1.

When we say that the boundary is crisp

A. distinguish two regio
B. cannot distinguis
C. collection of ordere
D. none of these
Answer: A.distinguish two regio
2. In computing the output is called as
A. consequent
B. outfeed
C. anticedents
D. premise
Answer: A.consequent
3. Fuzzy logic is a form of
A. two valued logic
B. crisp set logic
C. many value logic
D. binary set logic
Answer: C.many value logic
4. Control actions while computing should be
A. ambiguous
B. unambioguos
C. inaccurate
D. none of these
Answer: B.unambioguos
5. Core of soft computing is
A. fuzzy computing,neu
B. fuzzy network an
C. neural science
D. genetic science
Answer: A.fuzzy computing,neu
6. Hard computing performs what type of computation
A. sequential
B. parallel
C. approxiamate
D. both a and b
Answer: A.sequential
7. Who iniated idea of soft computing
A. charles darwin
B. rich and berg
C. mc culloch
D. lofti a zadeh
Answer: D.lofti a zadeh
8. Soft computing is based on
A. fuzzy logic
B. neural science
C. crisp software
D. binary logic
Answer: A.fuzzy logic
9. In soft computing the problems,algorithms can be
A. non adaptive
B. adaptive
C. static
D. all of the above
Answer: B.adaptive
10. Fuzzy Computing
A. mimics human behav
B. deals with inpreci
C. exact information
D. both a and b
Answer: D.both a and b
11. Hard computing is also called as
A. evolutionary compute
B. conventional com
C. non conventional co
D. probablistic computing
Answer: B.conventional com
12. Which computing produces accurate results
A. soft computing
B. hard computing
C. both a and b
D. none of the above
Answer: B.hard computing
13. Neural network computing
A. mimics human behav
B. information proce
C. both a and b
D. none of the above
Answer: C.both a and b
14. Artificial neural network is used for
A. pattern recognition
B. classification
C. clustering
D. all of the above
Answer: D.all of the above
15. How does blind search differ from optimization
A. blind search represe
B. blind search usua
C. blind search cannot
D. none of these
Answer: B.blind search usual
16. In modeling,an optimal solution is understood to be
A. a solution that can o
B. a solution found i
C. a solution that is the
D. a solution that require
Answer: C.a solution that is the
17. When is a complete enumeration of solution used?
A. when a solution that
B. when there is en
C. when the modeler
D. when there are an infi
Answer: B.when there is en
18. All of the following are true about heuristics EXCEPT
A. heuristics are used w
B. heuristics are use
C. heuristics are used
D. heuristics are rules of
Answer: C.heuristics are used
19. Which approach is most suited to structured problem with little uncertainity
A. simuation
B. human intuition
C. optimization
D. genetic algorithm
Answer: C.optimization
20. Genetic algorithm belong to the family of method in the
A. artificial intelligence a
B. optimization area
C. complete enumerat
D. non computer based i
Answer: A.artificial intelligence a
21. What does the 0 membership value means in the set
A. the object is fully insi
B. the object is not i
C. the object is partiall
D. none of the above
Answer: B.the object is not i
22. The union of two fuzzy sets is the of each element from two sets
A. maximum
B. minimum
C. equal to
D. not equal to
Answer: A.maximum
23. The process of fuzzy interference system involes
A. membership function
B. fuzzy logic operat
C. if-then rules
D. all the above
Answer: D.all the above
24. What does a fuzzifier do
A. coverts crisp input to
B. coverts crisp oupu
C. coverts fuzzy input
D. coverts fuzzy output to
Answer: A.coverts crisp input to
25. Which of the folloowing is not defuzzifier method
A. centroid of area
B. mean of maximu
C. largest of maximum
D. hypotenuse of triangle
Answer: D.hypotenuse of triangle
26. Which of the following is/are type of fuzzy interference method
A. mamdani
B. sugeno
C. rivest
D. only a and b
Answer: D.only a and b
27. A Fuzzy rule can have
A. multiple part of ante
B. only single part of
C. multiple part of ant
D. only single part of ante
Answer: C.multiple part of ant
28. The a cut of a fuzzy set A is a crisp set defined by :-
A. {x|ua(x)>a}
B. {x|ua(x)>=a}
C. {x|ua(x)<a}
D. {x|ua(x)<=a}
Answer: B.{x|ua(x)>=a}
29. The bandwidth(A) in a fuzzy set is given by
A. (a)=|x1*x2|
B. (a)=|x1+x2|
C. (a)=|x1-x2|
D. (a)=|x1/x2|
Answer: C.(a)=|x1-x2|
30. The intersection of two fuzzy sets is the of each element from two sets
A. maximum
B. minimum
C. equal to
D. not equal to
Answer: B.minimum
31. A={1/a,0.3/b,0.2/c,0.8/d,0/e} B={0.6/a,0.9/b,0.1/c,0.3/d,0.2/e} What will be the co
A. m{0/a,0.7/b,0.8/c,0.2/
B. {0/a,0.9/b,0.7/c,0
C. {0.8/a,0.7/b,0.8/c,0
D. {0/a,0.7/b,0.8/c,0.9/d,
Answer: A.m{0/a,0.7/b,0.8/c,0.2/
32. A={1/a,0.3/b,0.2/c,0.8/d,0/e} B={0.6/a,0.9/b,0.1/c,0.3/d,0.2/e} What will be the uni
A. {1/a,0.9/b,0.1/c,0.5/
B. {0.8/a,0.9/b,0.2/c
C. {1/a,0.9/b,0.2/c,0.8
D. {1/a,0.9/b,0.2/c,0.8/d,
Answer: C.{1/a,0.9/b,0.2/c,0.8
33. A={1/a,0.3/b,0.2/c,0.8/d,0/e} B={0.6/a,0.9/b,0.1/c,0.3/d,0.2/e} What will be the inte
A. {0.6/a,0.3/b,0.1/c,0.3
B. {0.6/a,0.8/b,0.1/c
C. {0.6/a,0.3/b,0.1/c,0
D. {0.6/a,0.3/b,0.2/c,0.3/
Answer: A.{0.6/a,0.3/b,0.1/c,0.3
34. What denotes the support(A) in a fuzzy set?
A. {x|ua(x)>0}
B. {x|ua(x)<0}
C. {x|ua(x)<=0}
D. {x|ua(x)<0.5}
Answer: A.{x|ua(x)>0}
35. What denotes the core(A) in a fuzzy set?
A. {x|ua(x)>0}
B. {x|ua(x)=1}
C. {x|ua(x)>=0.5}
D. {x|ua(x)>0.8}
Answer: B.{x|ua(x)=1}
36. Fuzzy logic deals with which of the following
A. fuzzy set
B. fuzzy algebra
C. both a and b
D. none of the above
Answer: C.both a and b
37. which of the following is a sequence of steps taken in designning a fuzy logic machine
A. fuzzification->rule ev
B. deffuzification->r
C. rule evaluation->fuz
D. rule evaluation->defuz
Answer: A.fuzzification->rule ev
38. can a crisp set be a fuzzy set?
A. no
B. yes
C. depends
D. all of the above
Answer: B.yes
39. All of the follwing are suitable problem for genetic algorithm EXCEPT
A. pattern recognization
B. simulation of biol
C. simple optimization
D. dynamic process contr
Answer: C.simple optimization
40. Tabu search is an example of ?
A. heuristic
B. evolutionary algo
C. aco
D. pso
Answer: A.heuristic
41. Genetic algorithms are example of
A. heuristic
B. evolutionary algo
C. aco
D. pso
Answer: B.evolutionary algo
42. mutation is applied on candidates.
A. one
B. two
C. more than two
D. noneof these
Answer: A.one
43. recombination is applied on candidates.
A. one
B. two
C. more than two
D. noneof these
Answer: B.two
44. LCS belongs to based methods?
A. rule based learning
B. genetic learning
C. both a and b
D. noneof these
Answer: A.rule based learning
45. Survival is approach.
A. deteministic
B. non deterministic
C. semi deterministic
D. noneof these
Answer: A.deteministic
46. Evolutionary algorithms are a based approach
A. heuristic
B. metaheuristic
C. both a and b
D. noneof these
Answer: A.heuristic
47. Idea of genetic algorithm came from
A. machines
B. birds
C. aco
D. genetics
Answer: D.genetics
48. Chromosomes are actually ?
A. line representation
B. string representa
C. circular representat
D. all of these
Answer: B.string representa
49. what are the parameters that affect GA are/is
A. selection process
B. initial population
C. both a and b
D. none of these
Answer: C.both a and b
50. Evolutionary programming was developed by
A. fredrik
B. fodgel
C. frank
D. flin
Answer: B.fodgel
51. Evolution Strategies is developed with
A. selection
B. mutation
C. a population of size
D. all of these
Answer: D.all of these
52. Evolution Strategies typically uses
A. real-valued vector re
B. vector representa
C. time based represe
D. none of these
Answer: A.real-valued vector re
53. in ES survival is
A. indeterministic
B. deterministic
C. both a and b
D. none of these
Answer: D.none of these
54. What is the first step in Evolutionary algorithm
A. termination
B. selection
C. recombination
D. initialization
Answer: D.initialization
55. Elements of ES are/is
A. parent population siz
B. survival populatio
C. both a and b
D. none of these
Answer: C.both a and b
56. What are different types of crossover
A. discrete and interme
B. discrete and conti
C. continuous and inte
D. none of these
Answer: A.discrete and interme
57. Determining the duration of the simulation occurs before the model is validated and te
A. true
B. false
Answer: B.false
58. cannot easily be transferred from one problem domain to another
A. optimal solution
B. analytical solution
C. simulation solutuon
D. none of these
Answer: C.simulation solutuon
59. Discrete events and agent-based models are usuallly used for .
A. middle or low level o
B. high level of abstr
C. very high level of ab
D. none of these
Answer: A.middle or low level o
60. does not usually allow decision makers to see how a solution to a en
A. simulation ,complex
B. simulation,easy p
C. genetics,complex p
D. genetics,easy problem
Answer: A.simulation ,complex
61. EC stands for?
A. evolutionary comput
B. evolutionary com
C. electronic computa
D. noneof these
Answer: A.evolutionary comput
62. GA stands for
A. genetic algorithm
B. genetic asssuranc
C. genese alforithm
D. noneof these
Answer: A.genetic algorithm
63. LCS stands for
A. learning classes syste
B. learning classifier
C. learned class syste
D. mnoneof these
Answer: B.learning classifier
64. GBML stands for
A. genese based machi
B. genes based mob
C. genetic bsed machi
D. noneof these
Answer: C.genetic bsed machi
65. EV is dominantly used for solving .
A. optimization proble
B. mnp problem
C. simple problems
D. noneof these
Answer: A.optimization proble
66. EV is considered as?
A. adaptive
B. complex
C. both a and b
D. noneof these
Answer: C.both a and b
67. Parameters that affect GA
A. initial population
B. selection process
C. fitness function
D. all of these
Answer: D.all of these
68. Fitness function should be
A. maximum
B. minimum
C. intermediate
D. noneof these
Answer: B.minimum
69. Applying recombination and mutation leads to a set of new candidates, called as ?
A. sub parents
B. parents
C. offsprings
D. grand child
Answer: C.offsprings
70. decides who becomes parents and how many children the parents have.
A. parent combination
B. parent selection
C. parent mutation
D. parent replace
Answer: B.parent selection
71. Basic elements of EA are ?
A. parent selection methods
B. survival selection methods
C. both a and b
D. noneof these
Answer: C.both a and b
72. There are also other operators, more linguistic in nature, called that can be applied to
fuzzy set theory.
A. hedges
B. lingual variable
C. fuzz variable
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: A.hedges
73. A fuzzy set has a membership function whose membership values are strictly
monotonically increasing or strictly monotonically decreasing or strictly monotonically
increasing than strictly monotonically decreasing with increasing values for elements in the
universe
A. convex fuzzy set
B. concave fuzzy set
C. non concave fuzzy set
D. non convex fuzzy set
Answer: A.convex fuzzy set
74. Which of the following neural networks uses supervised learning?
(A) Multilayer perceptron
(B) Self organizing feature map
(C) Hopfield network
A. (a) only
B. (b) only
C. (a) and (b) only
D. (a) and (c) only
Answer: A.(a) only
75. What is the feature of ANNs due to which they can deal with noisy, fuzzy, inconsistent
data?
A. associative nature of networks
B. distributive nature of networks
C. both associative & distributive
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: C.both associative & distributive
76. Feature of ANN in which ANN creates its own organization or representation of
information it receives during learning time is
A. adaptive learning
B. self organization
C. what-if analysis
D. supervised learning
Answer: B.self organization
77. Any soft-computing methodology is characterised by
A. precise solution
B. control actions are unambiguous and accurate
C. control actions is formally defined
D. algorithm which can easily adapt with the change of dynamic environment
Answer: D.algorithm which can easily adapt with the change of dynamic environment
78. For what purpose Feedback neural networks are primarily used?
A. classification
B. feature mapping
C. pattern mapping
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: D.none of the mentioned
79. Operations in the neural networks can perform what kind of operations?
A. serial
B. parallel
C. serial or parallel
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: C.serial or parallel
80. What is ART in neural networks?
A. automatic resonance theory
B. artificial resonance theory
C. adaptive resonance theory
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: C.adaptive resonance theory
81. The values of the set membership is represented by
A. discrete set
B. degree of truth
C. probabilities
D. both degree of truth& probabilities
Answer: B.degree of truth
82. Given U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} A = {(3, 0.7), (5, 1), (6, 0.8)}then A will be: (where ~ →
complement)
A. {(4, 0.7), (2,1), (1,0.8)
B. {(4, 0.3.): (5, 0), (6
C. {(l, 1), (2, 1), (3, 0.3)
D. {(3, 0.3), (6.0.2)}
Answer: C.{(l, 1), (2, 1), (3, 0.3)
83. If A and B are two fuzzy sets with membership functions
μA(x) = {0.6, 0.5, 0.1, 0.7, 0.8}
μB(x) = {0.9, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.5}
Then the value of μ(A∪B)’(x) will be
A. {0.9, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.8
B. {0.6, 0.2, 0.1, 0.7,
C. {0.1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2, 0.
D. {0.1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2, 0.3}
Answer: C.{0.1, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2, 0.
84. Compute the value of adding the following two fuzzy integers:
A = {(0.3,1), (0.6,2), (1,3), (0.7,4), (0.2,5)} B = {(0.5,11), (1,12), (0.5,13)}
Where fuzzy addition is defined as
μA+B(z) = maxx+y=z (min(μA(x), μB(x))) Then, f(A+B) is equal to
A. {(0.5,12), (0.6,13), (1,
B. {(0.5,12), (0.6,13),
C. {(0.3,12), (0.5,13), (
D. {(0.3,12), (0.5,13), (0.6
Answer: D.{(0.3,12), (0.5,13), (0.6
85. A U (B U C) =
A. (a ∩ b) ∩ (a ∩ c)
B. (a ∪ b ) ∪ c
C. (a ∪ b) ∩ (a ∪ c)
D. b ∩ a ∪ c
Answer: B.(a ∪ b ) ∪ c
86. Consider a fuzzy set A defined on the interval X = [0, 10] of integers by the membership
JunctionμA(x) = x / (x+2) Then the α cut corresponding to α = 0.5 will be
A. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
B. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
C. {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
D. none of the above
Answer: C.{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
87. The fuzzy proposition “IF X is E then Y is F” is a
A. conditional unqualifi
B. unconditional unq
C. conditional qualifie
D. unconditional qualified
Answer: A.conditional unqualifi
88. Choose the correct statement
1. A fuzzy set is a crisp set but the reverse is not true
2. If A,B and C are three fuzzy sets defined over the same universe of discourse such that A
≤ B and B ≤ C and A ≤ C
3. Membership function defines the fuzziness in a fuzzy set irrespecive of the elements in the
set, which are discrete or continuous
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1,2 and 3
D. none of these
Answer: B.2 and 3
89. An equivalence between Fuzzy vs Probability to that of Prediction vs Forecasting is
A. fuzzy ≈ prediction
B. fuzzy ≈ forecastin
C. probability ≈ foreca
D. none of these
Answer: B.fuzzy ≈ forecastin
90. Both fuzzy logic and artificial neural network are soft computing techniques because
A. both gives precise an
B. ann gives accura
C. in each, no precise
D. fuzzy gives exact resul
Answer: C.in each, no precise
91. A fuzzy set whose membership function has at least one element x in the universe whose
membership valueis unity is called
A. sub normal fuzzy sets
B. normal fuzzy set
C. convex fuzzy set
D. concave fuzzy set
Answer: B.normal fuzzy set
92. —– defines logic funtion of two prepositions
A. prepositions
B. lingustic hedges
C. truth tables
D. inference rules
Answer: C.truth tables
93. In fuzzy propositions, —- gives an approximate idea of the number of elements of a
subset fulfilling certain conditions
A. fuzzy predicate and predicate modifiers
B. fuzzy quantifiers
C. fuzzy qualifiers
D. all of the above
Answer: B.fuzzy quantifiers
94. Multiple conjuctives antecedents is method of —– in FLC
A. decomposition rule
B. formation of rule
C. truth tables
D. all of the above
Answer: A.decomposition rule
95. Multiple disjuctives antecedents is method of —– in FLC
A. decomposition rule
B. formation of rule
C. truth tables
D. all of the above
Answer: A.decomposition rule
96. IF x is A and y is B then z=c (c is constant), is
A. rule in zero order fis
B. rule in first order fis
C. both a and b
D. neither a nor b
Answer: A.rule in zero order fis
97. A fuzzy set wherein no membership function has its value equal to 1 is called
A. normal fuzzy set
B. subnormal fuzzy set.
C. convex fuzzy set
D. concave fuzzy set
Answer: B.subnormal fuzzy set.
98. Mamdani’s Fuzzy Inference Method Was Designed To Attempt What?
A. control any two combinations of any two products by synthesising a set of linguistic
control rules obtained from experienced human operations.
B. control any two combinations of any two products by synthesising a set of linguistic
control rules obtained from experienced human operations.
C. control a steam engine and a boiler combination by synthesising a set of linguistic control
rules obtained from experienced human operations.
D. control a air craft and fuel level combination by synthesising a set of linguistic control
rules obtained from experienced human operations.
Answer: C.control a steam engine and a boiler combination by synthesising a set of linguistic
control rules obtained from experienced human operations.
99. What Are The Two Types Of Fuzzy Inference Systems?
A. model-type and system-type
B. momfred-type and semigi-type
C. mamdani-type and sugeno-type
D. mihni-type and sujgani-type
Answer: C.mamdani-type and sugeno-type
100. What Is Another Name For Fuzzy Inference Systems?
A. fuzzy expert system
B. fuzzy modelling
C. fuzzy logic controller
D. all of the above
Answer: D.all of the above
101. In Evolutionary programming, survival selection is
A. probabilistic selection (μ+μ) selection
B. (μ, λ)- selection based on the children only (μ+λ)- selection based on both the set of
parent and children
C. children replace the parent
D. all the mentioned
Answer: A.probabilistic selection (μ+μ) selection
102. In Evolutionary strategy, survival selection is
A. probabilistic selection (μ+μ) selection
B. (μ, λ)- selection based on the children only (μ+λ)- selection based on both the set of
parent and children
C. children replace the parent
D. all the mentioned
Answer: B.(μ, λ)- selection based on the children only (μ+λ)- selection based on both
the set of parent and children
103. In Evolutionary programming, recombination is
A. doesnot use recombination to produce offspring. it only uses mutation
B. uses recombination such as cross over to produce offspring
C. uses various recombination operators
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: A.doesnot use recombination to produce offspring. it only uses mutation
104. In Evolutionary strategy, recombination is
A. doesnot use recombination to produce offspring. it only uses mutation
B. uses recombination such as cross over to produce offspring
C. uses various recombination operators
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: B.uses recombination such as cross over to produce offspring
105. Step size in non-adaptive EP :
A. deviation in step sizes remain static
B. deviation in step sizes change over time using some deterministic function
C. deviation in step size change dynamically
D. size=1
Answer: A.deviation in step sizes remain static
106. Step size in dynamic EP :
A. deviation in step sizes remain static
B. deviation in step sizes change over time using some deterministic function
C. deviation in step size change dynamically
D. size=1
Answer: B.deviation in step sizes change over time using some deterministic function
107. Step size in self-adaptive EP :
A. deviation in step sizes remain static
B. deviation in step sizes change over time using some deterministic function
C. deviation in step size change dynamically
D. size=1
Answer: C.deviation in step size change dynamically
108. What are normally the two best measurement units for an evolutionary algorithm?
1. Number of evaluations
2. Elapsed time
3. CPU Time
4. Number of generations
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 1 and 4
Answer: D.1 and 4
109. Evolutionary Strategies (ES)
A. (µ,λ): select survivors among parents and offspring
B. (µ+λ): select survivors among parents and offspring
C. (µ-λ): select survivors among offspring only
D. (µ:λ): select survivors among offspring only
Answer: B.(µ+λ): select survivors among parents and offspring
110. In Evolutionary programming,
A. individuals are represented by real- valued vector
B. individual solution is represented as a finite state machine
C. individuals are represented as binary string
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: B.individual solution is represented as a finite state machine
111. In Evolutionary Strategy,
A. individuals are represented by real- valued vector
B. individual solution is represented as a finite state machine
C. individuals are represented as binary string
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: A.individuals are represented by real- valued vector
112. (1+1) ES
A. offspring becomes parent if offspring\s fitness is as good as parent of next generation
B. offspring become parent by default
C. offspring never becomes parent
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: A.offspring becomes parent if offspring\s fitness is as good as parent of next
generation
113. (1+λ) ES
A. λ mutants can be generated from one parent
B. one mutant is generated
C. 2λ mutants can be generated
D. no mutants are generated
Answer: A.λ mutants can be generated from one parent
114. Termination condition for EA
A. mazimally allowed cpu time is elapsed
B. total number of fitness evaluations reaches a given limit
C. population diveristy drops under a given threshold
D. all the mentioned
Answer: D.all the mentioned
115. Which of the following operator is simplest selection operator?
A. random selection
B. proportional selection
C. tournament selection
D. none
Answer: A.random selection
116. Which crossover operators are used in evolutionary programming?
A. single point crossover
B. two point crossover
C. uniform crossover
D. evolutionary programming doesnot use crossover operators
Answer: D.evolutionary programming doesnot use crossover operators
117. (1+1) ES
A. operates on population size of two
B. operates on populantion size of one
C. operates on populantion size of zero
D. operates on populantion size of λ
Answer: A.operates on population size of two
 118. Which of these emphasize of development of behavioral models?
A. evolutionary programming
B. genetic programming
C. genetic algorithm
D. all the mentioned
Answer: A.evolutionary programming
119. EP applies which evolutionary operators?
A. variation through application of mutation operators
B. selection
C. both a and b
D. none of the mentioned
Answer: C.both a and b
120. Which selection strategy works with negative fitness value?
A. roulette wheel selection
B. stochastic universal sampling
C. tournament selection
D. rank selection
Answer: D.rank selection

121) Which of the following is associated with fuzzy logic?

1. Crisp set logic
2. Many-valued logic
3. Two-valued logic
4. Binary set logic
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Many-valued logic
Explanation: Since fuzzy logic can define the set membership with some specific value, it
may have multiple set values.
122) The truth values of traditional set theory can be defined as _________ and that of fuzzy
logic is termed as _________.
1. Either 0 or 1, either 0 or 1.
2. Between 0 & 1, either 0 or 1.
3. Either 0 or 1, between 0 & 1.
4. Between 0 & 1, between 0 & 1.
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Either 0 or 1, between 0 & 1.
Explanation: A crisp set is usually defined by crisp boundaries containing the precise
location of the set boundaries.
However, a fuzzy set is defined by the indeterminate boundaries containing uncertainty about
the set's boundaries.
123) A Fuzzy logic is an extension to the Crisp set, which handles the Partial Truth.
1. True
2. False
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) True.
Explanation: None.

124) How many types of random variables are there in Fuzzy logic?
1. 2
2. 4
3. 1
4. 3
 Answer Workspace
Answer: d) 3
Explanation: There are three types of random variables, i.e., Boolean, discrete, and
continuous variables.

125) Which of the following represents the values of set membership?

1. Degree of truth
2. Probabilities
3. Discrete set
4. Both a & b
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Degree of truth
Explanation: Both probabilities and degree of truth range between 0 and 1.

126) The probability density function is represented by

1. Continuous variable
2. Discrete variable
3. Probability distributions for Continuous variables
4. Probability distributions
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Probability distributions for Continuous variables
Explanation: None.

127) _________is used for probability theory sentences.

1. Logic
2. Extension of propositional logic
3. Conditional logic
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Extension of propositional logic
Explanation: The version of probability theory makes use of an extension of propositional
logic for its sentences.

128) Which of the following fuzzy operators are utilized in fuzzy set theory?
1. AND
2. OR
3. NOT
4. EX-OR
Answer Workspace
Answer: a), b) and c)
Explanation: In fuzzy logic, the AND, OR, and NOT operators represent the minimum,
maximum, and complement.

129) What is the name of the operator in fuzzy set theory, which is found to be linguistic in
nature?
1. Lingual Variable
2. Fuzz Variable
3. Hedges
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Hedges
Explanation: None.
 130) Where can we use the Bayes rule?
1. To increase the complexity.
2. To decrease the complexity.
3. To solve queries
4. To answer the probabilistic query
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) To answer the probabilistic query
Explanation: Based on the given evidence, the Bayes rule can be utilized to answer the
probabilistic queries.

131) Which of the following is offered by the Bayesian network?

1. Partial description of the domain
2. A complete description of the domain
3. A complete description of the problem
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Complete description of the domain
Explanation: A Bayesian network refers to a probabilistic graphical model, which
epitomizes a set of variables and its corresponding dependencies thru a directed acyclic graph
(DAG).

132) _________ represents the fuzzy logic

1. IF-THEN rules
2. IF-THEN-ELSE rules
3. Both a & b
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) IF-THEN rules
Explanation: In fuzzy set theory, the fuzzy operators are defined on the fuzzy sets. When the
fuzzy operators are anonymous, the fuzzy logic utilizes the IF-THEN rules.
In general, rules are expressed as:
IF variable IS property THEN action

133) Uncertainty can be represented by _________

1. Entropy
2. Fuzzy logic
3. Probability
4. All of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Entropy is the amount of uncertainty involved in data, which is represented by
H(data).

134) Name the algorithms that acquire from complex environments to generalize,
approximate and simplify solution logic.
1. Ecorithms
2. Fuzzy set
3. Fuzzy Relational DB
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Fuzzy set
Explanation: Rather than being associated with exponential growth, local structures are
generally linked with linear growth in terms of complexity.
 135) Which of the following condition can directly influence a variable by all the others?
1. Fully connected
2. Local connected
3. Partially connected
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) Fully Connected
Explanation: None.

136) A perceptron can be defined as _________

1. A double layer auto-associative neural network
2. A neural network with feedback
3. An auto-associative neural network
4. A single layer feed-forward neural network with pre-processing
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) A single layer feed-forward neural network with pre-processing
Explanation: A perceptron is a single-layer neural network that consists of input values,
weights, bias, net sum followed by an activation function.

137) What is meant by an auto-associative neural network?

1. A neural network including feedback
2. A neural network containing no loops
3. A neural network having a single loop
4. A single layer feed-forward neural network containing feedback
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) A neural network including feedback
Explanation: Auto associative networks are yet another kind of feed-forward nets trained to
estimate the identity matrix in between network inputs and outputs by incorporating
backpropagation.

138) Which of the following is correct?

I. In contrast to conventional computers, neural networks have much higher computational
rates.
II. Neural networks learn by example.
III. Neural networks mimic the same way as that of the human brain
1. All of the above
2. (ii) and (iii) are true
3. (i), (ii) and (iii) are true
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) All of the above
Explanation: Neural networks can run multiple operations in parallel, which is why they
have higher computational rates than conventional computers. Neural nets mimic the working
of the human brain. The idea behind neural nets is not to be programmed but to learn by
examples.

139) Which of the following is correct for the neural network?

I. The training time is dependent on the size of the network
II. Neural networks can be simulated on the conventional computers
III. Artificial neurons are identical in operation to a biological one
1. All of the above
2. (ii) is true
3. (i) and (ii) are true
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) (i) and (ii) are true
Explanation: The training time depends on the network size; the more the number of
neurons, the more would be the possible states. Neural networks can be simulated on a
conventional computer, but neural networks' main advantage - parallel execution - is lost.
Artificial neurons are not identical in operation to biological ones.

140) What are the advantages of neural networks over conventional computers?
I. Neural networks learn from examples
II. They are more fault-tolerant
III. They are well suited for real-time operation due to their high computational rates
1. (i) and (ii) are correct
2. (i) and (iii) are correct
3. Only (i)
4. All of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Since neural networks learn by example, they are more fault-tolerant than
conventional computers because they always respond, and small changes in the input do not
hamper the output. Neural networks encompass parallel architecture, so it is pretty easy to
achieve high computational rates.
141) Backpropagation can be defined as _________
1. It is another name given to the curvy function in the perceptron.
2. It is the transmission of errors back through the network to adjust the inputs.
3. It is the transmission of error back through the network to allow weights to be adjusted so
that the network can learn.
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) It is the transmission of error back through the network to allow weights to be
adjusted so that the network can learn.
Explanation: Backpropagation is an efficient approach used to compute loss function's stress
with respect to the parameters of neural networks. In order to minimize the loss function,
backpropagation is mainly used to tune the weights of deep neural networks.

142) Which of the following is not the promise of an artificial neural network?
1. It can survive the failure of some nodes
2. It can handle noise
3. It can explain the result
4. It has inherent parallelism
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) It can explain the result
Explanation: The artificial neural networks fail to explain the results.

143) Having multiple perceptrons can solve the XOR problem satisfactorily because each
perceptron can partition off a linear part of the space itself, and they can then combine their
results.
1. True - This works always, and these multiple perceptrons learn to classify even complex
problems.
2. False - Perceptrons are mathematically incapable of solving linearly inseparable functions, no
matter what you do
3. True - Perceptron can do this but are unable to learn to do it - they have to be explicitly hand-
coded
4. False - Just having a single perceptron is enough
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) True - Perceptron can do this but are unable to learn to do it - they have to be
explicitly hand-coded
Explanation: None

144) Based on _________ membership function can be used to solve empirical problems.
1. Knowledge
2. Learning
3. Examples
4. Experience
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) Experience
Explanation: The membership function of a fuzzy set is a generalization of the indicator
function for classical sets.

145) A 3-input neuron is trained to output a 0 when the input is 110 and a 1 when the input is
111. After generalization, the output will be 0, when and only when the input is:
1. 000 or 110 or 011 or 101
2. 000 or 010 or 110 or 100
3. 100 or 111 or 101 or 001
4. 010 or 100 or 110 or 101
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) 000 or 010 or 110 or 100
Explanation: Before generalization, the truth table is as follows:

Here, $ represents the don't know cases, and the output is random.
After generalization, the truth table will be:

146) A 4-input neuron has weights 1, 2, 3, and 4. The transfer function is linear, with the
constant of proportionality being equal to 2. The inputs are 4, 10, 5, and 20, respectively. The
output will be:
1. 76
2. 238
3. 123
4. 119
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) 238
Explanation: In order to find out the output, we multiply the weights with their respective
inputs, add the results and then further multiply them with their transfer function.
Thus, output= 2*(1*4 + 2*10 + 3*5 + 4*20) = 238

147) A neuro software can be defined as:

1. A powerful and easy neural network
2. A software that is used to analyze neurons
3. Software utilized by a neurosurgeon
4. A software aimed to assist experts in the real world
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) A powerful and easy neural network
 Explanation: None.

148) What is the name of the network, which includes backward links from the output to the
inputs as well as the hidden layers?
1. Perceptron
2. Self-organizing maps
3. Multi-layered perceptron
4. Recurrent neural network
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) Recurrent Neural Network
Explanation: A recurrent neural network is yet another kind of artificial neural network,
where the output derived from the previous step is fed as an input to the current step.

149) Which of the following is true for unsupervised learning?

1. Some specific output values are disclosed
2. Some specific output values aren't disclosed
3. No relevant inputs value is specified
4. Both inputs as well outputs are specified
5. Neither inputs nor outputs are given
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Some specific output values aren't disclosed
Explanation:
In unsupervised learning, the model learns itself from the data without having a predicted
result. Either the data is not given with a target response variable (label), or none chooses to
label a response. In general, it is mainly treated as a pre-processing step for supervised
learning models.
Here, the goal is to determine the patterns, deep insights, understand variation, find unknown
subgroups (amongst the variables or observations), and so on in the data.

150) What is involved in inductive learning?

1. Inconsistent Hypothesis
2. Consistent Hypothesis
3. Estimated Hypothesis
4. Irregular Hypothesis
5. Regular Hypothesis
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Consistent Hypothesis
Explanation: Inductive learning is used to find a consistent hypothesis, which agrees with
the examples. The difficulty of the task relies on the chosen representation.

151) Which of the following statement is correct?

1. Not all formal languages are context-free
2. All formal languages are context-free
3. All formal languages are like natural language
4. Natural languages are context-oriented free
5. Natural language is normal
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) Not all formal languages are context-free
Explanation: Not all formal languages are context-free.

152) Which of the following is incorrect?

1. The union and intersection of two context-free languages are context-free.
2. The reverse of context-free language is context-free, but its complement does not need to be.
3. Every regular language is context-free as it can be easily explained by regular grammar.
4. The intersection of a context-free language and a regular language is always context-free.
5. The intersection of two context-free languages is context-free.
Answer Workspace
Answer: e) The intersection of two context-free languages is context-free.
Explanation: The union and concatenation of two context-free languages are always context-
free, but the intersection need not be context-free.

153) Automated vehicle is an application of _________

1. Unsupervised learning
2. Supervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning
4. Active learning
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Supervised learning
Explanation: In an automatic vehicle, a set of input visions and corresponding actions are
available for learners, so it can be concluded that it is an example of supervised learning.

154) _________ is not counted in different learning method.

1. Analogy
2. Memorization
3. Introduction
4. Deduction
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Introduction
Explanation: Analogy, memorization, and deduction are involved in different learning
methods.

155) Which of the following models are utilized for learning?

1. Neural networks
2. Decision trees
3. Propositional and FOL rules
4. All of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Neural networks, Decision trees, Propositional and FOL rules are altogether
utilized as a learning model.

156) Which of the following is the correct example of active learning?

1. Dust Cleaning Machine
2. News Recommender System
3. Automated Vehicle
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) News Recommender System
Explanation: Active learning is such a kind of learning, which involves the teachers. It
enables the learner to ask relevant examples related to perception-action pairs that will further
augment the performance.

157) Which of the following is termed exploratory learning?

1. Active learning
2. Supervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning
4. Unsupervised learning
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) Unsupervised learning
Explanation: Exploratory learning can be defined as a teaching and learning approach that
encourages the learner to study and scrutinize new material, regardless of being dependent on
any supervision.

158) _________ helps in modifying the performance element, assisting in making a better
decision.
1. Learning element
2. Performance element
3. Changing element
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) Learning element
Explanation: Learning elements assist in making a better decision by modifying the
performance element.

159) Which of the following is considered while determining the nature of the learning
problem?
1. Problem
2. Feedback
3. Environment
4. All of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Feedback
Explanation: The feedback is utilized to determine the nature of the learning problem faced
by the agent.

160) Which of the following is chosen among the multiple consistent hypotheses?
1. Ockham razor
2. Learning element
3. Razor
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) Ockham razor
Explanation: Ockham razor prefers the simplest hypothesis consistent with the data
intuitively.

161) Which of the following takes input as an object described by a set of attributes?
1. Graph
2. Decision graph
3. Tree
4. Decision tree
Answer Workspace
Answer: d) Decision tree
Explanation: The decision tree takes input as an object described by a set of attributes
followed by returning a decision.

162) A neural network can answer

1. For Loop questions
2. What-if questions
3. If-The-Else Analysis questions
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) What-if questions
Explanation: None

163) Feature of ANN in which ANN creates its own organization of representation of
information it receives during learning time is
1. Adaptive Learning
2. What-if analysis
3. Self-Organization
4. Supervised learning
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Self-Organization
Explanation: The term self-organization refers to how people unify their common behavior
to form global order by interacting among themselves instead of interacting through external
intervention and instruction.

164) In artificial neural network, interconnected processing elements are termed as

_________
1. Weights
2. Nodes or neurons
3. Axon
4. Soma
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Nodes or neurons
Explanation: A neural network comprises several simple, highly interconnected processing
elements that process data by its dynamic state response to external elements.

165) Each connection link in ANN is linked with ________ that contains statics about the
input signal.
1. Neurons
2. Activation function
3. Weights
4. Bias
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Weights
Explanation: Weights in artificial neural networks play an efficient role as they are
responsible for transmuting the input data within the network's hidden layers.

166) Artificial neurons are capable enough to model original neurons networks similarly as
they are found in the human brain
1. True
2. False
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) True
Explanation: None.

167) Name the input function received by neurons, which is also known as the neuron's
internal state.
1. Weight
2. Bias
3. Activation or neuron's activity level
4. None of the above
 Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Activation or neuron's activity level
Explanation: None.

168) What is the name of the process that represents modified elements of the DNA?
1. Selection
2. Mutation
3. Recombination
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Mutation
Explanation: Mutation can be defined as a change in the DNA that is responsible for
bringing about benefits, harm, or nothing.

169) Which of the following is the best representation of individual genes?

1. Coding
2. Conversion
3. Encoding
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Encoding
Explanation: Encoding is a process of transmuting phenotype space to genotype space.

170) What is the name of the operator that is functioned on the population?
1. Recombination
2. Reproduction
3. Mutation
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Reproduction
Explanation: A genetic algorithm initializes the population by utilizing random values
followed by running each individual from the population through the fitness function. Then
the fittest one gets selected among the population to reproduce by using the reproduction
function. The process of evaluation and reproduction is repeated until a desired number of
iterations have been passed.

171) Name the selection method that is found to be less noisy.

1. Boltzmann solution
2. Remainder solution
3. Stochastic remainder solution
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Stochastic Remainder Solution
Explanation: None.

172) In how many steps does a crossover operator proceed?

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) 3
 Explanation: In a genetic algorithm, the crossover can be entitled recombination, which is
nothing but a genetic operator that associates the genetic information of two parents to
produce a new offspring.

173) Which of the following best relate to reinforcement learning?

1. Error based learning
2. Backpropagation learning
3. Output-based learning
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Output based learning
Explanation: Reinforcement learning is another branch of machine learning that learns from
the output errors and improves them in the subsequent iterations.

174) ________ helps in converting a given bit pattern into another bit pattern by using logical
bit-wise operation.
1. Masking
2. Segregation
3. Conversion
4. Inversion
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) Masking
Explanation: None

175) The ________ causes all the bits in the first operand to shift to the left by the number of
positions indicated by the second operand.
1. Shift right
2. Shift left
3. Shift operator
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Shift left
Explanation: None

176) Which of the following is not a specified method used for selecting the parents?
1. Tournament Selection
2. Steady-state
3. Elitism
4. Boltzmann selection
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Steady-state
Explanation: None.

177) ________ deals with uncertainty problems with its own merits and demerits
1. Neuro-fuzzy
2. Neuro-genetic
3. Fuzzy-genetic
4. None
Answer Workspace
Answer: a) Neuro-fuzzy
Explanation: Neuro-fuzzy refers to the amalgamation of neural networks and fuzzy logic in
the field of artificial intelligence. It is nothing but a fuzzy system whose parameters learn
through the learning algorithms acquired from the neural networks.
 178) What does FAM stand for?
1. Fuzzy Association Memory
2. Fuzzy Associative Memory
3. Fuzzy Assist Memory
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Fuzzy Associative Memory
Explanation: Fuzzy associative memory is a kind of neural network that stores the
associations of patterns. It recalls the stored patterns from the noisy inputs.

179) Which of the following exhibits non-linear functions to any desired degree of accuracy?
1. Neuro-fuzzy
2. Neuro-genetic
3. Fuzzy-genetic
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: c) Fuzzy-genetic
Explanation: Fuzzy-genetic can be identified as a system built with the help of genetic
algorithms, assisting in imitating the process of natural evolution, which is necessary for
identifying its parameter and structures.

180) Matrix crossover is also known as _________

1. One dimensional
2. Two dimensional
3. Three dimensional
4. None of the above
Answer Workspace
Answer: b) Two dimensional