UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA, UITM SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS PROJECT

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND FINITE ELEMENT

COURSE :
METHOD

COURSE CODE : ECS555

SEMESTER : OCT 2020 – FEB 2021

TEAM MEMBERS:

1. NAME : NURDARINA AMIRA BINTI MOHD ISKANDAR

STUDENT NO. : 2019689636
2. NAME : NUR ADLINA BINTI AMRAN
STUDENT NO. : 2019695582
3. NAME : ADIB ZAFRI BIN AZAHARI
STUDENT NO. : 2019802196
4. NAME : AKMAL IZHAM BIN ASNOR
STUDENT NO. : 2019461774
:
GROUP : EC220 5C4
LECTURER : TS DR ADIZA JAMADIN

PROJECT CO2-PO5 MARKS

1 /20
TOTAL MARKS /20
PLAGIARISM AGREEMENT

1. NAME : NURDARINA AMIRA BINTI MOHD ISKANDAR

ID/PASSPORT NO. : 980114146072
2. NAME : NUR ADLINA BINTI AMRAN
ID/PASSPORT NO. : 980219145594
3. NAME : ADIB ZAFRI BIN AZAHARI
ID/PASSPORT NO. : 980411015431
4. NAME : AKMAL IZHAM BIN ASNOR
ID/PASSPORT NO. : 980630055169

• I agree to take steps to avoid plagiarism, including seeking information on the rules and
practices.
• related to plagiarism which apply to my work.
• I accept that unacknowledged use of the work of others and presenting that work as my
own represents cheating and, as such, can lead, in some circumstances, to me being
required to leave the University.
• I accept that the work that I submit for assessment under my name is my own work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................. 2

2.0 DESIGN PROPERTIES ....................................................................................................... 3

2.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 3
2.2 SOFTWARE PROCEDURE......................................................................................... 5
2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION……………………………………………………………….21
2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND VALIDATION….……………………………………….22
2.4.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS………………………………………………………...22
2.4.2 DESIGN VALIDATIONS…………………………………………………………….23
2.4.2.1 DISPLACEMENT…………………………………………………………23
2.4.2.2 REACTION FORCES…………………………………………………….23
2.4.2.3 INTERNAL FORCES……………………………………………………..23

3.0 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………………….24

4.0 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………..25

REFERENCE..…………………………………………………………………………………….26

APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………………27
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Finite element analysis (FEA) is a mathematical analysis that simulates the behaviour
of a part or a structure that are assembled in a given condition. Finite Element Method (FEM)
is used to identify the behaviour of the structure on the given condition. Engineers frequently
applies this method of analysis to further understand the behaviour of a structure or
mechanism in a real-world condition. The application of FEA is more preferable as it reduces
the need to produce a real scale prototype for analysis and it reduces the cost and time
consumption for analysing a structure. The enhancement of FEA in this modern era has
helped to solve various problems in different types of engineering disciplines such as civil
engineering and aerospace.

The process of analysing the finite element problems is usually conducted with the aid
of computer software. There is various software available in the market that are used to solve
the finite element problem. Due to the increase in the computational power, the FEA software
are able to model and analyse extremely complex component, structures and systems under
various situation and loading conditions. Abaqus/CAE is one of the engineering software that
is used to analyse finite element structure. Abaqus/CAE is used to construct a model including
with the load distribution and boundary conditions, evaluate, manage jobs and visualise the
results.

In this project, a new design of skybridge which consist of composite structure such as
beam and truss need to be proposed in order to remove the intermediate piers located at the
ground level beneath the skybridge. The engineers need to propose the truss system that are
able to sustain the loadings on the bridge. Several design checks is required for the structure
to ensure that the structure is adequate to sustain the loadings on the skybridge. Furthermore,
the engineer are also require proposing the sizing of beams and truss to be use as the material
for the structure. If any of the design fail to fit any of the checking, the engineer need to
redesign the structure and propose a new beam and truss sizing for the skybridge.

Several approaches of FEM such as flexibility and stiffness method can be use in order
to solve the internal forces and reactions that occurred to the structure. More complex
problems can further be solve with the use of computer software such as Abaqus. The use of
computer software helps to identify the stress and failure that may occur on the proposed
design of the composite structure such as buckling and deflection. The analysis of the
composite structure is crucial to ensure that the structure are able to sustain the imposed
loadings and to ensure the safety of users walking on the skybridge.

1
1.1 OBJECTIVES
1. To provide detailed structural drawing of the proposed composite truss-beam
structure which includes he gridlines, dimensions, sections size, steel grade,
etc.
2. To develop a finite element model (2D element) for analysis of the proposed
composite truss-beam structure.

2
 2.0 DESIGN PROPERTIES

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS SHEET
ALAM, NO:
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN
1
REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT
LOADING ANALYSIS

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�
Density of S275 Hot Rolled Steel = 7850 𝑚𝑚 3
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
7850 � 3 ×9.81𝑁𝑁
𝑚𝑚
= 1000

= 77.01 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 3

1. Truss Structure
Size of truss = 90 × 50 × 3 𝑚𝑚
Cross sectional area of truss = 7.94 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2
Point
 Point Load of truss at each nodal joint load on
truss =
77.01 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 3 × (7.94 × 10−4 )𝑚𝑚 2 × �8𝑚𝑚 + (3.2𝑚𝑚 × 6)� 0.238
= kN
7 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
= 0.238 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

2. Slab Structure
Thickness of slab = 0.125 𝑚𝑚
Superimposed load = 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 2

Self-weight of slab = 25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 3 × 0.125 𝑚𝑚

= 3.125 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�
Size of secondary beam = 178 × 102 × 19 𝑚𝑚
Cross sectional area of beam = 24.3 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2

Self-weight of secondary beam = 77.01 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 3 × (2.43 × 10−3 )𝑚𝑚 2 ×

5𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
12 𝑚𝑚

3
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS SHEET NO:

2
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

= 0.078 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 2

 Total loading on slab = 3.125 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 2 + 0.078 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 2 + 5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 2 Total load on
slab = 8.20
= 8.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 2
kN/m2

3. Beam Structure
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�
Size of main beam = 305 × 102 × 33 𝑚𝑚
Cross sectional area of beam = 41.8 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2

Self-weight of main beam = 77.01 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 3 × (4.18 × 10−3 )𝑚𝑚 2

= 0.3219 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚

 Total loading from slab = 8.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘� 2 × 4 𝑚𝑚 × 0.5

𝑚𝑚
= 16.41 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚

 Total loading on main beam = 16.41 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 + 0.3219 𝑘𝑘𝑁𝑁�𝑚𝑚 Total load on
beam = 16.73
= 16.73 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�𝑚𝑚 kN/m

4
2.2 SOFTWARE PROCEDURE

2.2.1 Module: Part

2.2.1.1 Create Part

 Name > Modelling Space “2D Planar” > Shape “Wire” > Set approximate size
> Ok! (Refer to Figure 8)

2.2.2 Module: Property

2.2.2.1 Create Material

 Insert Name > Mechanical Behaviour > Mechanical “Elastic” > Insert value of
Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio > Ok! (Refer to Figure 9 and Figure 10)

2.2.2.2 Create Profile

 Insert Name > Set Shape “Box” for Truss > Input Dimension > Ok! (Refer
Figure 11)

 Insert Name > Set Shape “I” for beam > Input Dimension > Ok! (Refer Figure
12)

2.2.2.3 Create Section

 Set Category “Beam” for beam > Type “Homogenous” > Ok! (Refer Figure 13)

 Set Category “Truss” for truss > Type “Homogenous” > Ok! (Refer Figure 14)

2.2.2.4 Assign Section

 Untick “Create Set” > Highlight Beam element > Assign Section “Beam” > Ok!
(Refer Figure 15)

 Untick “Create Set” > Highlight Truss element > Assign Section “Truss” > Ok!
(Refer Figure 16)

2.2.2.5 Assign Beam orientation

 Highlight Beam element > Enter at Assigned node orientation > Ok! (Refer
Figure 17)

2.2.3 Module: Assembly

2.2.3.1 Create Instance

 Select “Parts” > Apply > Ok! (Refer Figure 18)

2.2.4 Module: Step

5
 2.2.4.1 Create Step

 Select “Linear Static Analysis” > Set Procedure type to “Linear Perturbation” >
Select “Static Linear Perturbation” > Continue > Ok! (Refer Figure 19)

2.2.4.2 Create field output

 Select Linear Static Analysis > Continue > Select U2, SM, SF , S11, S > Ok!
(Refer Figure 20)

2.2.5 Module: Load

2.2.5.1 Create Load

 Select Linear Static Analysis > Category “Mechanical” > Select “Concentrated
Force” for Point Load > Select Point > Ok! > Insert load value at CF 2 > Ok!
(Refer Figure 21, Figure 22 and Figure 23)

 Select Linear Static Analysis > Category “Mechanical” > Select “Line Load” for
Uniformly Distributed Loading” > Select Span for Uniformly Distributed Loading
> Ok! > Insert UDL value at component 2 > Ok! (Figure 24, Figure 25 and Figure
26)

2.2.5.2 Create Boundary Condition

 Select Linear Static Analysis > Set Name “Pinned” > Set Category
“Mechanical” > Select “Displacement/Rotation” > Continue > Select Point >
Tick U1,U2 > Ok! (Refer Figure 27 and Figure 28)

 Select Linear Static Analysis > Set Name “Roller” > Set Category “Mechanical”
> Select “Displacement/Rotation” > Continue > Select Point > Tick U2 > Ok!
(Figure 29 and Figure 30)

2.2.6 Module: Mesh

 Set Object to “Part”

2.2.6.1 Assign Element Type

 Select Element > Set Family to “Beam” > Tick Cubic Formulation > Ok! (Refer
Figure 31)

 Select Element > Set Family to “Truss” > Ok! (Refer Figure 32)

2.2.6.2 Seed Edges

 Select Truss > Choose “By Number” > Set to “2” > Apply > Ok! (Refer Figure 33)
 Select Beam > Choose “By Size” > Apply > Ok! (Refer Figure 34)

2.2.6.3 Mesh Part Instance

 Select “Yes” (Refer Figure 35)

6
2.2.7 Module: Job

2.2.7.1 Create Job

 Model 1 > Job Type > Full Analysis > Ok! (Refer Figure 36)

 Open Manager > Click “Data Check” > Click “Submit” > Click “Results” for
Results (Refer Figure 37, Figure 38 and Figure 39)

7
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH
2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

3
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

STIFFNESS METHOD

1. Local Stiffness Matrix (k)

Elastic modulus of steel, E = 210000000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘� 2
𝑚𝑚
4
Moment of inertia main beam, Ib = 0.000065 𝑚𝑚
Area of truss, AT = 0.000794 𝑚𝑚 2

Beam Element;
k= 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 -12EI/L3 6EI/L2
6EI/L2 4EI/L -6EI/L2 2EI/L
-12EI/L 3
-6EI/L 2
12EI/L 3
-6EI/L2
6EI/L2 2EI/L -6EI/L2 4EI/L

Truss Element;
k = AE/L Cx2 CxCy -Cx2 -CxCy
CxCy Cy 2
-CxCy -Cy2
-Cx2 -CxCy Cx2 CxCy
-CxCy -Cy 2
CxCy Cy2
8
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

4
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

CX = cos θX = (XF-XN)/L , CY = cos θY = (YF-YN)/L

ELEMENT 1
L1 = 4m
13 12 7 8
k1 = 2559.375 5118.75 -2559.375 5118.75 13
13650 -5118.75 6825 12
2559.375 -5118.75 7
13650 8

ELEMENT 2
L2 = 4m
7 8 9 10
k2 = 2559.375 5118.75 -2559.375 5118.75 7
13650 -5118.75 6825 8
2559.375 -5118.75 9
13650 10

ELEMENT 3
L3 = 4m
9 10 14 11
k3 = 2559.375 5118.75 -2559.375 5118.75 9
13650 -5118.75 6825 10
2559.375 -5118.75 14
13650 11

ELEMENT 4
L4 = 3.2 m
Cx = 0.625 Cy = 0.781
k4 = 52106.25 0.610 -0.488 -0.610
0.391 0.488
0.610
13 1 2
= 31803.131 -25442.505 -31803.131 13
20354.004 25442.505 1
31803.131 2

9
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH
2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

5
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

ELEMENT 5
L5 = 3.2 m
Cx = 0.625 Cy = -0.781
k5 = 52106.25 0.391 -0.488 0.488
0.610 -0.610
0.610
1 2 7
= 20354.004 -25442.505 25442.505 1
31803.131 -31803.131 2
31803.131 7

ELEMENT 6
L6 = 3.2 m
Cx = 0.625 Cy = 0.781
k6 = 52106.25 0.610 -0.488 -0.610
0.391 0.488
0.610
7 3 4
= 31803.131 -25442.505 -31803.131 7
20354.004 25442.505 3
31803.131 4

ELEMENT 7
L7 = 3.2 m
Cx = 0.625 Cy = -0.781
k7 = 52106.25 0.391 -0.488 0.488
0.610 -0.610
0.610
3 4 9
= 20354.004 -25442.505 25442.505 3
31803.131 -31803.131 4
31803.131 9

10
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH
2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

6
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

ELEMENT 8
L8 = 3.2 m
Cx = 0.625 Cy = 0.781
k8 = 52106.25 0.610 -0.488 -0.610
0.391 0.488
0.610
9 5 6
= 31803.131 -25442.505 -31803.131 9
20354.004 25442.505 5
31803.131 6

ELEMENT 9
L9 = 3.2 m
Cx = 0.625 Cy = -0.781
k9 = 52106.25 0.391 -0.488 0.488
0.610 -0.610
0.610
5 6 14
= 20354.004 -25442.505 25442.505 5
31803.131 -31803.131 6
31803.131 14

ELEMENT 10
L10 = 4m
Cx = 1.000 Cy = 0.000
k10 = 41685.00 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 0.000
0.000
1 2 3 4
= 41685.000 0.000 -41685.000 0.000 1
0.000 0.000 0.000 2
41685.000 0.000 3
0.000 4

11
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH
2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

7
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

ELEMENT 11
L11 = 4m
Cx = 1.000 Cy = 0.000
k11 = 41685.00 1.000 0.000 -1.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
1.000 0.000
0.000
3 4 5 6
= 41685.000 0.000 -41685.000 0.000 3
0.000 0.000 0.000 4
41685.000 0.000 5
0.000 6

2. Intermediate Loading (Q0)

ELEMENT 1

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (16.73)(4)
𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌1 = 𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌2 = + 𝑃𝑃 = + 0.238
2 2
= 33.70 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2 (16.73)(4)2
𝑀𝑀1 = 𝑀𝑀2 = 12
= 12

= ± 22.31 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

ELEMENT 2

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (16.73)(4)
𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌2 = 𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌3 = 2
+ 𝑃𝑃 = + 0.238
2

= 33.70 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

12
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH
2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

8
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿2 (16.73)(4)2
𝑀𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑀3 = =
12 12
= ± 22.31 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

ELEMENT 3

𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 (16.73)(4)
𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌3 = 𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌4 = + 𝑃𝑃 = + 0.238
2 2
= 33.70 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2
𝑤𝑤𝐿𝐿 (16.73)(4)2
𝑀𝑀3 = 𝑀𝑀4 = =
12 12
= ± 22.31 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

The intermediate load matrix:

Q0 = 0 1
0 2
0 3
0 4
0 5
0 6
67.40 7
0 8
67.40 9
0 10
-22.31 11
22.31 12
33.7 13
33.7 14

13
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

9
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

3. Global Stiffness Matrix (K)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
82393 0 -41685 0 0 0 25443 0 0 0 0 0 -25443 0 1
0 63606 0 0 0 0 -31803 0 0 0 0 0 -31803 0 2
-41685 0 124078 0 -41685 0 -25443 0 25443 0 0 0 0 0 3
0 0 0 63606 0 0 -31803 0 -31803 0 0 0 0 0 4
0 0 -41685 0 82393 0 0 0 -25443 0 0 0 0 25443 5
K= 0 0 0 0 0 63606 0 0 -31803 0 0 0 0 -31803 6
25443 -31803 -25443 -31803 0 0 68725 0 -2559 5119 0 -5119 -2559 0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27300 -5119 6825 0 6825 5119 0 8
0 0 25443 -31803 -25443 -31803 -2559 -5119 68725 0 5119 0 0 -2559 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 5119 6825 0 27300 6825 0 0 -5119 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5119 6825 13650 0 0 -5119 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 -5119 6825 0 0 0 13650 5119 0 12
-25443 -31803 0 0 0 0 -2559 5119 0 0 0 5119 34363 0 13
0 0 0 0 25443 -31803 0 0 -2559 -5119 -5119 0 0 34363 14

14
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

10
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Q = KD + Q0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0 82393 0 -41685 0 0 0 25443 0 0 0 0 0 D1 0 1
-0.238 0 63606 0 0 0 0 -31803 0 0 0 0 0 D2 0 2
0 -41685 0 124078 0 -41685 0 -25443 0 25443 0 0 0 D3 0 3
-0.238 0 0 0 63606 0 0 -31803 0 -31803 0 0 0 D4 0 4
0 0 0 -41685 0 82393 0 0 0 -25443 0 0 0 D5 0 5
-0.238 = 0 0 0 0 0 63606 0 0 -31803 0 0 0 × D6 + 0 6
-
25443 -31803 -25443 0 0 68725 0 -2559 5119 0 -5119
0 31803 D7 67 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27300 -5119 6825 0 6825 D8 0 8
-
0 0 25443 -25443 -31803 -2559 -5119 68725 0 5119 0
0 31803 D9 67 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5119 6825 0 27300 6825 0 D10 0 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5119 6825 13650 0 D11 -22 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5119 6825 0 0 0 13650 D12 22 12

15
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

11
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2.13E- -1.026E- 5.59E- -1.86E- -2.31E- -1.67E- 3.27E- 4.62E- -6.54E-
-2.3E-06 -8.3E-06 -2.1E-05 0.000
D1 05 05 06 05 06 05 06 06 06 1
-1.03E- 3.392E- 1.93E- 3.012E- 8.34E- 1.19E- 3.64E- 2.95E- 2.384E- 1.217E-
-6.1E-06 -5.9E-06 -0.238
D2 05 05 06 05 06 05 05 06 05 05 2
5.59E- 1.927E- 1.34E- 5.59E- 3.85E- -9.63E- -3.85E- 1.93E- 1.927E-
0 -1.9E-06 -9.6E-07 0.000
D3 06 06 05 06 06 07 06 06 06 3
-1.86E- 3.012E- 2.62E- 7.596E- 1.86E- 3.01E- 6.02E- 9.04E- 6.023E- 1.807E-
-9E-06 -1.8E-05 -0.238
D4 05 05 21 05 05 05 05 06 05 05 4
-2.32E- 8.336E- 5.59E- 1.86E- 2.13E- 1.03E- 1.67E- 3.27E- 2.053E- 4.617E-
-2.3E-06 -6.5E-06 0.000
D5 06 06 06 05 05 05 05 06 05 06 5
-8.34E- 1.192E- -1.93E- 3.012E- 1.03E- 3.39E- 2.38E- 6.09E- 3.639E- 5.897E-
D6
=
06 05 06 05 05 05 05 06 05
-2.9E-06 -1.2E-05
06 × -0.238
6
-2.05E- 3.639E- 3.85E- 6.023E- 1.67E- 2.38E- 7.28E- 4.768E- 2.435E-
5.9E-06 -1.2E-05 -1.2E-05 -67.396
D7 05 05 06 05 05 05 05 05 05 7
-2.31E- 2.948E- -9.63E- 9.035E- 3.27E- 6.09E- 4.77E- 1.217E- 2.23E- -2.17E-
5.9E-06 -1.4E-05 0.000
D8 06 06 07 06 06 06 05 05 06 05 8
-1.67E- 2.384E- -3.85E- 6.023E- 2.05E- 3.64E- 4.77E- 1.22E- 7.279E- 1.179E-
-5.9E-06 -2.4E-05 -67.396
D9 05 05 06 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 9
3.27E- -6.087E- -9.63E- -9.04E- -1.36E- 4.77E- 2.232E-
-2.3E-06 -2.9E-06 -1.2E-05 -5.9E-06 -2.2E-05 0.000
D10 06 06 07 06 05 05 06 10
4.62E- -5.897E- 1.93E- -1.81E- 2.23E- -2.43E- 9.32E- -5.54E-
-6.5E-06 -1.2E-05 -1.2E-05 -2.2E-05 22.310
D11 06 06 06 05 06 05 05 06 11
-6.54E- 1.217E- 1.93E- 1.807E- 4.62E- 2.43E- -2.17E- 1.179E- 2.23E- 9.322E-
5.9E-06 -5.5E-06 -22.310
D12 06 05 06 05 06 05 05 05 06 05 12

16
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

12
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

D1 0.00276494 M
D2 -0.004480733 M
D3 -3.59142E-19 M
D4 -0.008957725 M
D5 -0.00276494 M
D6 = -0.004480733 M
D7 -0.008953983 M
D8 -0.000689325 rad

D9 -0.008953983 M

D10 0.000689325 rad

D11 0.004647514 rad
D12 -0.004647514 rad

17
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

13
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Reaction Forces

0.00276
-0.00448
0.00000
-0.00896
-0.00276
Q13 = -25442.50 -31803.13 0 0 0 0 -2559.38 5118.75 0 0 0 5118.75 × -0.00448 + 33.7
-0.00895
-0.00069
-0.00895
0.00069
0.00465
-0.00465

Q13 = 67.753 + 33.7 = 101.453 kN

18
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH 2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

14
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

0.002765
-0.00448
-3.6E-19
-0.00896
-0.00276
Q14 = 0 0 0 0 25442.505 -31803.13 0 0 -2559.38 -5118.75 -5118.75 0 × -0.00448 + 33.7
-0.00895
-0.00069
-0.00895
0.000689
0.004648
-0.00465

Q14 = 67.753 + 33.7 = 101.453 kN

19
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UITM) SHAH
2.3 STIFFNESS CALCULATION SHEET NO:

15
ALAM,
40450 SHAH ALAM,
SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

REF. CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

Internal Forces

DNx
qF = AE/L × -Cx -Cy Cx Cy × DNy
Dfx
Dfy

13 1 2 0 13
FAC = 52106 × -0.781 0.625 0.78 × 0.0028 1
-0.004 2

FAC = 52106 × -0.0017714 = -92.299 kN

1 2 7 0.0028 1
FCD = 52106 × -0.625 0.781 -0.781 × -0.004 2
-0.009 7

FCD = 52106 × 0.001766 = 91.9946 kN

7 3 4 -0.009 7
FDE = 52106 × -1 0.625 1 × -4E-19 3
-0.009 4

FDE = 52106 × -2.92E-06 = -0.1523 kN

1 2 3 4 0.002765 1
FCE = 41685 × -1 0 1 0 × -0.00448 2
-3.6E-19 3
-0.00896 4

FCE = 41685 × -0.00276 = -115.26 kN

20
 2.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND VALIDATIONS

2.4.1 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

EQUATION CALCULATION

MAXIMUM BENDING RESISTANCE OF BEAM

𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (275)(481 × 103 )
Mmax Maximum bending resistance
= 132.275𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
fy Yield strength
𝑀𝑀 = 16.93 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 132.275 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Wpl,major Plastic modulus of section in major axis
𝑀𝑀 = 25.48 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 132.275 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 Pass!

MAXIMUM SHEAR RESISTANCE OF BEAM 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦

𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = � � 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 √3
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = � � 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣
√3 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 𝐴𝐴 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 + (𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤 + 2𝑟𝑟)𝑡𝑡𝑓𝑓 > 𝜂𝜂ℎ𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡𝑤𝑤
Vmax Maximum shear resistance 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 2203.6 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 > 1921.26𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2
fy Yield strength 275
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = � � (2203.6) = 349.87𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Av Shear area √3
𝑉𝑉 = 57.44 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 349.87 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑉𝑉 = 114.8 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 349.87 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 Pass!

MAXIMUM AXIAL TENSILE RESISTANCE OF TRUSS 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (275)(790)
Ft,max Maximum tensile resistance 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 217.250 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
fy Yield strength 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 = 91.65 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 217.250 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
A Cross-section area  Pass!

21
 EQUATION CALCULATION

𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
MAXIMUM BUCKLING RESISTANCE OF TRUSS 𝐿𝐿2
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝜋𝜋 2 (210000)(6.5 × 107 )
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝐿𝐿2 32002
Fb,max Maximum buckling resistance 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 13156.26 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

E Young’s modulus 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 91.95 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 13156.26 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

I Second moment of area / Moment of inertia

L Length of truss member 𝜋𝜋 2 (210000)(6.5 × 107 )
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
40002
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 8420 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏 = 114.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 < 𝐹𝐹𝑏𝑏,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 8420 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
 Pass!

𝐿𝐿
DEFLECTION LIMIT OF BEAM 𝛿𝛿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =
360
𝐿𝐿 12 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝛿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝛿𝛿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =
360 360
δlim Deflection limit
𝛿𝛿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚 = 0.0333 𝑚𝑚
L Length of beam
𝛿𝛿 = 0.0116 𝑚𝑚 < 𝛿𝛿𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 0.0333 𝑚𝑚
 Pass!

22
2.4.2 DESIGN VALIDATIONS

2.4.2.1 DISPLACEMENT
COMPARISON VALUE MANUAL AND SOFTWARE
NODE SOFTWARE ERROR
MANUAL REMARKS
(ABAQUS) (<10%)
D1 0.00276494 m 0.00328 m 8.53 PASS
D2 -0.004480733 m -0.004886 m 8.29 PASS
D3 -3.59142E-19~0 m 0.000529 m 0.00 PASS
D4 -0.008957725 m -0.009767 m 8.29 PASS
D5 -0.00276494 m -0.00222 m 9.90 PASS
D6 -0.004480733 m -0.004886 m 8.29 PASS
D7 -0.008953983 m -0.009552 m 6.26 PASS
D8 -0.000689325 rad -0.000768 rad 8.85 PASS
D9 -0.008953983 m -0.009552 m 6.26 PASS
D10 0.000689325 rad 0.000768 rad 8.85 PASS
D11 0.004647514 rad 0.00486 rad 4.37 PASS
D12 -0.004647514 rad -0.00486 rad 4.37 PASS

2.4.2.2 REACTION FORCES

COMPARISON VALUE MANUAL AND SOFTWARE
SUPPORT MANUAL SOFTWARE ERROR
REMARKS
(kN) (ABAQUS) (kN) (<10%)
Q13 101.453 101.213 0.24 PASS
Q14 101.453 101.213 0.24 PASS

2.4.2.3 INTERNAL FORCES

COMPARISON VALUE MANUAL AND SOFTWARE
INTERNAL LENGTH SOFTWARE
ERROR
FORCES (m) MANUAL (kN) (ABAQUS) REMARKS
(<10%)
(kN)
FAC FGB 3.2 -92.29918653 -91.95 0.38 PASS
FCD FFG 3.2 91.99464402 91.65 0.38 PASS
FCE FEG 4.0 -115.2565439 -114.7 0.49 PASS
FDE FEF 3.2 -0.152271258 -0.1524 0.084 PASS

23
3.0 DISCUSSION

Based on this project, a composite structure of beam and truss have been designed
according to the given specifications. The detailed structural drawing of the proposed
composite truss-beam structure is also have been developed. The drawing includes the
dimensions, gridlines, steel grade and sections size which is 90x50x3 m for truss element.

A finite element model based on the proposed composite structure has been
developed using Abaqus/CAE to analyze the structure. The Abaqus/CAE has produced a
complete analysis of the composite structure such as internal forces in the truss member,
reaction forces at the support, shear forces in the beam, moments in the structure and
displacement of the structure. A manual calculation using element stiffness method has also
been done in order to obtain the value of internal forces in truss member, displacement of the
structure and support reactions.

According to the analysis from Abaqus/CAE and manual calculation, the value of
internal forces in truss member are mostly the same with an ignorable percentage of error
which the highest value obtained is 0.49%. Besides that, the values of displacement of the
composite structure from manual calculation are also being compared with the value obtained
from Abaqus/CAE. The percentage of error for displacement of the composite structure range
between 0% to 9.9%. Lastly, the support reaction’s values from manual calculation are also
not too far off from the values attained from Abaqus/CAE with the percentage of error of 0.24%.

The acceptable percentage difference between the analysis output and the manual
calculation is below 10%. The percentage difference that is higher than 10% will result in
inaccurate of calculation and analysis of the proposed composite structure. Thus, the manual
calculations for the proposed structure are considered reliable as all of the percentage of error
are lower than 10%.

The proposed design of the composite structure has undergone several checking to
ensure the structure pass all the design requirements such as bending resistance, shear
resistance, axial tensile resistance, buckling resistance and deflection. Based on the checking,
the proposed composite structure has passed all the checking requirements thus there is no
need to redesign the structure and the sizing of the beam.

24
4.0 CONCLUSION

To sum up, the detailed structural drawing of the proposed composite beam-truss
structure are able to be designed and the finite element model for analysis of the proposed
composite truss-beam structure were able to be developed. The reactions and the internal
forces of the beam-truss structure were able to be obtained by using mathematical method
such as Finite element method and stiffness method. The value obtained was then compared
with the results produced from the Abaqus software. All the values achieved has been proven
with the percentage values of error below than 10%. This indicates the accuracy of the manual
calculation compare with the computerized analysis. Furthermore, the sizing of beams and
truss members of the proposed structure has also passed all of the design requirement
checking. This has proved the adequacy of the design proposed structure to be applied in the
construction of the skybridge.

As a recommendation, to improve the analysis of a structure, it is more recommended

to analyse the structure in 3D element. This is because, analysing a structure in 3D is more
realistic to the real world scenario. Furthermore, more loadings can be considered at the
structure for analysis such as wind loads or other unexpected loadings to ensure that the
constructed structure can sustain unexpected circumstances that may occur in real life.

25
REFERENCES

1. Szabó, B., & Babuška, I. (1991). Finite element analysis. John Wiley & Sons.

2. Abaqus, G. (2011). Abaqus 6.11. Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp Providence, RI, USA.

3. Huebner, K. H., Dewhirst, D. L., Smith, D. E., & Byrom, T. G. (2001). The finite element

method for engineers. John Wiley & Sons.

4. Ajay Harish. (2016, October 24). Finite Element Method – What Is It? FEM and FEA

Explained. SimScale; SimScale. https://www.simscale.com/blog/2016/10/what-is-finite-

element-method/

5. Long, Y. Q., Cen, S., & Long, Z. F. (2009). Advanced finite element method in structural

engineering. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.

26
APPENDIX

OUTPUT FROM ABAQUS SOFTWARE

Figure 1: Internal Forces Figure 2: Reaction Forces

Figure 3: Shear Forces in Beam Figure 4: Moments in Beam

Figure 5: Displacement in X-direction Figure 6: Displacement in Y-direction

27
Figure 7: Deflection of Beams Figure 8

Figure 9 Figure 10

Figure 11 Figure 12

Figure 13 Figure 14

28
Figure 15 Figure 16

Figure 17 Figure 18

Figure 19 Figure 20

Figure 21 Figure 22

29
Figure 23 Figure 24

Figure 25 Figure 26

Figure 27 Figure 28

Figure 29 Figure 30

30
Figure 31
Figure 32

Figure 33
Figure 34

Figure 35
Figure 36

Figure 37
Figure 38

31
Figure 39

32
APPENDIX 1

33
APPENDIX 2

34
APPENDIX 3

35
36
37
38
39