University of the Philippines

College of Nursing

F. OVERVIEW OF THE PROFESSIONAL NURSING

PRACTICE
1. Level of Proficiency according to Benner

Benner' s Stages of Nursing Expertise

STAGE I, a. No experience (e.g., nursing student).

NOVICE b. Performance is limited, inflexible, and governed by
context-free rules and regulations rather than
experience.

a. Demonstrates marginally acceptable performance.

STAGE II,
b. Recognizes the meaningful "aspects" of a real situation.
ADVANCED
c. Has experienced enough real situations to make
BEGINNER
judgments about them.

a. Has 2 or 3 years of experience.

b. Demonstrates organizational and planning abilities.
STAGE III,
c. Differentiates important factors from less important
COMPETENT
aspects of care.
d. Coordinates multiple complex care demands.

a. Has 3 to 5 years of experience.

b. Perceives situations as wholes rather than in terms of
STAGE IV, parts, as in Stage II.
PROFICIENT c. Uses maxims as guides for what to consider in a
situation.
d. Has holistic understanding of the client, which improves
decision making. Focuses on long-term goals.

a. Performance is fluid, flexible, and highly proficient; no

STAGE V, longer requires rules, guidelines, or maxims to connect
EXPERT an understanding of the situation to appropriate action.
b. Demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability
in new situations.
c. Is inclined to take a certain action because "it felt right."

Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN

2. Roles and Responsibilities of a Professional nurse

o Caregiver
 Encompasses activities that assist the client physically and
psychologically while preserving the dignity of the client
 Nurse is primarily concerned with the client’s needs
o Communicator
 Communicates the identified problem of the client to other health
care team
o Teacher
 Nurse teaches client about their health and procedures they need
to perform to restore their health
o Client advocate
 Acts to protect the client
 Nurse assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak
for themselves
o Counselor
 Nurse provides emotional, intellectual and psychological support
o Change agent
 Nurse assist clients to make modification in their behavior
o Leader
 Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal
o Manager
 Nurse plans, give directions, develops staff, monitors operation,
gives rewards fairly and represents both staff members and
administration as needed.
o Case manager
 Works with multidisciplinary health care team to measure the
effectiveness of the case management plan and monitor outcomes
o Researcher
 Nurse participates in scientific investigation and uses research
findings to improve client care
o Collaborator
 Nurse works in combined effort with all those involved in care
delivery

3. Scope of Nursing Practice

 Promoting health and wellness

o Is a process that engages in activities and behaviors that enhances
quality of life and maximizes personal potential
o Activities that enhances healthy lifestyle:
o Improving nutrition and physical fitness
o Preventing drug and alcohol misuse
o Restricting smoking
o Preventing accidents and injury at home and workplace

Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN

 Preventing illness
o Goal of illness prevention program is to maintain optimal health by
preventing disease which includes:
o Immunizations
o Prenatal and infant care
o Prevention of STI

 Restoring health
o Focuses on the ill client and its extends from early detection of disease
through helping the client during the recovery period
o Activities include:
o Providing direct care to the ill client
o Performing diagnostic and assessment procedures
o Consulting with other health care professionals about the client’s
problem
o Teaching clients about recovery activities
o Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level
o
 Caring for the dying
o Comforting and caring for people of all ages who are dying which
includes:
o Helping clients live as comfortable as possible until death
o Helping support persons to cope with death

4. Standards of Nursing Practice

 Assessment
o Collects comprehensive data pertinent to the patient’s health or
situation
 Diagnosis
o Analyzes the assessment data to determine the diagnoses or issues
 Outcome identification
o Identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the
patient or the situation
 Planning
o Develops a plan that prescribe strategies and alternatives to attain
expected outcomes
 Implementation
o Implements the identified plan
 Evaluation
o Evaluates progress towards attainment of outcomes
 Quality Of Practice
o Systematically enhances the quality and effectiveness of nursing
practice
 Education
o Attains knowledge and competency that reflects current nursing
practice
 Professional Practice Evaluation
Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN
 o Evaluates one’s own practice in relation to professional practice
standards and guidelines, relevant statutes, rules and regulations
 Collegiality
o Interacts with and contributes to the professional development of
peers and colleagues
 Collaboration
o Collaborates with patient, family and others in the conduct of nursing
practice
 Ethics
o Integrates ethical provisions in all areas of practice
 Research
o Integrates research findings into practice
 Resource utilization
o Considers factors related to safety, effectiveness, cost and impact on
practice on the planning and delivery of nursing services
 Leadership
o Provides leadership in the professional practice setting and the
profession

5. Selected Expanded Career Roles for Nurses

 Nurse Practitioner
o Nurse who has an advanced education & graduate of a nurse
practitioner program
o Employed in health care agencies or community-based settings
o Deals with non-emergency acute or chronic illness & provide primary
ambulatory care
 Clinical Nurse Specialist
o Who has an advanced degree or expertise and is considered to be an
expert in a specialized area of practice (gerontology, oncology)
o Provides direct client care, educates others, consults, conducts
research, and manages care
 Nurse Anesthetist
o Who has completed advanced education in an accredited program in
anesthesiology
o Carries out pre-op and post-op visits & assessments
o Administers general anesthesia for surgery under the supervision of a
physician prepared in anesthesiology and also assesses the
postoperative status of clients.
 Nurse Midwife
o ¬RN who has completed a program in midwifery and gives prenatal &
postnatal care and manages deliveries in normal pregnancies
o may also conduct Pap smears, family planning & routine breast exams
 Nurse Researcher
o Investigates nursing problems to improve nursing care & to refine and
expand nursing knowledge
o Employed in academic institutions, teaching hospitals & research
centers and usually have advanced education at the doctoral level
 Nurse Administrator
o Manages client care, including the delivery of nursing services
Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN
 o Functions:
 Budgeting
 Staffing and
 Planning programs
o Nurse Educator
 Responsible for classroom and clinical teaching
o Nurse Entrepreneur
 Manages a health-related

RA 9173 NURSING LAW.PDF

 known as the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002.”
 28. Scope of Nursing. — A person shall be deemed to be practicing
nursing within the meaning of this Act when he/she singly or in
collaboration with another, initiates and performs nursing services to
individuals, families and communities in any health care setting. It
includes, but not limited to,
o nursing care during conception, labor, delivery, infancy,
childhood, toddler, pre-school, school age, adolescence,
adulthood and old age.
o As independent practitioners, nurses are primarily responsible
for the promotion of health and prevention of illness.
o As members of the health team, nurses shall collaborate with
other health care providers for the curative, preventive, and
rehabilitative aspects of care, restoration of health, alleviation
of suffering, and when recovery is not possible, towards a
peaceful death.
o It shall be the duty of the nurse to:
 (a) Provide nursing care through the utilization of the
nursing process. Nursing care includes, but not limited to,
traditional and innovative approaches, therapeutic use of self,
executing health care techniques and procedures, essential primary
health care, comfort measures, health teachings, and
administration of written prescription for treatment, therapies, oral,
topical and parenteral medications, internal examination during
labor in the absence of antenatal bleeding and delivery. In case of
suturing of perineal laceration, special training shall be provided
according to protocol established;
 (b) Establish linkages with community resources and
coordination with the health team;
 (c) Provide health education to individuals, families and
communities;
 (d) Teach, guide and supervise students in nursing
education programs including the administration of nursing
services in varied settings such as hospitals and clinics; undertake
consultation services; engage in such activities that require the
utilization of knowledge and decision-making skills of a registered
nurse; and
 (e) Undertake nursing and health human resource
development training and research, which shall include, but
not limited to, the development of advance nursing practice
Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN
 Overview of the Code of Ethics for Nurses/Filipino Bill of
Rights/Legal Aspects
 International Council of Nurses Code of Ethics
 Preamble
 Nurses have four fundamental responsibilities: to promote health, to
prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering. The need for
nursing is universal.
 Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights,
the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect.
Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age,
color, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation,
nationality, politics, race or social status.
 Nurses render health services to the individual, the family and the
community and coordinate their services with those of related groups.
 THE ICN CODE
 The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses has four principal elements that
outline the standards of ethical conduct.
o Elements of the Code
o Nurses and People
 The nurse's primary professional responsibility is to people
requiring nursing care.
 In providing care, the nurse promotes an environment in which the
human rights, values, customs and spiritual beliefs of the individual,
family and community are respected.
 The nurse ensures that the individual receives sufficient information
on which to base consent for care and related treatment.
 The nurse holds in confidence personal information and uses
judgement in sharing this information.
 The nurse shares with society the responsibility for initiating and
supporting action to meet the health and social needs of the public,
in particular those of vulnerable populations.
 The nurse also shares responsibility to sustain and protect the
natural environment from depletion, pollution, degradation and
destruction.
 Nurses and Practice
 The nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for
nursing practice, and for maintaining competence by continual
learning.
 The nurse maintains a standard of personal health such that the
ability to provide care is not compromised.
 The nurse uses judgement regarding individual competence when
accepting and delegating responsibility.
 The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal conduct
which reflect well on the profession and enhance public confidence.

Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN

  The nurse, in providing care, ensures that use of technology and
scientific advances are compatible with the safety, dignity and
rights of people.

o Nurses and the Profession

 The nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing
acceptable standards of clinical nursing practice, management,
research and education.
 The nurse is active in developing a core of research-based
professional knowledge.
 The nurse, acting through the professional organization,
participates in creating and maintaining safe, equitable social and
economic working conditions in nursing.
o Nurses and Co-workers
 The nurse sustains a co-operative relationship with co-workers in
nursing and other fields.
 The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals,
families and communities when their health is endangered by a
coworker or any other person.
o Note: From The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses, International Council of
Nurses, 2006, Geneva: Imprimeries Populaires. Reprinted with
permission.

ICN CODE OF ETHICS.pdf

 American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses

(Approved July 2001)

1. The nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and

respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every
individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status,
personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.
o 1 Respect for human dignity
o 2 Relationships to patients
o 3 The nature of health problems
o 4 The right to self-determination
o 5 Relationships with colleagues and others

 The nurse's primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual,

family, group, or community.
o 1 Primacy of patient's interests
o 2 Conflict of interest for nurses
o 3 Collaboration
o 4 Professional boundaries
 The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health,
safety, and rights of the patient.
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 o 1 Privacy
o 2 Confidentiality
o 3 Protection of participants in research
o 4 Standards and review mechanisms
o 5 Acting on questionable practice
o 6 Addressing impaired practice
 The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice
and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the
nurse's obligation to provide optimum patient care.
o 1 Acceptance of accountability and responsibility
o 2 Accountability for nursing judgment and action
o 3 Responsibility for nursing judgment and action
o 4 Delegation of- nursing activities
 The nurse owes the same duties to self as to others, including the
 responsibility to preserve integrity and safely, to maintain competence,
and to continue personal and professional growth.
o 1 Moral self-respect
o 2 Professional growth and maintenance of competence
o 3 Wholeness of character
o 4 Preservation of integrity
 The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving
 healthcare environments and conditions of employment conducive to the
provision of quality healthcare and consistent with the values of the
profession through individual and collective action.
o 1 Influence of the environment on moral virtues and values
o 2 Influence of the environment on ethical obligations
o 3 Responsibility for the healthcare environment
 The nurse participates in the advancement of the profession through
contributions to practice, education, administration, and knowledge
development.
o 1 Advancing the profession through active involvement in nursing and
healthcare policy
o 2 Advancing the profession by developing, maintaining, and
implementing professional standards in clinical, administrative,
o and educational practice
o 3 Advancing the profession through knowledge development,
dissemination, and application to practice
 The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public in
promoting community, national, and international efforts to meet health
needs.
o 1 Health needs and concerns
o 2 Responsibilities to the public
 The profession of nursing, as represented by associations and their
members, is responsible for articulating nursing values, for maintaining
the integrity of the profession and its practice, and for shaping social
policy.
o 1 Assertion of values
o 2 The profession carries out its collective responsibility through
o professional associations
o 3 Intraprofessional integrity
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 o 4 Social reform
o Note: Reprinted with permission from American Nurses Association,
Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, © 2001
Nursesbooks.org, Silver Spring, MD 20910

AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION CODE OF ETHICS.pdf

1. CODE OF ETHICS FOR FILIPINO NURSES (BON Resolution No. 220

s. 2004)

 CODE OF ETHICS FOR FILIPINO pdf

 FILIPINO PATIENTS’ BILL OF RIGHTS

FILIPINO PATIENT'S BILL OF RIGHTS.pdf

 LEGAL ASPECTS

RA 9173 NURSING LAW.PDF

 Professional/legal and moral accountability / responsibility

o Accountability
 is an essential concept of professional nursing practice and the law.
Knowledge of laws that regulate and affect nursing practice is
needed for two reasons:
 To ensure that the nurse's decisions and actions are consistent with
current legal principles.
 To protect the nurse from liability.
o General Legal concepts
 Law can be defined as "the sum total of rules and regulations by
which a society is governed. As such, law is created by people and
exists to regulate all persons" (Guido, 2006, p. 16).
 Functions of the Law in Nursing
 The law serves a number of functions in nursing:
 It provides a framework for establishing which nursing actions in
the care of clients are legal, is It differentiates the nurse's
responsibilities from those of other health professionals.
 It helps establish the boundaries of independent nursing action.
 It assists in maintaining a standard of nursing practice by
making nurses accountable under the law.
 Sources of Law
 The legal system in the United States has its origin in the
English common law system.
 the primary sources of law

Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN

  (i.e., how laws are created):
 constitutions, statutes, administrative agencies, and
decisions of courts (common law).

Constitutional Law

 is the supreme law of the country. It establishes the

general organization of the federal government, grants
certain powers to the government, and places limits on
what federal and state governments may do.
 The constitution creates legal rights and responsibilities
and is the foundation for a system of justice. For example,
the constitution ensures each citizen the right to due
process of law.
 Legislation (Statutory Law)
 Laws enacted by any legislative body are called statutory
laws.
 Administrative Law
 When a state legislature passes a statute, an
administrative agency is given the authority to create
rules and regulations to enforce the statutory laws. For
example, state boards of nursing write rales and
regulations to implement and enforce a nurse practice act,
which was created through statutory law (Guido, 2006).
 Common Law
 Laws evolving from court decisions are referred. In
addition to interpreting and applying constitutional or
statutory law, courts also are asked to resolve disputes
between two parties.
 Common law is continually being adapted and expanded.
In deciding specific controversies, courts generally adhere
to the doctrine of stare decisis— "to stand by things
decided"—usually referred to as "following precedent." In
other words, to arrive at a ruling in a particular case, the
court applies the same rules and principles applied in
previous, similar cases.

Types of Law

 Public law
 refers to the body of law that deals with relationships
between individuals and the government and governmental
agencies. An important segment of public law is criminal law,
which deals with actions against the safety and welfare of the
public.
 Examples are homicide, manslaughter, and theft. Crimes can
be classified as either felonies or misdemeanors,
 Private law, or civil law,
 is the body of law that deals with relationships among private
individuals.
Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN
  It can be categorized into a variety of legal specialties such
as contract law and tort law.

Contract law

 involves the enforcement of agreements among private

individuals or the payment of compensation for failure to
fulfill the agreements.

Tort law

 defines and enforces duties and rights among private

individuals that are not based on contractual
agreements. Some examples of tort laws applicable to
nurses are negligence and malpractice, invasion of
privacy, and assault and battery

CATEGORY EXAMPLES

Due process
Constitutional
Equal protection

Nurse practice acts

Good Samaritan acts
Statutory (legislative)
Child and adult abuse laws
Living wills Sexual harassment
laws

Homicide,
manslaughter
Theft
Arson
Criminal (public)
Active euthanasia
Sexual assault
Illegal possession of controlled
drugs

Contracts(private/ Nurse and client

civil)
Nurse and employer

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 Nurse and insurance
Client and agency

Negligence/ malpractice
Libel and slander
Invasion of privacy
Torts (private/civil)
Assault and battery
False imprisonment
Abandonment

kinds of legal actions

 Civil actions
o deal with the relationships among individuals in society;
o for example, a man may file a suit against a person who he believes
cheated him.
 Criminal actions
o deal with disputes between an individual and the society as a whole;
o for example, if a man shoots a person, society brings him to trial.
 Litigation
o The action of a lawsuit
 Litigators
o lawyers who participate in lawsuits

 Judicial Process
 primarily functions to settle disputes peacefully and in accordance with
the law. A lawsuit has strict procedural rules. There are generally five
steps:
 A document, called a complaint, is filed by a person referred to as
the plaintiff, who claims that his or her legal rights have been infringed
on by one or more other persons or entities, referred to as defendants.
 A written response, called an answer, is made by the defendants.
 Both parties engage in pretrial activities, referred to as discovery, in an
effort to obtain all the facts of the situation.
 In the trial of the case, all the relevant facts are presented to a jury or
only to a judge.
 The judge renders a decision, or the jury renders a verdict. If the
outcome is not acceptable to one of the parties, an appeal can be made
for another trial.
 During a trial, a plaintiff must offer evidence of the defendant's
wrongdoing. This duty of proving an assertion of wrongdoing is called
the burden of proof.
 An expert witness
Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN
 has special training, experience, or skill in a relevant area and is allowed
by the court to offer an opinion on some issue within his or her area of
expertise.
 The nurse's credentials and expertise help a judge or jury understand the
appropriate standard of care.
 The nurse expert, thus, has the ability to analyze the facts or evidence
and draw inferences (e.g., was the standard of care met).

 DIFFERENT FIELDS IN NURSING

o Institutional Nursing (hospital staff nursing)
 Nursing in hospital and related health facilities such as extended
care facilities, nursing homes, and neighborhood clinics, comprises
all of the basic components of comprehensive patient care and
family health. The concept of the modern hospital as a community
health center where in-patient and out-patient care are continuous
describes the goal of medical care in most general hospitals.

o Community Health Nursing ( School nursing /industrial
nursing/public health nursing )
 The National Health Program of the Philippines gives as much
emphasis on the promotion of health and prevention of diseases
rather than care of the sick. It needs a deeper involvement and
close cooperation with all members of the health team such as
physicians, nurses, epidemiologists, dentists, sanitary inspector,
sanitary engineers, nutritionist, health educators, social workers,
the community, and the barangay leaders.
o Independent nursing practice
 As the term implies, “independent” means the nurse is self-
employed and provides professional nursing services to the
client/patients and their families. While some independent nursing
practitioners set up their clinics near the hospital, most of them are
community-based. These nurses reach out and offer their services
rather than expect client to seek their help. They perform both
independent and collaborative roles. Health care assessment,
formulating plants for health maintenance, prevention strategies of
supportive activities in critical and complex health problems are all
within the scope of nursing practice. They make referrals and
collaborate with physicians and the other disciplines as needed by
the client or family.
 Independent nurse practitioners are accountable for their decisions.
o Nursing in Education
 Carrier opportunities in nursing education are better today than
ever before. There is a chronic teacher shortage in all nursing
education programs.
 Nursing education is an interesting, important, and challenging field
and the opportunities for well- prepared nursing educator
o Nursing in other fields
 Military nursing
 Function of the Nurse Corps, AFP

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  The AFP Nurse Corps provides comprehensive and quality
nursing care to military personnel, their dependents and
authorized relatives. The function of the AFP Nurse Corps
may be grouped into three (3) broad areas:
 To meet the nursing needs of today’s patients in AFP
medical facilities;
 To prepare each Nurse Corps officer (regular and reserve)
for future assignments at a higher level of responsibility in
the different station and general hospital in times of peace
and war;
 To teach and train enlisted personnel who perform nursing
functions under supervision. Special emphasis is on
enlisted members who function in settings where there
are no nurses.

 Flight Nursing in the Philippines
 One field of nursing that is considered peculiar only to the
military and to the Air Force is flight nursing or aero-space
nursing. A flight nurse is responsible for patients, military
or otherwise, who have been evaluated from battle areas
to the nearest installation for treatment.
 Air evacuation relieves congested areas, giving way to
forward moving vehicles and troops. It also reduces
medical personnel and supply requirement of military
operations. Furthermore, it prevents the possible loss of
life due to shock or injuries and cuts down permanent
disability to the minimum. Early hospitalization and faster
relief pain bolster the morale of both patients and
effective troops left in the battle areas and places of
assignment.
 Private Duty Nurse
 Nurses in private practice are expected to be expert
clinicians as well as expert generalist in nursing. They use
the title Private Duty nurse, Private Nurse Practitioner,
Special Duty Nurse or Private Duty Nurse Specialist.
 Private Duty Practitioner
 A private duty nurse is a registered nurse who
undertakes to give comprehensive nursing care to a
client on a one-to-one ratio. She/he is an independent
contractor. The patient may be provided care in the
hospital or in the home.
 Private duty nurse practitioners are grouped into two
categories.
 General Private Duty Nurse.
 The general private duty nurse has a capabilities for
providing basic nursing care to any type of patient,
 Private Duty Nurse Specialists
 In addition to the foregoing abilities expected of the
general nurse practitioner and as a result of his/her
specialized preparation
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  Industrial or occupational nursing
 is the specialty practice that provides and deliver
health care services to workers. The practice
focuses on promotion, protection, and supervision of
workers’ health within the context of a safe and
healthy work environment.
 is autonomous and occupational health nurses
make independent nursing judgments in providing
health services.
 Advance Practice Nursing
 This field of nursing is synonymous with
specialization. Even specialization is a hallmark of a
mature discipline. The advance practice nurse is an
umbrella terms for nurses who have specialized
education and experience beyond the basic nursing
program.
 This advance practice required the knowledge and
skills and supervised skills obtained through
graduate study in nursing (either master’s or
doctoral degree). This field covers the role of the
clinical nurse specialist.
 Clinic nursing
 requires that a nurse possess general skills. Usually
a doctor has been in general practice for a number
of years. It his with him that the nurse acts as a
receptionist, answers phone, does the billing, take
x-ray and ECGs, changes dressings, gives injections
(such as BCG, DPT. Or measles vaccine), and assist
in physical examinations. The nurse may even do
autoclaving of instruments, keep records, order and
store supplies, make follow up calls and referrals for
patients. Teaching patient and their families has
become a important function of the clinic nurse.
nurses in the field must have excellent teaching and
communication skills, exhibits organizational and
leadership ability, possess good assessment skills,
and good insight in order to anticipate and interpret
the needs of their patients
 School health nursing
 is very different from hospital nursing. School health
nurse must like children a lot. They often work
alone, out of touch with other nurses, the hospital
and all professional supports they have known. They
are responsible for the school’s activities in the
areas of health service, health education and
environmental health and safety.
 The primary function of the school in education. The
health program of each school is geared toward
making the students and faculty understand those
programs which emphasize health promotion,
Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN
 prevention of disease, and follow-through of any
findings that may indicate a need for medical care
and treatment. They perform a wide variety of
services including basis screening for vision,
hearing, and risk factors that would interfere with
the development of a healthy lifestyle.

REFERENCES:
 Fundamentals of Nursing 8th ED by Berman, Snyder, Kozier, Erb.pdf
 13 Qualities & Characteristics of a Good Nurse | Relias (Links to an
external site.)
 https://nurseslabs.com/history-nursing-philippines/ (Links to an external
site.)
o American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with
interpretive statements. Silver Spring, MD: Author. (Links to an
external site.)
o Chinn, P. L., & Kramer, M. K. (2015). Knowledge development in
nursing theory and process (9th ed.). St. Louis, MI: Elsevier. (Links to
an external site.)
 Carper, B. A. (1978). Fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing. ANS
Advances in Nursing Science(1) 1, 13-23. (Links to an external site.)
 https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/
2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_%20eng.pdf (Links to an external site.)
 AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION CODE OF ETHICS.pdf
 RA 9173 NURSING LAW.PDF
 FILIPINO PATIENT'S BILL OF RIGHTS.pdf
 FIELDS OF NURSING.pdf

Jessica D. Bentayen, RN-MAN