space explo

Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to
explore outer space.[1] While the exploration of space is currently carried out
mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration is conducted
both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight. Space
exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources
for space science.
While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates

reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively
efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical
space exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring
space include advancing scientific research, national prestige, uniting
different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity, and developing
military and strategic advantages against other countries. [2]
The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between
the Soviet Union and the United States. A driving force of the start of space
exploration was during the Cold War. After the ability to create nuclear
weapons, the narrative of defense/offense left land and the power to control
the air the focus. Both the Soviet Union and the U.S. were racing to prove
their superiority in technology through exploring space. In fact, the reason
NASA was created was as a response to Sputnik I. [3]
The launch of the first human-made object to orbit Earth, the Soviet
Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the
American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for
this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first
milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human
spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the
first spacewalk (by Alexei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic
landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space
station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus
shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle
program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International
Space Station (ISS).
With the substantial completion of the ISS [4] following STS-133 in March
2011, plans for space exploration by the U.S. remained in flux.
The Constellation program aiming for a return to the Moon by 2020 [5] was
judged unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009.
[6] Constellation ultimately was replaced with the Artemis Program, of which
the first mission occurred in 2022, with a planned crewed landing to occur
with Artemis III.[7] The rise of the private space industry also began in
earnest in the 2010s with the development of private launch vehicles, space
capsules and satellite manufacturing.
In the 2000s, China initiated a successful crewed spaceflight

program while India launched the Chandrayaan programme, while
the European Union and Japan have also planned future crewed space
missions. The two primary global programs gaining traction in the 2020s are
the Chinese-led International Lunar Research Station and the US-led Artemis
Program, with its plan to build the Lunar Gateway and the Artemis Base
Camp, each having its own set of international partners.
History of exploration
BFP-QSF-FSOD-005 Rev.ØØ (06.26.18) page 1 of 4
[edit]
See also: History of astronomy, Discovery and exploration of the Solar
System, Timeline of space exploration, Timeline of first orbital launches by
country, and Outer space § Discovery
V-2 Rocket in the Peenemünde Museum
First telescopes
[edit]
The first telescope is said to have been invented in 1608 in
the Netherlands by an eyeglass maker named Hans Lippershey, but their
first recorded use in astronomy was by Galileo Galilei in 1609.[8] In
1668 Isaac Newton built his own reflecting telescope, the first fully functional
telescope of this kind, and a landmark for future developments due to its
superior features over the previous Galilean telescope.[9]
A string of discoveries in the Solar System (and beyond) followed, then and
in the next centuries: the mountains of the Moon, the phases of Venus, the
main satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, the rings of Saturn, many comets,
the asteroids, the new planets Uranus and Neptune, and many
more satellites.
The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 was the first space

telescope launched 1968,[10] but the launching of Hubble Space Telescope in
1990[11] set a milestone. As of 1 December 2022, there were 5,284
confirmed exoplanets discovered. The Milky Way is estimated to contain
100–400 billion stars[12] and more than 100 billion planets.[13] There are at
least 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe.[14][15] HD1 is the most
distant known object from Earth, reported as 33.4 billion light-years away.[16]
[17][18][19][20][21]
First outer space flights

[edit]

Model of Vostok spacecraft
Apollo Command Service Module in lunar orbit
MW 18014 was a German V-2 rocket test launch that took place on 20 June
1944, at the Peenemünde Army Research Center in Peenemünde. It was the
first human-made object to reach outer space, attaining an apogee of 176
kilometers,[22] which is well above the Kármán line.[23] It was a vertical test
launch. Although the rocket reached space, it did not reach orbital velocity,
and therefore returned to Earth in an impact, becoming the first sub-orbital
spaceflight.[24] In 1949, the Bumper-WAC reached an altitude of 393
kilometres (244 mi), becoming the first human-made object to enter space,
according to NASA.[25]
First object in orbit

[edit]
The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet uncrewed Sputnik
1 ("Satellite 1") mission on 4 October 1957. The satellite weighed about
83 kg (183 lb), and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about
250 km (160 mi). It had two radio transmitters (20 and 40 MHz), which
emitted "beeps" that could be heard by radios around the globe. Analysis of
the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density
of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the
duration of radio beeps. The results indicated that the satellite was not
punctured by a meteoroid. Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It
burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958.
First human outer space flight

[edit]
The first successful human spaceflight was Vostok 1 ("East 1"), carrying the
27-year-old Russian cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, on 12 April 1961. The
spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and
48 minutes. Gagarin's flight resonated around the world; it was a
demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and it opened an
entirely new era in space exploration: human spaceflight.
First astronomical body space explorations

[edit]
The first artificial object to reach another celestial body was Luna 2 reaching
the Moon in 1959.[26] The first soft landing on another celestial body was
performed by Luna 9 landing on the Moon on 3 February 1966.[27] Luna
10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon, entering in a lunar orbit on
3 April 1966.[28]
The first crewed landing on another celestial body was performed by Apollo
11 on 20 July 1969, landing on the Moon. There have been a total of six
spacecraft with humans landing on the Moon starting from 1969 to the last
human landing in 1972.
The first interplanetary flyby was the 1961 Venera 1 flyby of Venus, though
the 1962 Mariner 2 was the first flyby of Venus to return data (closest
approach 34,773 kilometers). Pioneer 6 was the first satellite to orbit
the Sun, launched on 16 December 1965. The other planets were first flown
by in 1965 for Mars by Mariner 4, 1973 for Jupiter by Pioneer 10, 1974
for Mercury by Mariner 10, 1979 for Saturn by Pioneer 11, 1986
for Uranus by Voyager 2, 1989 for Neptune by Voyager 2. In 2015, the dwarf
planets Ceres and Pluto were orbited by Dawn and passed by New Horizons,
respectively. This accounts for flybys of each of the eight planets in the Solar
System, the Sun, the Moon, and Ceres and Pluto (two of the five recognized
dwarf planets).
The first interplanetary surface mission to return at least limited surface data
from another planet was the 1970 landing of Venera 7, which returned data
to Earth for 23 minutes from Venus. In 1975, Venera 9 was the first to return
images from the surface of another planet, returning images from Venus. In
1971, the Mars 3 mission achieved the first soft landing on Mars returning
data for almost 20 seconds. Later, much longer duration surface missions
were achieved, including over six years of Mars surface operation by Viking
1 from 1975 to 1982 and over two hours of transmission from the surface of
Venus by Venera 13 in 1982, the longest ever Soviet planetary surface
mission. Venus and Mars are the two planets outside of Earth on which
humans have conducted surface missions with uncrewed robotic spacecraft.
First space station

[edit]
Salyut 1 was the first space station of any kind, launched into low Earth
orbit by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1971. The International Space
Station (ISS) is currently the largest and oldest of the 2 current fully
functional space stations, inhabited continuously since the year 2000. The
other, Tiangong space station built by China, is now fully crewed and
operational.
First interstellar space flight

[edit]
Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to leave the Solar
System into interstellar space on 25 August 2012. The probe passed
the heliopause at 121 AU to enter interstellar space.[29]

space explo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

space explo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

space explo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to

While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates

In the 2000s, China initiated a successful crewed spaceflight

V-2 Rocket in the Peenemünde Museum

The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 was the first space

First outer space flights

BFP-QSF-FSOD-005 Rev.ØØ (06.26.18) page 2 of 4

Apollo Command Service Module in lunar orbit

First object in orbit

First human outer space flight

First astronomical body space explorations

First space station

First interstellar space flight

BFP-QSF-FSOD-005 Rev.ØØ (06.26.18) page 4 of 4

You might also like