of
IEC 62548:2016.
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The potential for the system inverter(s) to produce a DC back-feed into the PV array circuits shall also
be verified. It shall be verified that any back-feed current is lower than both the module maximum fuse
rating and the string cable ampere rating.
5.2.6 DC system — Earthing and bonding arrangements

a) where the PV system includes functional earthing of one of the DC conductors, the functional earth
connection has been specified and installed to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016;
b) where a PV system has a direct connection to earth on the DC side, a functional earth fault
interrupter is provided to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016;
c) array frame bonding arrangements have been specified and installed to the requirements of
IEC 62548:2016;
NOTE Local codes may require different bonding arrangements.
d) where protective earthing and/or equipotential bonding conductors are installed, they are parallel
to, and bundled with, the DC cables.
5.2.7 DC system — Protection against the effects of lightning and overvoltage

a) to minimize voltages induced by lightning, the area of all wiring loops has been kept as small
as possible;
b) measures are in place to protect long cables (e.g. screening or the use of surge protective
devices, SPDs);
c) where SPDs are fitted, they have been installed to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
5.2.8 DC system — Selection and erection of electrical equipment

a) the PV modules are rated for the maximum possible DC system voltage;
b) all DC components are rated for continuous operation at DC and at the maximum possible DC
system voltage and current as defined in IEC 62548:2016;
NOTE Inspection of the DC system requires knowledge of the maximum system voltage and current.
• The maximum system voltage is a function of the string / array design, the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the
modules and a multiplier to account for temperature and irradiance variations.
• The maximum possible fault current is a function of the string / array design, the short circuit current (Isc) of
the modules and a multiplier to account for temperature and irradiance variations
c) wiring systems have been selected and erected to withstand the expected external influences such
as wind, ice formation, temperature, UV and solar radiation;
d) means of isolation and disconnection have been provided for the PV array strings and PV sub-
arrays — to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016;
e) a DC switch disconnector is fitted to the DC side of the inverter to the requirements of
IEC 62548:2016;
NOTE Text deleted It is expected that the type and location of the switch disconnector be shown
on the verification report.
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f) if blocking diodes are fitted, their reverse voltage rating is at least 2 × Voc (stc) of the PV string in
which they are fitted (see IEC 62548:2016;
g) plug and socket connectors mated together are of the same type and from the same manufacturer
and comply with the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
5.2.9 AC system
Inspection of the PV system shall include at least verification that:

a) a means of isolating the inverter has been provided on the AC side;
b) all isolation and switching devices have been connected such that PV installation is wired to the
“load” side and the public supply to the “source” side;
c) the inverter operational parameters have been programmed to local regulations;
d) where an RCD is installed to the AC circuit feeding an inverter, the RCD type has been selected
according to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
NOTE Some inverters require a type B RCD.
5.2.10 Labelling and identification
Inspection of the PV system shall include at least a verification that:

a) all circuits, protective devices, switches and terminals are suitably labelled to the requirements of
IEC 60364 and IEC 62548:2016;
b) all DC junction boxes (PV generator and PV array boxes) carry a warning label indicating that
active parts inside the boxes are fed from a PV array and may still be live after isolation from the
PV inverter and public supply;
c) means of isolation on the AC side is clearly labelled;
d) dual supply warning labels are fitted at point of interconnection;
e) a single line wiring diagram is displayed on site;
f) installer details are displayed on site;
g) shutdown procedures are displayed on site;
h) emergency procedures are displayed on site (where relevant);
i) all signs and labels are suitably affixed and durable.
NOTE The requirements for signs and labelling of the PV system are detailed in IEC 62548:2016.
5.3 Testing
5.3.1 General
Testing of the electrical installation shall be done according to the requirements of IEC 60364‑6.
Measuring instruments and monitoring equipment and methods shall be chosen in accordance with
the relevant parts of IEC 61557 and IEC 61010. If other measuring equipment is used, it shall provide an
equivalent degree of performance and safety. The test methods described in this standard are given as
reference methods; other methods are not precluded, provided they give no less valid results.
Each test shall be performed as described in Clause 6 of this standard.
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All tests shall be carried out where relevant and should be made in the sequence listed.
In the event of a test indicating a fault, once that fault has been rectified all previous tests shall be
repeated in case the fault influenced the result of these tests.
In the event of any test indicating failure to comply with the requirements, that test and any preceding
test that may have been influenced by the fault shall be repeated.
5.3.2 Test regimes and additional tests
The test regime that is applied to a solar PV system needs to be appropriate to the scale, type, location
and complexity of the system in question.
This standard defines two test regimes together with a number of additional tests which can also be
performed once the standard sequence is completed.
• Category 1 tests — The minimum requirement — A standard set of tests that shall be applied to
all systems.
• Category 2 tests — An expanded sequence of tests that assumes all Category 1 tests have already
been undertaken.
• Additional tests — Other tests that may be performed in some circumstances.
5.3.3 Test regimes for systems with module level electronics
For systems constructed using AC modules, power optimizers or with any other form of module level
electronics, Table 1 shall be used to determine the correct test regime.
Table 1 — Modifications to the test regime for systems with module level electronics
System Modification to standard test regime
AC Module • No DC test or inspection works required
Micro inverter • Testing of DC circuits is not required
No site constructed wiring is used (all connec- • Inspection of DC works is required
tions using module and inverter leads)
Micro inverter • Testing of DC circuits is required
Site constructed wiring is used • Inspection of DC works is required
Module integrated electronics • Where possible, a standard test regime to be followed
• Manufacturer to be consulted to determine any restrictions
to tests (e.g. insulation resistance test)
• Manufacturer to be consulted on pass / fail criteria for tests
(e.g. expected Voc)
Due to the diverse nature of the different module level electronics equipment available, it is not possible
to specify what tests can be safely performed or to detail the expected results that may be expected
from those tests. In all cases of systems with any form of module level electronics (such as power
optimizers), the manufacturer should be consulted prior to commissioning.
NOTE Typically I-V curve testing and electroluminescence inspection are not possible for those systems.
Module level data can be used to find performance problems on module level instead.
5.3.4 Category 1 test regime — All systems
A Category 1 test regime is the minimum test sequence that is expected and shall be applied to all
systems irrespective of the system scale, type, location or complexity.
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System testing needs to address both the AC and DC sides of the PV system. In general, AC testing should
be completed prior to proceeding to DC testing.
In some circumstances, AC side testing may only be practical at a later stage in a project and may need
to be scheduled after the DC testing phase. Where this is necessary, some of the DC functional tests (e.g.
ensuring correct inverter operation) will need to be postponed until after the AC testing is complete.
The following test regime shall be performed on all systems:
AC side
Tests to all AC circuit(s) to the requirements of IEC 60364‑6.
DC side
The following tests shall be carried out on the DC circuit(s) forming the PV array.
a) Continuity of earthing and/or equipotential bonding conductors, where fitted.
b) Polarity test.
c) Combiner box test.
d) String or HSA open circuit voltage test.
e) String or HAS circuit current test (short circuit or operational).
f) Functional tests.
g) Insulation resistance of the DC circuits.
NOTE These tests are described in detail in Clause 6.
For reasons of safety and for the prevention of damage to connected equipment, the polarity test and
combiner box test must be performed before any strings are interconnected.
An I-V curve test (as described in Clause 6) is an acceptable alternative method to derive the string
open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc). Where an I-V test is performed, separate Voc
and Isc tests are not required — provided the I-V curve test is performed at the appropriate stage in the
Category 1 test sequence.
 Text deleted 
5.3.5 Category 2 test regime
A Category 2 test regime includes additional tests and is intended for larger or more complex systems.
All Category 1 tests shall have been undertaken and passed before commencing on the additional
Category 2 tests.
In addition to the Category 1 tests, the following tests may be applied:
a) String or HSA I-V curve test.
b) IR inspection.
As noted in the Category 1 test description, where an I-V curve test is being performed, it provides an
acceptable means to derive Isc and Voc.
NOTE 1 In some circumstances just one element or part of the Category 2 test regime may be chosen to be
implemented. An example of this is where a client wants the performance evaluation provided by the I-V curve
test to be added to the standard Category 1 test sequence.
NOTE 2 In some circumstances Category 2 tests may only be implemented on a sample portion of the system.
An example of this is where a client wants I-V curve tests and/or IR inspection on a fixed proportion of the strings.
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5.3.6 Additional tests
In addition to the standard suite of tests described in the Category 1 and 2 test sequences, there are
also other tests that may be performed in some circumstances. These tests are likely to be implemented
either due to a specific request from a client or as a means of detecting faults when other tests or
operational abnormalities have suggested a problem that has not been identified by the standard tests.
a) Voltage to ground — resistive ground systems
This test is used to evaluate systems that use a high impedance (resistive) connection to ground. A
procedure is described in 8.1.
b) Blocking diode test
Blocking diodes can fail in both open and short circuit states. This test is important for installations
where blocking diodes are fitted. A procedure to test blocking diodes is described in 8.2.
c) Wet insulation test
A wet insulation test is primarily used as part of a fault finding exercise: where the results
of a standard (nominally dry) insulation test are questionable or where insulation faults due
to installation or manufacturing defects are suspected. A wet insulation test procedure is
described in 8.3.
d) Shade evaluation
When inspecting a new PV system, a verification of the as-built shade conditions can be a useful
record. Like the electrical measurements described in this standard, the shading evaluation
provides a baseline for future comparisons as the shading environment changes. A shade record
can also be useful to verify that the shading assumptions used for system design are reflected in
the as-built system. Shade records are of particular use where a project is subject to a performance
guarantee or other similar performance contract. A procedure to record shade is described in 8.4.
6 Test procedures — Category 1
6.1 Continuity of protective earthing and equipotential bonding conductors

Where protective earthing and/or equipotential bonding conductors are fitted on the DC side, such
as bonding of the array frame, an electrical continuity test shall be made on all such conductors. The
connection to the main earthing terminal should also be verified.
6.2 Polarity test

The polarity of all DC cables shall be verified using suitable test apparatus. Once polarity is confirmed,
cables shall be checked to ensure they are correctly identified and correctly connected into system
devices such as switching devices or inverters.
NOTE For reasons of safety and for the prevention of damage to connected equipment, it is extremely
important to perform the polarity check before other tests and before switches are closed or string overcurrent
protective devices inserted. If a check is made on a previously connected system and reverse polarity of one
string is found, it is then important to check modules and bypass diodes for any damage caused by this error.
6.3 PV string combiner box test

A single string connected in reverse polarity within a PV string combiner box can sometimes be easy
to miss. The consequence of a reversed string, particularly on larger systems with multiple often
interconnected combiner boxes, can be significant. The purpose of the combiner box test is to ensure all
strings interconnected at the combiner box are connected correctly.
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Polarity of PV strings may be tested by a digital multimeter between positive and negative, or
between one of the poles and ground, and checking that all the measured values are consistently
positive or negative.
Sometimes when checking a large number of circuits, the appearance of the "-" symbol can be relatively
easy to overlook, so the alternative method detailed below may also be used, and should only be used
where the meter being used for tests has a range of at least twice Voc.
The test procedure is as follows and shall be performed before any string fuses / connectors are
inserted for the first time:
• Select a volt meter with voltage range at least twice the maximum system voltage.
• Insert all negative fuses / connectors so strings share a common negative bus.
• Do not insert any positive fuses / connectors.
• Measure the open circuit voltage of the first string, positive to negative, and ensure it is an
expected value.
• Leave one lead on the positive pole of the first string tested, and put the other lead on the positive
pole of the next string. Because the two strings share a common negative reference, the voltage
measured should be near-zero, with an acceptable tolerance range of ±15 V.
• Continue measurements on subsequent strings, using the first positive circuit as the meter
common connection.
• A reverse polarity condition will be very evident if it exists — the measured voltage will be twice
the system voltage.
6.4 PV string — Open circuit voltage measurement

The purpose of the open circuit voltage (Voc) measurement within the Category 1 test sequence is to
check that modules strings are correctly wired, and specifically that the expected number of modules
are connected in series within the string. Missing an interconnection or mistakenly interconnecting the
wrong number of modules within a string is a relatively common error, particularly on larger systems,
and the open circuit voltage test will rapidly identify such faults.
NOTE Voltages significantly less than the expected value may indicate one or more modules connected with
the wrong polarity, one or more shorted bypass diodes or faults due to poor insulation, subsequent damage and/or
water accumulation in conduits or junction boxes. High voltage readings are usually the result of wiring errors.
The open circuit voltage of each PV string should be measured using suitable measuring apparatus.
This should be done before closing any switches or installing string overcurrent protective devices
(where fitted).
The resulting string open circuit voltage reading shall then be assessed to ensure it matches the
expected value (typically within 5 %) in one of the following ways:
a) Compare with the expected value derived from the module datasheet or from a detailed PV model
that takes into account the type and number of modules and the module cell temperature.
b) Measure Voc on a single module, then use this value to calculate the expected value for the string
(most suitable where there is stable irradiance conditions).
c) For systems with multiple identical strings and where there is stable irradiance conditions, voltages
between strings can be compared.
d) For systems with multiple identical strings and where there is non-stable irradiance conditions,
voltages between strings can be compared using multiple meters, with one meter on a
reference string.
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6.5 PV string — Current measurement
6.5.1 General
The purpose of a PV string current measurement test is to ensure the correct operational characteristics
of the system and to verify that there are no major faults within the PV array wiring. These tests are not
to be taken as a measure of module / array performance.
Two tests methods are possible (short circuit test or operational test) and both will provide information
on the correct functioning of the PV string. Where possible, the short circuit test is preferred as it will
exclude any influence from the inverters.
NOTE An I-V curve test is also independent of the inverter and provides a good alternative means to perform
this test (see 7.2).
6.5.2 PV string — Short circuit test
6.5.2.1 General
6.5.2.1.1 Overview
The short circuit current of each PV string or HSA should be measured using suitable test apparatus.
The making / interruption of string or HSA short circuit currents is potentially hazardous and a suitable
test procedure, such as that described in 6.5.2.2, should be followed.
The measured values should be compared with either the value from an adjacent identical string or
from a calculated expected value.
In general, the measured value should be within ± 10 % of the expected value. Where the difference
is > 10 %, a visual appraisal of the sunlight conditions may be used to consider the validity of the
current readings; the string should also be investigated for any obvious issues such as shading, damage
or installation defects.
NOTE The use of an irradiance meter or visual appraisal of the sunlight conditions is included herein
solely as a means of determining if the measured current is within the band expected. As noted in 6.5.1, the
short circuit current test is intended to detect faults rather than give any indication of system performance.
System performance measurements are deemed to be part of a Category 2 test regime and are best achieved by
performing an I-V curve test.
6.5.2.1.2 Comparison to calculated value
An expected value can be obtained from the module manufacturer’s power curves (selecting
the appropriate curve for the irradiation conditions at the time of the test); or calculated from
manufacturer’s data (normalizing the current at 1 000 W/m2 to the measured irradiance — see also
IEC 60891:2009 ).
The measured value should typically be within ± 10 % of the calculated value.
6.5.2.1.3 Comparison to adjacent string
For systems with multiple identical strings (strings with same number and type of modules),
measurements of currents in individual strings can be compared between each other.
Where there are stable irradiance conditions, the currents in the identical strings should be the same
(typically within ± 10 % of the average string current).
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For non-stable irradiance, where the irradiance levels change rapidly due to clouds, etc., it is possible
that variations between expected levels and between strings will vary more than 10 %. Under such
conditions, the following methods may be adopted:
• Testing may be delayed. When irradiance conditions are stable, either short circuit current testing
may be performed on the strings again, or alternatively operational testing as per 6.5.3.
• Tests may be done using multiple meters, with one meter on a reference string. The two readings
will be taken simultaneously, and would be expected to be within ± 10 % of each other.
6.5.2.2 Short circuit test procedure
Ensure that all switching devices and disconnecting means are open and that all PV strings are isolated
from each other.
A temporary short circuit shall be introduced into the string under test. This can be achieved by one of
the following techniques:
a) use of a test instrument with a short circuit current measurement function (e.g. a
specialized PV tester);
b) a short circuit cable temporarily connected into a load break switching device already present in
the string circuit;
c) use of a “short circuit switch test box” — a load break rated device that can be temporarily
introduced into the circuit to create a switched short circuit.
The test instrument shall have a rating greater than the potential short circuit current and open circuit
voltage. Where a switching device and/or short circuit conductor is used to form the short circuit, these
shall be rated greater than the potential short circuit current and open circuit voltage.
The short circuit current can then be measured using a suitably rated clip-on ammeter, in-line ammeter
or test instrument with a short circuit current measurement function.
The short circuit current shall then be interrupted using the load break switching device and the
current checked to have gone to zero before any other connections are changed.
NOTE A “short circuit switch box” is an item of test apparatus that can be used for both short circuit tests
and also array insulation tests (see 6.7).
6.5.3 PV string — Operational test
 With the system switched on and in normal operation mode (inverters maximum power point
tracking), the current from each PV string or HSA should be measured. This is done using a suitable clip-
on ammeter placed around the string cable, or by using the ammeters/current transformers integrated
into manufacturer string combiner boxes or inverters.
The measured values should be compared with either the values from an adjacent identical string as
per 6.5.2.1.3 or from a calculated expected value, as per 6.5.2.1.2.
For non-stable irradiance conditions, the following methods may be adopted:
• Testing may be delayed.
• Tests may be done using multiple meters, with one meter on a reference string.
• An irradiance meter reading may be used to adjust the current readings.
• A specialized PV test meter (with irradiance measurement) may be used.
• An I-V curve test may be performed.
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NOTE I-V curve testing is described in 7.2.
6.6 Functional tests

The following functional tests shall be performed:
a) Switchgear and other control apparatus shall be tested to ensure correct operation and that they
are properly mounted and connected.
b) All inverters forming part of the PV system shall be tested to ensure correct operation. The test
procedure should be as defined by the inverter manufacturer.
Functional tests that require the AC supply to be present (e.g. inverter tests) shall only be performed
once the AC side of the system has been tested.
6.7 PV array insulation resistance test
6.7.1 General
PV array DC circuits are live during daylight and, unlike a conventional AC circuit, cannot be isolated
before performing this test.
Performing this test presents a potential electric shock hazard; therefore, it is important to fully
understand the procedure before starting any work. The following basic safety measures should
be followed:
• Limit the access to the working area.
• Do not touch and take measures to prevent any other persons touching any metallic surface when
performing the insulation test.
• Do not touch and take measures to prevent any other persons from touching the back of the
module/laminate or the module/laminate terminals when performing the insulation test.
• Whenever the insulation test device is energized, there is voltage on the testing area. The equipment
shall have automatic auto-discharge capability.
• Appropriate personal protective clothing / equipment should be worn for the duration of the test.
Where the results of the test are questionable, or where insulation faults due to installation or
manufacturing defects are suspected, a wet array insulation test may be appropriate and may help
locate the location of a fault — see 8.3 for a suitable test procedure.
Where SPDs or other equipment are likely to influence the verification test, or be damaged, such
equipment shall be temporarily disconnected before carrying out the insulation resistance test.
6.7.2 PV array insulation resistance test — Test method
The test should be repeated, as minimum, for each PV array or sub-array (as applicable). It is also
possible to test individual strings if required.
TEST METHOD 1 — Test between array negative and earth followed by a test between array
positive and earth.
TEST METHOD 2 — Test between earth and short circuited array positive and negative.
Where the structure/frame is bonded to earth, the earth connection may be to any suitable earth
connection or to the array frame (where the array frame is used, ensure a good contact and that there is
continuity over the whole metallic frame).
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For systems where the array frame is not bonded to earth (e.g. where there is a class II installation)
a commissioning engineer may choose to do two tests: i) between array cables and earth and an
additional test ii) between array cables and frame.
For arrays that have no accessible conductive parts (e.g. PV roof tiles) the test shall be between array
cables and the building earth.
Where test method 2 is adopted, to minimize the risk from electrical arcs, the array positive and
negative cables should be short-circuited in a safe manner. Typically this would be achieved by an
appropriate short-circuit switch box. Such a device incorporates a load break rated DC switch that can
safely make and break the short circuit connection — after array cables have been safely connected
into the device.
The test procedure should be designed to ensure the peak voltage does not exceed module, switch,
surge arrestor or other system component ratings.
6.7.3 PV array insulation resistance — Test procedure
6.7.3.1 General
Before commencing the test:

• limit access by non-authorized personnel;
• isolate the PV array from the inverter (typically at the array switch disconnector); and
• disconnect any piece of equipment that could have impact on the insulation measurement (i.e.
overvoltage protection) in the junction or combiner boxes.
Where a short circuit switch box is being used to test to method 2, the array cables should be securely
connected into the short circuit device before the short circuit switch is activated.
The insulation resistance test device shall be connected between earth and the array cable(s) or
combiner bus bar — as appropriate to the test method adopted. Test leads should be made secure
before carrying out the test.
Follow the insulation resistance test device instructions to ensure the test voltage is according to
Table 1 and readings in megaohms.
Ensure the system is de-energized before removing test cables or touching any conductive parts.
6.7.3.2 Insulation resistance — PV arrays up to 10 kWp
For PV arrays of up to 10 kWp, the insulation resistance shall be measured with the test voltage
indicated in Table 2. The result is satisfactory if each circuit has an insulation resistance not less than
the appropriate value given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Minimum values of insulation resistance — PV arrays up to 10 kWp

System voltage Test voltage Minimum insulation
(Voc (stc) × 1,25) resistance
V
V MΩ
<120 250 0,5
120 to 500 500 1
> 500 to 1 000 1 000 1
> 1 000 1 500 1
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6.7.3.3 Insulation resistance — PV arrays above 10 kWp
For PV arrays of over 10 kWp, one of the following two test methods shall be followed.
Method A
Perform the insulation resistance test on:
• individual strings; or
• combined strings.
The insulation resistance shall be measured with the test voltage indicated in Table 2. The result is
satisfactory where the insulation resistance is not less than the appropriate value given in Table 2.
Method B
Method B is an alternative that allows for testing of an entire array (or sub-array). Arrays (or sub-
arrays) may pass the requirements of Table 2; hence Method B provides a shortcut (testing the entire
array at the outset). If testing fails using Method B, then testing on subsections should be performed
using Method A.
The insulation resistance shall be measured with the test voltage indicated in Table 2. The result is
satisfactory where the insulation resistance is not less than the appropriate value given in Table 2.
If the measurement falls below the appropriate value given in Table 2, the system should be re-tested
using fewer strings in the test circuit.
7 Test procedures — Category 2
7.1 General
Category 2 tests can be implemented on all parts of a system or only upon sample portions.
NOTE It is relatively common, particularly for large systems, that some of the Category 2 tests are performed
on a selected sample of the system (a fixed percentage of the strings / modules). Such a selective approach and
the percentage of the system to be tested will be agreed with the client prior to commissioning.
7.2 String I-V curve measurement
7.2.1 General
A string I-V curve test can provide the following information:

• Measurements of string open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc).
• Measurements of max power voltage (Vmpp), current (Impp), and max power (Pmax).
• Measurement of array performance.
• Measurement of module / string fill factor.
• Identification of module / array defects or shading issues.
Before undertaking an I-V curve test, the I-V curve test device shall be checked to ensure it is suitably
rated for the voltage and current of the circuit under test.
7.2.2 I-V curve measurement of Voc and Isc
An I-V curve test is an acceptable alternative method to derive the string open circuit voltage (Voc)
and short circuit current (Isc). Where an I-V curve test is performed, separate Voc and Isc tests are
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not required — provided the I-V curve test is performed at the appropriate stage in the Category 1
test sequence.
The string or HSA under test should be isolated and connected to the I-V curve test device. If the
purpose of the I-V curve test is solely to derive values for Voc and Isc, then there is no requirement to
measure irradiance (or cell temperature).
7.2.3 I-V curve measurement — Array performance check
Given suitable irradiance conditions, an I-V curve test provides a means to measure that the performance
of a PV array is meeting the rated (nameplate) performance.
PV string or HSA and array performance measurements shall be performed at stable irradiance
conditions of at least 400 W/m2 as measured in the plane of the array.
NOTE 1 Poor results may be expected where measurements are taken in low irradiance or where the angle of
incidence is too oblique. For an assessment of a PV system’s performance, see IEC TS 61724‑2:2016.
NOTE 2 The maximum power current and voltage of a PV string or HSA are directly affected by
irradiance and temperature, and are indirectly affected by any changes in the shape of the I-V curve. In
general, I-V curve shape varies slightly with irradiance, and below a critical level of irradiance the curve shape
changes dramatically. The details of the variation depend on the PV technology and the extent to which module
performance has been degraded over time. Changes in the shape of the curve can cause errors in evaluating array
performance, regardless of the method used to characterize string performance (I-V curve tracing or separate
current and voltage measurements).
The procedure for undertaking the I-V curve test is as follows:

• Ensure system is shutdown and that no current is flowing.
• The circuit(s) under test should be isolated and connected to the I-V curve test device.
• The test instrument should be programmed with the characteristics, type and quantity of
modules under test.
• The irradiance meter associated with the I-V curve tester should be mounted such that it matches
the plane of the array and checked to ensure it is not subject to any localized shade or reflected light
(albedo). Where a reference cell device is used, this shall be checked to ensure it is of the same cell
technology as the array under test, or suitably corrected for the difference in technologies.
• Where the I-V curve tester uses a cell temperature probe, this shall be in firm contact with the
rear of the module and in the centre of a cell towards the centre of a module. Where temperature
corrections are calculated by the I-V curve test device, a check shall be undertaken to ensure that
the correct module characteristics are inputted onto the device and that the string Voc value is
within the range expected.
NOTE 3 A check of Voc is performed to ensure that the string is not missing a module and, to the extent
possible, that it has no shorted bypass diodes. Either condition would cause an error in the calculation of
temperature from the measured Voc.
• Prior to commencing the test, the irradiance levels shall be checked to ensure they are greater than
400 W/m2 in the plane of the array.
On completion of the test, the measured maximum power value should be compared to the rated
(nameplate) value of the array under test. The measured value should lie within the stated power
tolerance for the modules under test (together with an allowance for the accuracy of the I-V curve
test equipment).
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7.2.4 I-V curve measurement — Identification of module / array defects or shading issues
The shape of an I-V curve can provide valuable information on the array under test. Defects including
the following may be identified:
• Damaged cells / modules.
• Short circuited bypass diodes.
• Local shading.
• Module mismatch.
• The presence of shunt resistance in cells / modules / arrays.
• Excessive series resistance.
If the goal of the I-V curve measurement is to verify that there are no steps or notches of the type caused
by mismatch effects, the measurement may be conducted at lower irradiance and greater incident
angles than required for performance testing.
For most shape tests, irradiance values should be greater than 100 W/m2. However, useful data may
also be obtained at lower irradiance levels. Where shape defects are spotted at irradiance levels of less
than 100 W/m2, while it may merit investigation of the potential fault, the test should also be repeated
at a time when values over 100 W/m2 are present.
On recording an I-V curve, the shape shall be studied for any deviation from the predicted curve.
Deviations to I-V curves demand particular attention as they can signal otherwise undetected
and significant faults within the PV array. Information on interpreting deviations to an I-V curve is
contained in Annex D.
For systems with multiple identical strings and where there are stable irradiance conditions, curves
from individual strings shall be compared (overlaid). Curves should be the same (typically within
10 % between maximum and minimum values for stable irradiance and temperature conditions).
NOTE Accuracy of measuring equipment, variations in test conditions and module power tolerance are of
importance when assessing deviations.
If the irradiance conditions are not stable, visual comparison may be aided by translating the curves to
a common irradiance and temperature (eg to Standard Test Conditions, STC) before overlaying.
7.3 PV array infrared camera inspection procedure
7.3.1 General
The purpose of an infrared (IR) camera inspection is to detect unusual temperature variations
in operating PV modules in the field. Such temperature variations may indicate problems within
the modules and/or array, such as reverse-bias cells, bypass diode failure, solder bond failure, poor
connections and other conditions that lead to localized high temperature operation.
NOTE 1 As well as forming part of an initial or periodic verification process, an IR test may also be used to
troubleshoot suspected problems in a module, string or array.
NOTE 2 See also IEC TS 62446‑3:2017.
7.3.2 IR test procedure
For an IR camera inspection, the array should be in the normal operating mode (inverters maximum
power point tracking). Irradiance in the plane of the array should be greater than 400 W/m2 and sky
conditions should be stable. Ideally, irradiance should be relatively constant and more than 600 W/m2
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in the plane of the array to ensure that there will be sufficient current to cause discernible temperature
differences.
Depending on the module construction and mounting configuration, determine which side of the module
produces the most discernible thermal image (the procedure may need to be repeated for each side).
Scan each module in the array or sub-array in question, paying particular attention to the blocking
diodes, junction boxes, electrical connections, or any specifically identified array problem that exhibits
a discernible temperature difference from its immediate surroundings.
When scanning from the front of an array, the camera and operator shall not cast shadows on the area
under investigation.
NOTE Viewing the array from the rear will minimize interference from light reflected from the module glass,
but viewing from the front usually provides easily discernible images due to the thermal conductivity of glass.
7.3.3 Interpreting IR test results
7.3.3.1 General
7.3.3.2 to 7.3.3.5 describe typical issues that may be identified during an IR test.
7.3.3.2 IR test results — General
This test is primarily looking for anomalous temperature variations in the array. Normal temperature
variations due to mounting points, adhesive stickers, and other items should be identified only in order
to avoid recording these normal temperature variations.
On a daily basis, the average temperature of a PV array will vary quite dramatically, so an absolute
temperature standard for identifying anomalies is not particularly useful. The temperature difference
between the hot spot and the normally operating array is most important. It should be noted that array
temperature is a function of irradiance, wind speed, and ambient temperature, which vary significantly
throughout the daylight hours.
Document areas of temperature extremes by clearly marking their location on the suspect components
themselves, or on the array / string layout drawings. Investigate each thermal anomaly to determine
what the cause(s) might be. Use visual inspection and electrical (string and module level) tests to
investigate. In some cases an I-V curve of one or more modules with a thermal anomaly compared to the
I-V curve of a module without any thermal anomalies may prove a useful tool.
With a wide-angle IR camera, it may be possible to detect modules and strings that are not
generating or not connected, as their overall temperature will be noticeably different to that of the
neighbouring modules.
In some circumstances repeating a scan with the array segment open circuited may be informative.
Allow at least 15 minutes after open circuiting the array for thermal equilibration. Module strings
whose IR image does not change may not be producing current under load conditions.
7.3.3.3 IR test results — Module hotspots
Module temperature should be relatively uniform, with no areas of significant temperature difference.
However, it is to be expected that the module will be hotter around the junction box compared to the
rest as the heat is not conducted as well to the surrounding environment. It is also normal for the PV
modules to see a temperature gradient at the edges, labels, periphery and supports.
A hot spot elsewhere in a module usually indicates an electrical problem, possibly series resistance,
shunt resistance or cell mismatch. In any case, investigate the performance of all modules that show
significant hot spot(s). Visual inspection may show signs of overheating, for example a brown or
discoloured area.
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7.3.3.4 IR test results — Bypass diodes
If any bypass diodes are hot (on), check the array to look for obvious reasons like shadowing or debris
on the module protected by the diode. If there is no obvious cause, suspect a bad module.
7.3.3.5 IR test results — Cable connections
The connections in the wires between modules should not be significantly hotter than the wire itself. If
the connections are hotter, check to see if the connection has come loose or is corroded.
8 Test procedures — Additional tests
8.1 Voltage to ground — Resistive ground systems

This test is used to evaluate systems that use a high impedance (resistive) connection to ground. Specific
test procedures are provided by the module manufacturers who require resistive ground systems for
their modules.
The test shall be performed to the specific requirements of the module manufacturer, to verify that the
resistance in place is the correct value and is maintaining the DC system at acceptable voltages relative
to ground, or within acceptable ranges of leakage current.
8.2 Blocking diode test

Blocking diodes can fail in both open and short circuit states. This test is important for installations
where blocking diodes are fitted.
All diodes shall be inspected to ensure that they are correctly connected (polarity correct) and that
there is no evidence of overheating or carbonization.
In normal operating mode, the voltage across the blocking diode (VBD) shall be measured.
• Pass criterion: VBD between 0,5 V and 1,65 V.
Where the voltage is outside this range, the system shall be further investigated to determine if the
diode failure is an isolated incident or the result of another system fault.
8.3 PV array — Wet insulation resistance test
8.3.1 General
The wet insulation resistance test is primarily of use as part of a fault finding exercise.
The wet insulation resistance test evaluates the PV array’s electrical insulation under wet operating
conditions. This test simulates rain or dew on the array and its wiring and verifies that moisture will
not enter active portions of the array’s electrical circuitry where it may enhance corrosion, cause
ground faults, or pose an electrical safety hazard to personnel or equipment.
This test is especially effective for finding above ground defects such as wiring damage, inadequately
secured junction box covers, and other similar installation issues. It also may be used to detect
manufacturing and design flaws including polymer substrate punctures, cracked junction boxes,
inadequately sealed diode cases, and improper (indoor rated) connectors.
A wet insulation test would typically be implemented when the results of a (nominally) dry test are
questionable, or where insulation faults due to installation or manufacturing defects are suspected.
The test can be applied to a whole array or on larger systems to selected parts (to specific components
or sub-sections of the array). Where only parts of the array are being tested, these are typically selected
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due to a known or suspected problem identified during other tests. In some circumstances, the wet
insulation test may be requested on a sample proportion of the array.
8.3.2 Wet insulation test procedure
The procedure to be followed is to be the same as that described in the standard insulation test but
with an additional initial step of wetting the array.
Prior to test, the section of the array under test should be thoroughly wetted with a mixture of water
and surfactant. The mixture should be sprayed onto all parts of the array under test. Prior to testing,
the area of the array under test should be checked to ensure that all parts are wetted, including the
front, rear and edges of modules, together with all junction boxes and cables.
Performing this test presents a potential electric shock hazard and the safety preparations described
for a standard insulation test should be followed. The selection of personal protective equipment to be
worn during the test should consider the wet environment that the test will be performed under.
A minimum of two people are recommended to perform this test (as wetness dries up quickly in the
field resulting in large variation of results) — one person to conduct the measurement immediately
after the second person has completed wetting the area of concern and has given the approval to test.
8.4 Shade evaluation

The purpose of performing a shade evaluation is to record the shade and horizon conditions present at
the time — to provide a baseline for future comparisons.
For small systems, the shade record should be taken as close a practical to the centre of the array.
For larger systems, for systems with multiple sub-arrays or complex shading, a series of shade
measurements may be required.
A number of means exist to measure and record shade. One suitable method is to record the shade
scene on a sunpath diagram as shown in Figure 1.
60°
45°
Sun height
30°
15°
0°
135° 90° 45° 0° 45° 90° 135°
East South West
Sun azimuth (variation from south)
IEC
NOTE This is an example sun-path diagram only (sun-path charts vary depending on site latitude).
Figure 1 — Example sun-path diagram
In all cases the shade record shall:

• Record the location that the shade record was taken from.
• Show South or North (as appropriate).
• Be scaled so as to show the elevation (height) of any shade object.
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NOTE A description of any shading features that are likely to be an issue in the future can also be a useful
record. These include construction projects underway or planned, and any vegetation likely to grow to the point
of obstructing part of the array.
9 Verification reports
9.1 General
Upon completion of the verification process, a report shall be provided. This report shall include the
following information:
• Summary information describing the system (name, address, etc.).
• A list of the circuits that have been inspected and tested.
• A record of the inspection.
• A record of the test results for each circuit tested.
• Interval until next verification.
• Signature of the person(s) undertaking the verification.
Model verification reports are shown in Annexes A, B and C to this standard.
NOTE In some countries the interval between verifications is stipulated by national regulations.
9.2 Initial verification

Verification of a new installation shall be performed to the requirements of Clause 5 of this standard.
The initial verification report shall include additional information regarding the person(s) responsible
for the design, construction and verification of the system — and the extent of their respective
responsibilities.
The initial verification report shall make a recommendation for the interval between periodic
inspections. This shall be determined having regard to the type of installation and equipment, its use
and operation, the frequency and quality of maintenance and the external influences to which it may
be subjected.
9.3 Periodic verification

Periodic verification of an existing installation shall be performed to the requirements of Clause 5 of
this standard. Where appropriate, the results and recommendations of previous periodic verifications
shall be taken into account.
A periodic verification report shall be provided and include a list of any faults and recommendations for
repairs or improvements (such as upgrading a system to meet current standards).
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Annex A
(informative)
Model verification certificate
Initial verification
PV system verification certificate
Periodic verification
Client Description of
installation
Rated power – kW
Installation DC
address
Location
Circuits tested
Test date
IEC 60364-6 inspection report reference:

Contractor's IEC 60364-6 test report reference:
name and
address PV array inspection report reference:
PV array test report reference:
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, INSPECTION AND TESTING

I/we being the person(s) responsible for the design, construction, inspection and testing of the electrical
installation (as indicated by the signature(s) below), particulars of which are described above, having exercised
reasonable skill and care when carrying out the design, construction, inspection and testing, herby certify that
the said work for which I/we have been responsible is, to the best of my /our knowledge and belief, in
accordance with ..............................................................................................................................................
Signature(s): Next inspection recommended after not
more than:
Name(s):
Date:
(The extent of liability of the

signatory(s) is limited to the work
described above)
COMMENTS:
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Annex B
(informative)
Model inspection report
Initial verification
PV system inspection report
Periodic verification
Installation address Reference
Date
Circuits inspected Inspector
General
The entire system has been inspected to the requirements of IEC 60364‑6 and an inspection report to
meet the requirements of IEC 60364‑6 is attached.
DC system — General
 The DC system has been designed, specified and installed to the requirements of IEC 60364 and
IEC 62548:2016.
 The maximum PV array voltage is suitable for the array location.
 All system components and mounting structures have been selected and erected to withstand the
expected external influences such as wind, snow, temperature and corrosion.
 Roof fixings and cable entries are weatherproof (where applicable).
DC system — Protection against electric shock
 Protective measure provided by extra low voltage (SELV / PELV) — yes / no.
 Protection by use of class II or equivalent insulation adopted on the DC side — yes / no.
 PV string and array cables have been selected and erected so as to minimize the risk of earth faults
and short-circuits. Typically achieved by the use of cables with protective and reinforced insulation
(often termed “double insulated”) — yes / no.
DC system — Protection against the effects of insulation faults
 Galvanic separation in place inside the inverter or on the AC side — yes / no.
 Functional earthing of any DC conductor — yes / no.
 PV Array Earth Insulation Resistance detection and alarm system is installed — to the requirements
of IEC 62548:2016.
 PV Array Earth Residual Current Monitoring detection and alarm system is installed — to the
requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
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DC system — Protection against overcurrent

 For systems without string overcurrent protective device:
• IMOD_MAX_OCPR (the module maximum series fuse rating) is greater than the possible
reverse current;
• string cables are sized to accommodate the maximum combined fault current from
parallel strings.
 For systems with string overcurrent protective device:
• string overcurrent protective devices are fitted and correctly specified to the requirements of
IEC 62548:2016.
 For systems with array / sub-array overcurrent protective devices:
• overcurrent protective devices are fitted and correctly specified to the requirements of
IEC 62548:2016.
 For systems where the inverter(s) can produce a DC back-feed into the PV array circuits:
• any back-feed current is lower than both the module maximum fuse rating and the string cable
ampere rating.
DC system — Earthing and bonding arrangements
 Where the PV system includes functional earthing of one of the DC conductors:
• the functional earth connection has been specified and installed to the requirements of
IEC 62548:2016.
 Where a PV system has a direct connection to earth on the DC side:
• a functional earth fault interrupter is provided to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
 Array frame bonding arrangements have been specified and installed to the requirements of
IEC 62548:2016.
 Where protective earthing and/or equipotential bonding conductors are installed:
• they are parallel to, and bundled with, the DC cables.
DC system — Protection against the effects of lightning and overvoltage
 To minimize voltages induced by lightning, the area of all wiring loops has been kept as small
as possible.
 Measures are in place to protect long cables (e.g. screening or the use of SPDs).
 Where SPDs are fitted, they have been installed to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
DC system — Selection and erection of electrical equipment
 The PV modules are rated for the maximum possible DC system voltage.
 All DC components are rated for continuous operation at DC and at the maximum possible DC system
voltage and current as defined in IEC 62548:2016.
 Wiring systems have been selected and erected to withstand the expected external influences such
as wind, ice formation, temperature, UV and solar radiation.
 Means of isolation and disconnection have been provided for the PV array strings and PV sub-arrays
— to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
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 A DC switch disconnector is fitted to the DC side of the inverter to the requirements of

IEC 62548:2016.
 If blocking diodes are fitted, their reverse voltage rating is at least 2 × Voc (stc) of the PV string in
which they are fitted (see IEC 62548:2016 ).
 Plug and socket connectors mated together are of the same type and from the same manufacturer
and comply with the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
AC system
 A means of isolating the inverter has been provided on the AC side.
 All isolation and switching devices have been connected such that PV installation is wired to the
“load” side and the public supply to the “source” side.
 The inverter operational parameters have been programmed to local regulations.
 Where an RCD is installed to the AC circuit feeding an inverter, the RCD type has been verified to
ensure it has been selected according to the requirements of IEC 62548:2016.
Labelling and identification
 All circuits, protective devices, switches and terminals suitably labelled to the requirements of
IEC 60364 and IEC 62548:2016.
 All DC junction boxes (PV generator and PV array boxes) carry a warning label indicating that active
parts inside the boxes are fed from a PV array and may still be live after isolation from the PV
inverter and public supply.
 Means of isolation on the AC side is clearly labelled.
 Dual supply warning labels are fitted at point of interconnection.
 A single line wiring diagram is displayed on site.
 Installer details are displayed on site.
 Shutdown procedures are displayed on site.
 Emergency procedures are displayed on site (where relevant).
 All signs and labels are suitably affixed and durable.
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Annex C
(informative)
Model PV array test report
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Annex D
(informative)
Interpreting I-V curve shapes
General
A normal I-V curve has a smooth shape with three distinct parts:
• a “horizontal leg” (slightly sloping down);
• a “downward leg” (approaching vertical);
• a bend or “knee” in the curve between these two regions.
In a normal curve, these three parts are smooth and continuous. The slopes and the shape of the knee
depend on cell technology and manufacture. Crystalline silicon cells have sharper knees; thin film
modules usually have rounder gradual knees.
A number of factors can influence the shape of an I-V curve. Figure D.1 illustrates the main types of
deviation that may be present. These shape variations may be present individually or in combination.
(I mpp , V mpp )
I sc
Rounder
Increased 6 knee
2 slope
4
Low current Steps 1

5 Reduced
Current
slope
I mpp × V mpp
Fill factor =
I sc × V oc
Low
voltage 3
Voltage V oc
Normal curve
IEC
NOTE The numbers 1 to 6 indicate curve shape variations that are described in D.2 to D.7.
Figure D.1 — I-V curve shapes
Small deviations between the measured and predicted I-V curves are to be expected, given the normal
uncertainties associated with the measurement of irradiance, temperature and voltage. Small variations
between PV modules, even of a given manufacturer and model, will also have an effect. Shading and
soiling will also impact the shape of the curve.
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When deviations are seen, a check should first be made to ensure that difference in shape between the
measured curve and that predicted is not due to measurement errors, instrument set-up problems or
due to an incorrectly entered module / string data.
D.2 Variation 1 — Steps or notches in curve

Steps or notches in the I-V curve are indications of mismatch between different areas of the array or
module under test. The deviation in the curve indicates that bypass diodes are activating and some
current is being bypassed around the internal cell string protected by the diode (string unable to pass
the same current of other strings). This can be due to a number of factors including the following:
• Array or module is partially shaded.
• Array or module is partially soiled or otherwise obscured (snow, etc.).
• Damaged PV cell / module.
• Shorted circuited bypass diode.
NOTE Partial shading of even just one cell in a module can cause the associated bypass diode to turn on and
cause a notch in the curve.
D.3 Variation 2 — Low current

A number of factors can be responsible for a variation between the expected current and the measured
current. These are summarized below.
Array causes:
• Uniform soiling.
• Strip shade (modules in portrait orientation).
• Dirt dam (modules in portrait orientation).
• PV modules are degraded.
NOTE Strip shade and dirt dam effects have an effect similar to uniform soiling, because they reduce the
current of all cell groups by approximately the same amount.
Modelling causes:
• PV module data incorrectly entered.
• Number of parallel strings incorrectly entered.
Measurement causes:
• Irradiance sensor calibration or measurement problem.
• Irradiance sensor not mounted in the plane of the array.
• Irradiance changed between irradiance and I-V curve measurements.
• Albedo effects cause irradiance sensor to record overly high irradiance.
• Irradiance is too low or sun is too close to the horizon.
NOTE While the variation shown on the diagram above is a current lower than expected, it is also possible to
find that the measured value is above that predicted by the model I-V curve.
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D.4 Variation 3 — Low voltage

Potential causes for a variation in voltage include the following.
Array causes:
• Conducting or shorted bypass diodes.
• Wrong number of modules in PV string.
• Potential Induced Degradation (PID).
• Significant and uniform shading to whole cell / module / string.
Modelling causes:
• PV module data incorrectly entered.
• Number of modules in string incorrectly entered.
Measurement causes:
• PV cell temperature different to measured value.
As cell temperature affects the voltage from the PV module, a disparity between the actual cell
temperature and that measured (or assumed) by the I-V curve tracer will cause this shape defect. In
such cases a check of the cell temperature measurement method should be instigated before proceeding
(e.g. checking a temperature sensor is still attached to the module).
A group of strings measured in close succession will often exhibit slightly different amounts of deviation
compared with the predictions of the PV model. This is to be expected given that the temperature is
usually sensed at a single module and the temperature profile of the array is non-uniform and varying
with time. However, if a single string shows substantially more deviation than the others, this is an issue,
particularly if the deviation corresponds to module Voc/N where the modules have N bypass diodes
NOTE While the variation shown on the diagram above is a voltage lower than expected, it is also possible to
find that measured value is above that predicted by the model I-V curve.
D.5 Variation 4 — Rounder knee

Rounding of the knee of the I-V curve can be a manifestation of the aging process. Before concluding
that this is the case, check the slopes of the horizontal and vertical legs of the I-V curve. If they have
changed, it can produce a visually similar effect in the shape of the knee.
D.6 Variation 5 — Shallower slope in vertical leg

The slope of the latter portion of the I-V curve between the maximum power point (Vmpp) and Voc is
influenced by the series resistance to the circuit under test. An increased resistance will reduce the
steepness of the slope in this portion of the curve.
Potential causes of increased series resistance include:
• PV wiring damage or faults (or cables insufficiently sized).
• Faults at module or array interconnects (poor connections).
• Increased module series resistance.
When testing arrays with long cable runs, the resistance of these cables will influence the curve
shape and can have an impact on the curve as described here. If this is suspected, either the model
33
BS EN 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
IEC 62446‑1:2016+A1:2018
can be adjusted to allow for these cables; or the test can be repeated closer to the array (bypassing the
long cables).
Where this error is noticed on a curve, special attention should be paid to the quality of the wiring and
interconnections within the solar circuit. This error can indicate a significant wiring fault or subsequent
damage or corrosion affecting the array circuit.
Increased module series resistance can be due to high resistance faults within cell interconnects or
within the module junction box — due to degradation, corrosion or manufacturing error.
An IR scan, as described in the Category 2 test sequence, can be a useful tool to identify high
resistance faults.
D.7 Variation 6 — Steeper slope in horizontal leg

A variation in slope in the upper portion of the I-V curve is likely due to:
• Shunt paths in PV cells.
• Module Isc mismatch.
• Tapered shade or soiling (e.g. dirt dams).
Shunt current is any current that bypasses the solar cell — usually due to localized defects in either
cell or cell interconnects. Shunt currents can lead to localized hot spots which may also be identified
through IR testing.
Differences in Isc between modules in a string can be due to manufacturing discrepancies. If the
mismatch is small and randomly distributed across the string, steps or notches may not be present.
While more significant shading will cause steps or notches in the I-V curve, minor shade on some
modules in a string or some tapered shade patterns can cause this effect.
34
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BSI Standards Publication

Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Requirements for

Part 1: Grid connected systems – Documentation,

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

30 November 2018 Implementation of amendment 1:2018 with CENE‑

Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Requirements for testing,

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at (dop) 2016-11-23

• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at (dop) 2019-06-14

Normative references to international publications with their

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 60364‑6 — Low voltage electrical installations — Part 6:Verifica‑ HD 60364-6 —

IEC 62548 2016 Photovoltaic (PV) arrays — Design-requirements —

iv ﻿ © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

6.5.3 PV string — Operational test.............................................................................................................................. 16

© ISO/CIE 2018 – All rights reserved ﻿ v

FDIS Report on voting

Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Requirements for testing,

IEC 61730 (all parts), Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification

3 Terms and definitions

Note 3 to entry: This note applies to the French language only.

4 System documentation requirements

4.2 System data

4.2.1 Basic system information

4.2.2 System designer information

4.2.3 System installer information

4.3 Wiring diagram

4.3.2 Array — General specifications

4.3.3 PV string information

4.3.4 Array electrical details

4.3.6 Earthing and overvoltage protection

4.4 String layout

4.6 Mechanical design information

4.7 Emergency systems

4.8 Operation and maintenance information

4.9 Test results and commissioning data

5.2.2 DC system — General

Inspection of the DC installation shall include at least verification that:

5.2.3 DC system — Protection against electric shock

5.2.4 DC system — Protection against the effects of insulation faults

5.2.5 DC system — Protection against overcurrent

NOTE See IEC 62548:2016 for calculation of array reverse currents.

b) For systems with string overcurrent protective device, verify that:

5.2.6 DC system — Earthing and bonding arrangements

Inspection of the DC installation shall include at least verification that:

5.2.7 DC system — Protection against the effects of lightning and overvoltage

Inspection of the DC installation shall include at least verification that:

5.2.8 DC system — Selection and erection of electrical equipment

Inspection of the DC installation shall include at least verification that:

Inspection of the PV system shall include at least verification that:

5.2.10 Labelling and identification

Inspection of the PV system shall include at least a verification that:

5.3.2 Test regimes and additional tests

5.3.3 Test regimes for systems with module level electronics

5.3.4 Category 1 test regime — All systems

5.3.5 Category 2 test regime

5.3.6 Additional tests

6 Test procedures — Category 1

6.1 Continuity of protective earthing and equipotential bonding conductors

iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

© ISO/CIE 2018 – All rights reserved v