Unit 5: IOT Design and System Engineering

Discuss IOT Requirements, Hardware and Software, Study of IOT Sensors, Tagging
and tracking, Embedded Products, IOT Design, SIM card technology, IOT Connectivity
and Management, IOT Security & IOT Communication
IOT Requirements

Any IOT system requires various aspects and components. Some of them include:
-> Connectivity
# IOT Devices should be connected to eachother and the internet to exchange
the data.
# There are different options for connectivity
> Wired Connectivity: Ethernet, Coaxial cables, USB, etc.
> Wireless Connectivity: Wifi, Bluetooth, Zigbee
> Cellular Connectivity : 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G
> LPWAN : Sigfox, Zigbee, etc

-> Power
# IOT Devices require continous power supply to observe and sense the
environment.
# Requirements which are considered under this :
> Power efficiency
> Power management
> Battery life
> Power source

-> Security
# IOT devices are very prone to external and internal security threats.
# requirements which are considered under this:
> Encryption
> Secure communication channels
> Physical Security

-> Scalability
# IOT devices or systems need to scalable and dynamic
# The requirements which are considered under this:
> Cloud integration
> Distributed architecture
> Device management

-> Cost-effectiveness
# IOT Systems should be cost effective and more focused on reducing overall
cost.

# Requirements which are considered under this:

> Energy efficiency
> Maintainence and Support
IOT Design Methodology

-> Purpose and Requirement Specification

# First step is to define the purpose and requirements of the system.
# In this step, the system purpose, behavior and requirements are captured.

-> Process Specification

# The use cases of the IoT system are formally described based on or derived
from the purpose and requirements specifications.

-> Domain Model Specification

# The domain model describes the main concepts, entities and objects in the domain
of the IoT system to be designed.

# The domain model is independent of any specific technology or platform.

# system designers can get an understanding of the IoT domain for which the
system is to be designed

-> Information Model Specification

# Information model defines the structure of all the information in the IoT system.
# To define the information model, we first list the virtual entities.
# Later more details like attributes and relationships are added
IOT Design Methodology

-> Service Specification

# For each state and attribute in the process specification and information model,
we define a service.

# Services either change the state of attributes or retrieve their current values.

-> IoT Level Specification

# Based on the requirements we will choose the IoT application deployment level.

-> Functional View Specification

# The functional view defines the functions of the IoT systems grouped into
various functional groups.
# The functional groups in a functional view include: Device, Communication,
Services, Management, Security, and Application.

-> Operational View Specification

# In this step, various options related to the IoT system deployment and
operation are defined, such as:
> Service hosting options
> Storage Options
> Device Options
> Application Hosting Options
IOT Design Methodology

-> Device and Component Integration

# In this step the devices like sensors, computing devices and other
components are integrated together.

-> Application Deployment

# Using all the information from previous steps, we will develop the
application (code) for the IoT system
Study of IOT Sensors

-> Sensors convert physical entity quantity into a signal.

-> Sensors are used at various locations including your home, your mobile, your car, etc.

-> Sensors are the heart of any IOT infrastructure.

-> Without sensors, an IOT system is of no use because it negates the whole principle.
-> Sensors can be classfied into two types
# Passive Sensors
> Passive sensors are devices that detect and respond to some type of
input from the physical environment without the need for an external
power source to operate the sensor itself

> Example: Photodetector, thermocouples, etc.

# Active Sensors
> Active sensors are devices that detect and respond to some type of input
from the physical environment and require an external power source
to operate.

> Example: radar sensors, sonar sensors, etc.

-> Sensor components

# Power supply: It provides the power to the whole component

# Memory: It is used to store small data within the sensor.
# Communication Device: It is used to communicate with other components.
# Sensors: It is the part which is exposed to the real world.
# Controller : It is used to transfer signals or generate signals for physical
entities.
Tagging and Tracking

-> It refers to the use of IOT devices to track location and movement of objects.
-> These objects may vary from people, animals, vehicles, etc.
-> It has numerous applications across various industries:
# Transportation
# Crime investigation
# Logistics
# Healthcare
# Agriculture

-> It is used in various ways:

# Asset tracking
> Asset refers to packages, shipments, etc.
> Attaching sensors or small systems to each asset can help in tracking them

# People tracking
> Tracking of people is one of the best ways to track down any crime.
> Using their cellphones, their fitbands, smartwatches it is very easy.

# Animal Tracking
> Finding lost animals and tracking their health can be done using this.
> Attaching sensors to their organs to monitor their health

# Inventory Management
> Inventory management is one the best use.
> We can easily track the import/export of products, the amount of resources
being used, number of units being produced and almost everything related
to inventory
> This saves the amount of resources consumed and makes resource savy.
SIM Card Technology

-> IOT SIM card is also known as M2M Card.

-> They allow devices to connect to eachother and interact.
-> They are different from traditional SIM cards
-> They are available with 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, NB-IoT, LTE-M network options.
-> Features
# durable
# remotely managed
# support data plan aggregations
# both static and dynamic IPs

-> Applications
# Wearables
# Home automation devices
# Agricultural sensors
# healthcare monitors
IOT Security

-> IOT is a network and every network has a entry point for an attack.
-> These attacks can be either negligible or disasterous
-> IOT security basically covers two aspects
# Physical Security
# Network Security

-> Vulnerabilities of IOT

# Weak authentication
# Lack of encryption
# Vulnerabilities in firmare
# Insecure protocols and channels

-> Without security, IOT systems are very much prone to attacks.
IOT Security Challenges
Misuse cases of IOT