U18MAI1102-Linear Algebra

and Calculus
Module 2-
Differential and
Integral Calculus
Problem Based Learning Approach for
I year Students
 Problem Statement
India is highly vulnerable to floods. Out of the
total geographical area of 329 million hectares
(mha), more than 40 mha is flood prone.
Chennai witnesses very heavy rainfall and water
logging during October- November due to
Northeast monsoon.
Every flood leaves the region helpless, impacting
the property and lives of people. It is necessary
for us to reach out to the victims as quick as
possible which is currently a challenge.
Food, relief materials (including medicines,
infant food) are immediate needs for the
victims.
Flood relief is part of Goal 13 – Climate Action
under SDG framework of the United Nations.
Possible Solutions
Transport modes that can be used to supply
basic needs to flood hit areas are:
• Road - inaccessible due to floods
• Boats - movement is restricted
• Helicopters - expensive
• Drones - convenient and faster
 Delivery Drones in Disaster
Relief Efforts
• New technology in drones is making it
possible for civilians, emergency
response personnel, and military forces
to work together to fight disasters and
help save lives.
• From surveying and mapping disasters
to inspections and insurance, there is no
doubt that drones will play a huge role
in the future of emergency response.
• As drones build up wind resistance, get
better batteries, and better cameras,
they will become an integral part of
emergency response.
 Purpose, Specification and
Design
• Type of drone to be deployed, payload, battery
life and mechanism to be used
• Height from which the supplies should be
dropped and the velocity while touching
ground
• Change of the angle of elevation of the drone
from the observer’s point of view when it is
moving vertically up at a constant rate
• Velocity to be maintained.
Selection Criteria
Multi Rotar Drones Fixed Wing Drones

Single Rotar Drones Fixed Wing Hybrid VLOT

6
Types of Multi Rotar Drones

7
Components of Drone

Drone Technologies in Agricultural Sector 8

Working of Drone

9
Drone Specifications
• Type of Drones
• Quacopter and Hexacopter
• Weight
• 2 kgs to 10 kgs
• Mechanism
• Holding and dropping.
• Rope Mechanism
• Parachute
• Basket type using servos
• Variables for the problems
• Drone altitude
• Velocity
• Angle of Elevation
• Impact
Challenges in the Design

• Bird chasing
• Roping mechanism to
have control on the
delivery
• Signal Interference
 Need of Calculus
for
Studying
Instantaneous Change
Story of Calculus
Need of Differentiation
• Desmos Classroom Activities
• Accelerating expansion of the universe - Wikipedia
Calculus Through Drone Motion
Distance Travelled
when velocity is
known
Concept:
Integration

Rate of change Velocity on the

of angle of touching the
Elevation ground
Concept: Concept:
Find the nearest
Differentiation Differentiation
point to shoot
Concept:
Maxima Minima
 Drone Problem - Context 1
using Differentiation Concept
Drone Problem - Context 1
A drone rises at the rate of 8 ft/sec from a point on the
ground 60 ft from the observer. How fast is the angle
of elevation (𝜃 in the figure) changing when the
drone is 25 ft above the ground?
 Step 1:
Understanding
Functions and its Limits and
Continuity
Limits
How To Solve Limits Easily
With Desmos - YouTube
Continuity
Continuity of a function
Find The Limits (desmos.com)
 Step 2:
Understanding
Derivatives
Derivative as slope

• Calculus: Secant Line (desmos.com)

Calculus: Tangent Line (desmos.om)

Functions and their Derivatives

• Using Desmos Graphic Calculator, visualization of

the functions and their derivatives and integrals
can be represented.

• Calculus: Derivatives (desmos.com)

Calculus: Derivatives (desmos.com)
Drone Problem –
Context 1 –
Solution
Drone Problem - Context 2
using Differentiation
Drone Problem - Context 2
• Supplies are dropped from a
drone.
• Let the distance fallen in a
time t sec is given by 𝑥 =
1
𝑔𝑡 2 , where 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
2
(Using Equation of motion)
• Determine the velocity and
acceleration of the supplies
after it has fallen for 2
seconds.
Solution
1 1
Distance = 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑡 =
2 9.8 𝑡 2 = 4.9𝑡 2 m
2 2
𝑑𝑥
Velocity=𝑣 = = 9.8 𝑡 m/s.
𝑑𝑡
When time 𝑡 = 2 𝑠,
Velocity, 𝑣 = 9.8 × 2 = 19.6 m/s

𝑑2 𝑥
Acceleration = 𝑎 = = 9.8 m/s 2
𝑑𝑡 2
When time 𝑡 = 2 𝑠,
Acceleration = 𝑎 = 9.8 m/s 2
(which is acceleration due to gravity)
Activities
Balloon Problem - Activity
A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is
being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic centimetres of
gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the
balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm.
Balloon Problem - Activity

A balloon, which always

remains spherical on inflation,
is being inflated by pumping
in 900 cubic centimetres of
gas per second. Find the rate
at which the radius of the
balloon increases when the
radius is 15 cm.
Activity
A weather drone is launched from a point 450 m from
the observer. It rises vertically at a rate of 2 m/s. How
fast is the angle of elevation (𝜃 in the figure) changing
when the drone is 300m above the ground? Express
your answer in degree/ second)
Solution
Ponder Over
A carton is dropped from a
drone at a height of 60 meters
when the angle of elevation to
the sun is 30°. Find the rate at
which the shadow of the box is
travelling along the ground
when the carton is at a height of
35 meters.
[Hint: The position of the carton
is given by
𝑠(𝑡) = 60 − 4.9𝑡 2 ]
Ponder Over
Drone Problem - Context 3
using Integration Concept
Drone Problem - Context 3
A drone travels with velocity
1
𝑣(𝑡) = 60 − feet per second,
𝑡
2
where 𝑡 is given in seconds. If the
drone starts travelling at noon
(𝑡 = 0), what does the expression
60
‫׬‬0 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
represent in the context of this
problem?
Also find the distance covered in
2 seconds
 Step 4:
Understanding
Integration
Functions and their Integrals

• Using Desmos Graphic Calculator, visualization of

the functions and their derivatives and integrals
can be represented.

• Calculus: Integrals (desmos.com)

Calculus: Integrals (desmos.com)
Calculus: Integral with adjustable
bounds (desmos.com)
Area Between two Curves
Drone Problem –
Context 3 –
Solution
Solution
Drone Problem - Context 4
using Integration Concept
Drone Problem - Context 4
A drone travels with velocity 𝑣 𝑡 = 2 + 0.5 sin 𝑡 feet
per second, where 𝑡 is given in seconds. If the drone
starts travelling at noon 𝑡 = 0 , how far does the
𝜋
drone travel from time 𝑡 = seconds to 𝑡 = 2𝜋
2
seconds
Solution
2𝜋
න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
2
2𝜋
= න 2 + .5 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
2
2𝜋
= 2𝑡 − 0.5 cos 𝑡 𝜋
2
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 2𝜋 − 0.5 cos(2𝜋) − 2 − 0.5 cos
2 2
= 4𝜋 − 0.5 1 − 𝜋 − 0.5 0
= 3𝜋 − 0.5 ≈ 9
Activities
Activity
In 2000 (𝑡 = 0) , world gold
production was 2547 metric tons,
and it was growing exponentially at
the rate of 0.6% per year.
(Source: U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.
Dept. of the Interior, 6/20/06.) If the
growth continues at this rate, how
many tons of gold will be produced
from 2000 to 2013?
Solution Using equation (9), we have
From 2000 to 2013, approximately
34,437 metric tons of gold will be
produced
Hint:
 Drone Problem - Context 5
using Maxima - Minima Concept
Drone Problem - Context 5
An Apache drone is flying along
the curve given by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 7. A
bird placed at 3,7 , has to be
injected using the drone when
it is nearest to him. What would
be the nearest distance.
 Step 3:
Determining
Maxima & Minima
Visualisation
• Finding Local Maxima and Minima by Differentiation
- Bing video
• Introduction to the Desmos Graphing Calculator -
Bing video
• 5. Using Desmos find all maximum and minimum
points and label them as relative or absolute
max/min - Bing video
Drone Problem –
Context 5 –
Solution
Drone Problem - Context 5
Activities
 Activity for Maxima Minima
• A box without a lid can be made from a rectangular piece of
cardboard with a width of 5 dm and a length of 8 dm. This box will
be made by cutting the square of the four corners of the carton
with side’s 𝑥𝑥 dm. What is the size of the box (length, width, height)
in order to obtain maximum volume?

• At this stage, examples of real problems are supplemented by

alternative solutions. An alternative solution is to start by
illustrating the making of the box by the cardboard cut off on four
corners as in Figure 12. After the illustrations are formed, students
can learn alternative solutions.
Activity
• “A box without a lid has a square-shaped base. The
surface area of the box is 27 cm2. The volume of the
box will be maximum if the length of the base side is
............”

• A tub of water without a tubular lid. The total area of

the tube without lid is 28m2. The volume will be
maximum if the base radius is equal to ……….”
Activity - Maximizing Area
A hobby store has 20 ft of
fencing to fence off a
rectangular area for an
electric train in one corner of
its display room. The two
sides up against the wall
require no fence. What
dimensions of the rectangle
will maximize the area?
What is the maximum area?
Hint
Activity - Minimizing Material
Surface Area
A manufacturer of food-
storage containers makes a
cylindrical can with a
volume of 500 milliliters.
What dimensions (height
and radius) will minimize
the material needed to
produce each can, that is,
minimize the surface area?
Hint
Topics Covered in this Module
Limits

Continuity

Derivatives

Integration

Maxima and Minima

Activities
 Space Problem
• India is planning a test-fire Vertical Launch Short
Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VL-SRSAM1) from the
Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur off the
Odisha coast.
• The VL-SRSAM1 will be flight-tested by the Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
and the Indian Navy.
• The flight test will be carried out from an Indian
naval ship against a high-speed unmanned aerial
target for demonstration of vertical launch
capability.
• It will further strengthen the Indian Navy for
neutralising various aerial threats at close ranges
including sea-skimming targets.
 Activity - Space Problem
• The missile fired from ground rises
vertically upwards and its velocity at
any time t sec is given by
𝑣 = 100 − 25𝑡 metres per sec.
• Determine
(a) the distance travelled by missile at any
time t.
(b) the time when the height of the
missile is a maximum.
(c) the maximum height reached.
(d) the velocity with which the missile
strikes the ground.
Solution
Velocity at any time t sec is given by
𝑣 = 100 − 25𝑡 metres per sec
Displacement = 𝑠 = ‫ ׬‬100 − 25𝑡 𝑑𝑡
25𝑡 2
= 100𝑡 − +𝐶
2
When time 𝑡 = 0, displacement is 0.
25𝑡 2
So, substituting 𝑡 = 0 in 𝑠 = 100𝑡 − + 𝐶,
2
we get 𝐶 = 0.
25𝑡 2
Therefore, displacement = 100𝑡 −
2
Solution
𝑑𝑠
To find the time when height is maximum, =0
𝑑𝑡

25 2
⇒ 100 − 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2

𝑑2 𝑠
= −25 < 0
𝑑𝑡 2
Therefore maxima.

25 2
Maximum height= 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100 − 𝑡
2 𝑡=4

= 200 metres.
Solution
The velocity with which the missile strikes the
ground,
We know that the maximum height = 200 and
velocity at this height is 0
25 2
⇒ 100 − 𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
𝑑2 𝑥
2
= −25 < 0
𝑑𝑡
Therefore maxima.
25 2
Maximum height = 100 − 𝑡
2 𝑡=4
= 200 metres.
Open ended Problems
• Change of elevation angles while increasing the drone height
• Drone movement and dropping (Vary the height and weight
of the goods- measure the angle and time)
• Normally Drone travel in a straight paths (can configure for
parabolic flying). Say drones travelling at 10m/s and we try to
hit the drone using stone/gun from a particular point.
Calculate the nearest point to have a high impact, force and
angle.
• Assuming I use drone for injecting a medicine for wild
animals at an angle. Can measure the angle, velocity and
force.
• Motor RPM Calculations.
Benefits of Delivery Drones
Drone Delivery could allow accelerated delivery time, improved
accuracy and reduce human cost associated with delivery.

Drone delivery aims to overcome the limitation by exploiting

the vertical dimension above city streets.

Medical drone delivery is credited with saving lives during

emergencies.

It’s going to be a game changer for food delivery.

They could support difficult deliveries to remote places like small

islands or across rugged terrains.