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Evidence 5th Edition Raymond Emson Digital Instant
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Author(s): Raymond Emson
ISBN(s): 9780230272682, 0230272681
Edition: 5
File Details: PDF, 9.07 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
th edition
5
palgrave macmillan law masters
evidence
raymond emson
evidence
Series editor: Marise Cremona

Business Law Stephen Judge
Company Law Janet Dine and Marios Koutsias
Constitutional and Administrative Law John Alder
Contract Law Ewan McKendrick
Criminal Law Jonathan Herring
Economic and Social Law of the European Union Jo Shaw, Jo Hunt and Chloe Wallace
Employment Law Deborah J. Lockton
Evidence Raymond Emson
Family Law Kate Standley
Intellectual Property Law Tina Hart, Linda Fazzani and Simon Clark
Land Law Joe Cursley, Mark Davys and Kate Green
Landlord and Tenant Law Margaret Wilkie, Peter Luxton, Jill Morgan and Godfrey Cole
Law of the European Union Jo Shaw
Legal Method Ian McLeod
Legal Theory Ian McLeod
Sports Law Mark James
Torts Alastair Mullis and Ken Oliphant
Trusts Law Charlie Webb and Tim Akkouh
evidence
raymond emson
LLM, Barrister
Lawyer in the Government Legal Service
Fifth edition
Series editor: Marise Cremona

Professor of European Law
European University Institute
Florence, Italy
© Raymond Emson 1999, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this

publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted

save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This edition first published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,

registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,

175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies

and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,

the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-0-230-27268-2 ISBN 978-0-230-36358-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-0-230-36358-8
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Preliminaries 6
2.1 Facts in issue and the ultimate probandum 6
2.2 Proving facts in issue 6
2.2.1 Testimonial evidence 7
2.2.2 Circumstantial evidence 10
2.2.3 Real evidence 13
2.3 The res gestae principle 15
2.4 Collateral facts 15
2.5 Relevance, probative value and admissibility 16
2.6 The discretion to exclude admissible evidence 16
2.7 Documentary evidence and the ‘best evidence rule’ 18
2.8 The tribunals of fact and law 20
2.9 The right to a fair trial 23
3 Relevance and admissibility 26
3.1 Relevance 26
3.1.1 Logically relevant evidence: the general rule 26
3.1.2 Logical relevance and ‘relevance’ distinguished 28
3.1.3 Probative value and admissibility 28
3.1.4 Circumstantial evidence of dealing in drugs 32
3.1.5 Relevance and conjecture 34
3.1.6 Evidence of a third party’s guilt 38
3.1.7 Evidence of the complainant’s good character 41
3.1.8 A concept of ‘legal relevance’? 42
3.2 Similar fact evidence in civil proceedings 43
Chapter summary 45
Further reading 46
4 Proof and presumptions 47
4.1 The burden and standard of proof 47
4.2 The burden of proof in criminal proceedings 51
4.2.1 The ‘golden thread’ 51
4.2.2 Proving innocence – insanity and reverse onus provisions 54
4.2.2.1 Article 6(2) of the European Convention on
Human Rights 54
4.2.2.2 Insanity 62
4.2.2.3 Express statutory exceptions 64
4.2.2.4 Implied statutory exceptions 65
4.2.3 The burden of proving the admissibility of evidence 72
v
vi Contents
4.3 The burden of proof in civil proceedings 73

4.4 The standard of proof 76
4.4.1 Criminal proceedings 76
4.4.2 Civil proceedings 80
4.5 Presumptions 84
4.5.1 Presumptions of fact (provisional presumptions) 84
4.5.2 Irrebuttable presumptions of law (conclusive presumptions) 86
4.5.3 Rebuttable presumptions of law 87
4.5.3.1 The presumption of legitimacy 88
4.5.3.2 The presumptions of marriage 89
4.5.3.3 The presumption of death 89
4.5.3.4 The presumption of regularity 91
4.5.3.5 Res ipsa loquitur 92
4.5.3.6 Other examples 94
4.6 Proof without evidence 94
4.6.1 Judicial notice 94
4.6.2 The local and particular knowledge of the tribunal of fact 96
4.6.2.1 The knowledge of judges 96
4.6.2.2 The knowledge of jurors 97
4.6.2.3 The knowledge of magistrates 97
4.6.3 Formal admissions 98
4.6.3.1 Criminal proceedings 98
4.6.3.2 Civil proceedings 99
Chapter summary 99
Further reading 100
5 The hearsay rule 101
5.1 Hearsay and the hearsay rule 101
5.2 Background to the exclusionary rule 103
5.3 Mechanically-generated representations of fact 106
5.4 ‘Original evidence’ 107
5.5 Express statements covered by the hearsay rule 112
5.6 Inferable statements (‘implied assertions’) 116
5.6.1 The common law cases 117
5.6.2 Inferable statements under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 120
5.7 Circumventing the hearsay rule at common law 124
Chapter summary 125
Further reading 126
6 The trial 127
6.1 The course of the trial 127
6.2 The tribunals of fact and law 128
6.3 The competence and compellability of witnesses 129
6.3.1 The accused 130
6.3.2 The accused’s spouse (or civil partner) 130
6.3.3 Children and mentally defective adults 132
6.3.4 Other special cases 133
6.4 The examination-in-chief of witnesses 134
Contents vii
6.4.1 Memory-refreshing notes 134

6.4.2 Previous consistent statements 136
6.4.2.1 The rule against narrative and ‘oath helping’ 136
6.4.2.2 Exceptions to the rule against narrative 138
6.4.2.3 Previous statements admissible to rebut an allegation
of fabrication 139
6.4.2.4 Previous statements used to refresh the memory 140
6.4.2.5 Previous statements of identification 141
6.4.2.6 Previous complaints 141
6.4.2.6.1 The admissibility of complaints 141
6.4.2.6.2 Directing the jury on a delayed complaint 142
6.4.2.7 Exculpatory statements made in response to a
criminal allegation 143
6.4.2.8 Admissible hearsay statements 144
6.4.2.9 A closed list of exceptions? 144
6.4.3 Unfavourable and hostile witnesses 144
6.4.4 Vulnerable and intimidated witnesses 148
6.4.4.1 Problems with the oral tradition 148
6.4.4.2 Special measures 149
6.4.4.3 Witness anonymity 155
6.4.4.4 Safeguards relating to pre-recorded evidence
in chief 158
6.4.5 Live television links 159
6.5 The cross-examination of witnesses 160
6.5.1 Introduction 160
6.5.2 Limits on cross-examination 162
6.5.2.1 General restrictions 162
6.5.2.2 Section 100 of the CJA 2003 163
6.5.2.3 Other statutory restrictions on cross-examination 167
6.5.3 The rule on the finality of answers on collateral matters 168
6.5.4 Previous inconsistent statements 170
6.5.5 Exceptions to the rule on the finality of answers on
collateral matters 174
6.5.5.1 Evidence of bad character 174
6.5.5.2 Evidence of bias 175
6.5.5.3 Evidence of untruthfulness 176
6.5.5.4 Evidence of physical or mental incapacity 177
6.6 The re-examination of witnesses 178
6.7 Calling evidence after the close of one’s case 178
6.8 The submission of no case to answer 178
6.9 The trial judge’s role 180
6.10 The jury’s deliberations 183
Hot Topic: Impropriety in the jury room 184
Chapter summary 186
Further reading 187
viii Contents
7 Privilege 188
7.1 The privilege against self-incrimination 188
7.2 Legal professional privilege 199
7.2.1 The scope of the privilege 200
7.2.2 The justification for the privilege 202
7.2.3 Duration and waiver 206
7.2.4 Iniquity 207
7.3 ‘Without prejudice’ communications 209
7.4 Other confidential communications 210
Chapter summary 212
Further reading 213
8 Inferences from silence 214
8.1 The relevance of silence 214
8.2 Pre-trial silence 214
8.2.1 Inferring admissions from silence and demeanour 218
8.2.2 Section 34 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
8.2.2.1 The scope of Section 34 218
8.2.2.2 The propriety of drawing an inference under
Section 34 220
8.2.2.3 The nature of the inference drawn 224
8.2.2.4 Establishing a case to answer 225
8.2.2.5 Directing the jury 226
8.2.2.6 Privilege and waiver 228
8.2.3 Sections 36 and 37 of the Criminal Justice and Public
Order Act 1994 229
8.2.4 Other statutory provisions 231
8.3 Silence during the trial 231
8.3.1 The accused’s failure to call witnesses 231
8.3.2 Section 35 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 232
8.4 Silence and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights 236
8.5 The right to remain silent 238
Hot Topic: Section 6 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and
Victims Act 2004 241
Chapter summary 243
Further reading 243
9 Confessions (and informal admissions) 244
9.1 Confessions in criminal proceedings 244
9.1.2 Exceptions to the hearsay rule 243
9.1.3 The reliability of confessions 249
9.1.3.1 False confessions made by the accused 250
9.1.3.2 Oral confessions fabricated by interrogators 252
9.1.3.3 Ensuring the reliability of confessions 252
9.1.4 Confessions tendered by the prosecution 254
9.1.4.1 Section 76(2)(a) of PACE: oppression 255
Contents ix
9.1.4.2 Section 76(2)(b) of PACE: unreliability 256

9.1.4.3 Section 78(1) of PACE: unfairness 259
9.1.4.3.1 Introduction 259
9.1.4.3.2 Denial of legal advice 260
9.1.4.3.3 Failure to caution 262
9.1.4.3.4 The ‘verballing’ provisions 265
9.1.4.3.5 Covert investigations and surveillance
operations 265
9.1.4.3.6 Police malpractice 270
9.1.4.4 The judge’s common law exclusionary discretion 272
9.1.4.5 The role of the judge and jury 272
9.1.4.6 The tainting principle 274
9.1.4.7 The fruit of inadmissible confessions 276
9.1.5 Section 76A of PACE: joint trials 279
9.2 Informal admissions in civil proceedings 281
Chapter summary 281
Further reading 282
10 Evidence obtained by unlawful or unfair means 283
10.1 The general rule 283
10.2 Reasons for excluding illegally or unfairly obtained evidence 286
10.2.1 The reliability principle 287
10.2.2 The disciplinary principle 287
10.2.3 The protective principle 288
10.2.4 The integrity principle 289
10.3 Section 78(1) of PACE 289
10.4 The doctrine of abuse of process 296
10.5 Entrapment 299
10.6 Exceptions to the general rule 306
Chapter summary 307
Further reading 307
11 Safeguards against unreliability and error 308
11.1 Visual-identification evidence 308
11.1.1 The possibility of mistake 308
11.1.2 The Turnbull guidelines 311
11.1.2.1 The judgment in Turnbull 311
11.1.2.2 Turnbull and the defence of ‘frame-up’ 315
11.1.2.3 Turnbull and police officers’ evidence 316
11.1.2.4 Turnbull and undisputed presence 316
11.1.2.5 Turnbull and the submission of no case to answer 317
11.1.2.6 The ‘reverse Turnbull’ direction 317
11.1.2.7 Turnbull and vehicles 317
11.1.2.8 Supporting evidence 318
11.1.3 Photographic evidence and expert assistance 319
11.1.4 Circumstantial description evidence 320
11.1.5 Dock identifications 321
11.1.6 Code D-3 of the PACE Codes of Practice 321
x Contents
11.1.7 Breaches of Code D-3 325

11.1.8 Qualified identification evidence 326
11.1.9 Police photographs and CCTV images 327
11.2 Voice-identification evidence 328
11.3 Olfactory-identification evidence – tracker dogs 330
11.4 Fingerprints, palm-prints and ear-prints 330
11.5 DNA evidence and the prosecutor’s fallacy 332
11.6 The accused’s lies 336
11.7 Lip-reading evidence 338
11.8 Unreliable witnesses 339
11.9 Section 77 of PACE 343
11.10 Lengthy delay in sexual offence cases 343
11.11 Demeanour 345
11.12 Supporting evidence and corroboration 346
Chapter summary 348
Further reading 349
12 Opinion evidence 351
12.1 Non-expert opinion evidence 351
12.2 Expert opinion evidence 353
12.2.2 Admissibility (1): the Turner test 354
12.2.3 Admissibility (2): competence, reliability and impartiality 360
12.2.4 Primary and secondary facts 363
12.2.5 Expert opinions on ultimate issues 365
12.2.6 The status of expert opinion evidence 367
12.2.7 The expert witness’s duties 368
12.3 Previous judgments as evidence 369
12.3.1 The rule in Hollington v. Hewthorn 369
12.3.2 Sections 11 and 13 of the Civil Evidence Act 1968 370
12.3.3 Section 74(1) of PACE 371
12.3.4 Section 74(3) of PACE 374
12.3.5 Relevance of a co-accused’s confession 375
12.3.6 Acquittals as evidence 376
12.3.7 Section 73 of PACE 377
Hot Topic: A new reliability test for expert opinion evidence? 378
Chapter summary 380
Further reading 381
13 Exceptions to the hearsay rule 382
13.1 Section 114(1)(a) of the CJA 2003 – the statutory exceptions 383
13.1.1 Section 116 of the CJA 2003 383
13.1.1.1 Section 116(1) 383
13.1.1.2 Section 116(2) 384
13.1.1.3 Section 116(2)(a)–(d) 385
13.1.1.4 Section 116(2)(e) and (3) 387
13.1.1.5 Section 116(4) 388
13.1.1.6 Exclusionary discretion 389
Contents xi

13.1.3 Other significant statutory exceptions 392
13.2 Section 114(1)(b) of the CJA 2003 – the common law exceptions 393
13.2.1 Public information 393
13.2.2 Reputation as to character 393
13.2.3 Reputation or family tradition 394
13.2.4 Statements forming part of the res gestae 394
13.2.4.1 ‘Excited utterances’ 394
13.2.4.2 Statements relating to the declarant’s
performance of an act 398
13.2.4.3 Statements relating to the declarant’s state of mind 399
13.2.4.4 Statements relating to the declarant’s physical
sensations 402
13.2.4.5 The relationship between the res gestae exceptions 402
13.2.5 Confessions and admissions by agents 403
13.2.6 Statements made by parties to a common enterprise 403
13.3 Section 114(1)(d) of the CJA 2003 – the inclusionary discretion 404
13.4 Safeguards 409
13.4.5 Directing the jury 412
13.5 Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights 413
Hot Topic: Defence hearsay 420
Chapter summary 422
Further reading 422
14 Hearsay in civil proceedings 423
14.1 The Civil Evidence Act 1995 423
14.2 Other statutory exceptions 426
14.3 Common law exceptions 427
15 The accused’s character 428
15.1 Good character 428
15.1.2 Admissibility 429
15.1.3 Evidential value 430
15.1.4 Qualifying the Vye direction 433
15.1.5 The relevance of a bad co-accused 437
15.1.6 Rebutting a claim to good character 438
15.2 Bad character 438
15.2.1 Probative value and undue prejudice 438
15.2.2 The Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Chapter 1 of Part 11) 443
15.2.2.1 ‘Bad character’ 443
15.2.2.2 The court’s exclusionary discretion 447
15.2.2.3 Evidential value and judicial directions 450
15.2.2.4 Section 98(a) 451
xii Contents
15.2.2.5 Section 98(b) 453

15.2.2.6 Section 101(1)(b) 453
15.2.2.7 Sections 101(1)(c) and 102 454
15.2.2.8 Sections 101(1)(d) and 103 456
15.2.2.8.1 Introduction 456
15.2.2.8.2 Section 103(1) and paragraph (a) 456
15.2.2.8.3 Section 103(1)(b) 469
15.2.2.8.4 Joinder, cross-admissibility and
contamination 471
15.2.2.8.5 Identifying an offender from misconduct 473
15.2.2.8.6 Identifying a gang member from
misconduct 474
15.2.2.9 Sections 101(1)(e) and 104 475
15.2.2.10 Sections 101(1)(f) and 105 478
15.2.2.11 Sections 101(1)(g) and 106 481
15.2.2.12 Section 108(2) 489
15.2.3 Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights 490
Chapter summary 490
Further reading 491
16 Evidence of sexual behaviour 492
16.1 Underlying principles 492
16.2 Relevance of the complainant’s sexual experience 495
16.3 Historical perspective – The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 498
16.4 The Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 501
Chapter summary 510
Further reading 510
17 Disclosure and public interest immunity 512
17.1 Pre-trial disclosure 512
17.2 Public interest immunity 519
17.2.3 Duty, waiver and secondary evidence 529
Chapter summary 531
Further reading 531
Index 533
For Helena and Max, and for my parents
Table of cases
A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department AT & T Istel v. Tully [1992] 3 WLR 344 (HL) 189,
(No. 2) [2005] 3 WLR 1249 (HL) 253, 278, 279, 197, 199
289, 305–6 Attorney General v. Bowman (1791) 2 B & P
Addington v. State of Texas (1979) 441 532n (CE) 30
US 418 (USSC) 81 Attorney General v. Bradlaugh (1885) 14
Agassiz v. London Tramway (1872) 21 WR QBD 667 (CA) 86
199 (CE) 30, 44, 445 Attorney General v. Hitchcock (1847) 1
Air Canada v. Secretary of State for Trade Exch 91 (CE) 29, 168, 169, 176
[1983] 2 WLR 494 (HL) 522, 529 Attorney General v. Leveller Magazine
Ajodha v. The State [1981] 3 WLR 1 (PC) 273 [1979] 2 WLR 247 (HL) 153
Alexander v. Arts Council of Wales [2001] Attorney General v. Mulholland [1963]
1 WLR 1840 (CA) 49, 180 2 WLR 658 (CA) 210–11
Alexander v. Rayson [1936] 1 KB 169 (CA) 179 Attorney General v. Radloff (1854) 10 Ex 84
Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines v. (CE) 30, 431
Customs and Excise (No.2) [1972] Attorney General’s Reference (No. 3 of 1979)
2 WLR 835 (CA) 202 (1979) 69 Cr App R 411 (CA) 136
Al Fayed v. Commissioner of Police of the Attorney General’s Reference (No. 1 of 1990)
Metropolis [2002] EWCA Civ 780 204, 207 (1992) 95 Cr App R 296 (CA) 296
Al-Khawaja v. United Kingdom (2009) App. Attorney General’s Reference (No. 3 of 1999)
No. 26766/05 (ECtHR) 413, 416 [2001] 2 WLR 56 (HL) 295
Allan v. United Kingdom (2002) App. No. Attorney General’s Reference (No. 2 of 2000)
48539/99 (ECtHR) 270, 285 [2001] 1 Cr App R 503 (CA) 178
Allen v. United Kingdom (2002) App. No. Attorney General’s Reference (No. 3 of 2000)
76574/01 (ECtHR) 191, 195–6 [2001] 1 WLR 2061 (HL) 304
AM v. United Kingdom (1992) App. No. Attorney General’s Reference (No. 7 of 2000)
20657/92 (ECmHR) 155 [2001] 1 WLR 1879 (CA) 190, 196–7
Anderson v. Whalley (1852) 3 C & K 54 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 2 of 2002)
(CCP) 135 [2002] EWCA Crim 2373 319, 327
Arizona v. Evans (1995) 514 US 1 (USSC) 287 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 4 of 2002)
Armstrong v. First York [2005] 1 WLR 2751 [2004] 3 WLR 976 (HL) 59–60, 61, 62, 65
(CA) 367 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 5 of 2002)
Arrow Nominees v. Blackledge [2000] 2 BCLC [2004] 3 WLR 957 (HL) 306
167 (CA) 298–9 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 1 of 2003)
Asch v. Austria (1991) App. No. 12398/86 [2003] EWCA Crim 1286 397
(ECtHR) 413 Attorney General’s Reference (No. 1 of 2004)
Ashraf v. Akram (1999) unreported (98/0686/2) [2004] 1 WLR 2111 (CA) 59, 60, 62, 65
(CA) 48 Attorney General for the Cayman Islands v.
Ashworth Hospital Authority v. MGN [2002] 1 Roberts [2002] 1 WLR 1842 (PC) 95
WLR 2033 (HL) 212 Attorney General for Gibralter v. May [1999]
Associated Provincial Picture Houses v. 1 WLR 998 (CA) 188
Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB Attorney General of Hong Kong v. Lee Kwong-
223 (CA) 17 Kut [1993] 3 WLR 329 (PC) 56, 63
xv
xvi Evidence
Averill v. United Kingdom (2000) App. No. Bradford & Bingley v. Rashid [2006] 1 WLR
36408/97 (ECtHR) 214, 222, 227, 237, 260 2066 (HL) 209
Aveson v. Lord Kinnaird (1805) 6 East 188 Bradford City Metropolitan Council v. K
(KB) 402 (Minors) [1990] 2 WLR 532 (FD) 17, 18
Axon v. Axon (1937) 59 CLR 395 (HCA) 86, 90 Braithwaite v. Thomas Cook Cheques Ltd
Azzopardi v. R (2001) 179 ALR 349 (HCA) 189 [1989] 3 WLR 212 (QBD) 76
Brannigan v. Davison [1996] 3 WLR 859
B v. Auckland District Law Society [2003] (PC) 188
3 WLR 859 (PC) 207 Bratty v. Attorney General for Northern
B v. Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Ireland [1961] 3 WLR 965 (HL) 52, 53, 355
Constabulary [2001] 1 WLR 340 (DC) 81, 83–4 Breeze v. John Stacey (1999) The Times
Baker v. Sweet [1966] Crim LR 51 (DC) 65 8.7.99 (CA) 204
Balabel v. Air India [1988] 2 WLR 1036 (CA) 200 Brennan v. United Kingdom (2001) App.
Balfour v. Foreign and Commonwealth Office No. 39846/98 (ECtHR) 271
[1994] 2 All ER 588 (CA) 522 British Steel v. Granada Television [1980]
Barclays Bank v. Eustice [1995] 1 WLR 1238 3 WLR 774 (HL) 211
(CA) 208 Brook’s Wharf & Bull Wharf v. Goodman
Barings v. Cooper & Lybrand [2001] PNLR Brothers [1937] 1 KB 534 (CA) 76
551 (ChD) 362 Brown v. Stott [2001] 2 WLR 817 (PC) 24, 25, 58,
Barnes v. Chief Constable of Durham [1997] 192–3, 195
2 Cr App R 505 (DC) 321 Browne v. Dunn (1893) 6 R 67 (HL) 161
Barnetson v. Framlington Group [2007] 1 WLR Brownsville Holdings v. Adamjee
2443 (CA) 209 Insurance [2000] 2 All ER (Comm)
Barrow v. R [1998] 2 WLR 957 (PC) 437 803 (QBD) 426
Bater v. Bater [1951] P 36 (CA) 77, 81 Buckingham v. Daily News [1956] 3 WLR
Beckford v. R (1993) 97 Cr App R 409 375 (CA) 13–14
(PC) 314, 315 Buckinghamshire County Council v. Moran
Beckles v. United Kingdom (2002) App. No. [1989] 3 WLR 152 (CA) 209
44652/98 (ECtHR) 222, 237 Buckley v. Law Society (No. 2) [1984] 1 WLR
Benedetto v. R [2003] 1 WLR 1545 (PC) 342 1101 (ChD) 521
Benham v. Kythira Investments [2003] Bulejcik v. R (1996) 185 CLR 375 (HCA) 329
EWCA Civ 1794 180 Bullard v. R [1957] 3 WLR 656 (PC) 49
Beresford v. Justices of St Albans (1905) Bunning v. Cross (1978) 141 CLR 54
22 TLR 1 (DC) 86 (HCA) 289, 293
Bessela v. Stern (1877) 2 CPD 265 (CA) 216 Burmah Oil v. Bank of England [1979] 3
Birmingham City Council v. Shafi [2008] WLR 722 (HL) 522
EWCA Civ 1186 83 Bushell’s Case (1670) Vaugh 135 (CCP) 128, 351
Bishopsgate Investment Management v. Butler v. Board of Trade [1970] 3 WLR 822
Maxwell [1992] 2 WLR 991 (CA) 189 (ChD) 204, 208
Blastland v. United Kingdom (1987) App.
No. 12045/86 (ECmHR) 105, 114 C v. C [2001] 3 WLR 446 (CA) 201, 208
Blunt v. Park Lane Hotel [1942] 2 KB 253 C plc v. P [2007] 3 WLR 437 (CA) 189, 197
(CA) 188, 199 Calcraft v. Guest [1898] 1 QB 759 (CA) 204, 206
Borthwick v. Vickers [1973] Crim LR 317 (DC) 96 Callis v. Gunn [1963] 3 WLR 931 (DC) 284
Botmeh v. United Kingdon (2007) App. No. Campbell v. United Kingdom (1992) App.
15187/03 (ECtHR) 526 No. 13590/88 (ECtHR) 205
Bourns v. Raychem [1999] 3 All ER 154 Campbell v. Wallsend Slipway & Engineering
(CA) 207, 365 [1978] ICR 1015 (DC) 91, 92
Bowman v. DPP [1991] RTR 263 (DC) 96 Capron v. R [2006] UKPC 34 315
Boyce v. Wyatt Engineering [2001] EWCA Carter v. Eastbourne Borough Council (2000)
Civ 692 179 164 JP 273 (DC) 98
Table of cases xvii
Carter v. Northmore Hale Davy & Leake D v. DPP (1998) The Times 7.8.98 (DC) 323
(1995) 183 CLR 121 (HCA) 205 D v. NSPCC [1977] 2 WLR 201 (HL) 210, 211,
Castle v. Cross [1984] 1 WLR 1372 (DC) 106 521, 522
Causey v. DPP [2004] EWHC 3164 (DC) 262 Daley v. R [1993] 3 WLR 666 (PC) 317
CG v. United Kingdom (2001) App. No. Daltel Europe v. Makki [2006] 1 WLR 2704
43373/98 (ECtHR) 181 (CA) 424
Chambers v. Mississippi (1973) 410 US 284 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
(USSC) 421 (1993) 509 US 579 (USSC) 362, 378–9
Chandrasekera v. R [1937] AC 220 (PC) 114 Davies v. Taylor [1972] 3 WLR 801 (HL) 80
Chard v. Chard [1956] P 259 (PD) 86, 90 Davis v. United States (1895) 160 US 469
Charlebois v. DPP [2003] EWHC 54 (QBD) 193 (USSC) 63
Chatterton v. Secretary of State for India Dawson v. Lunn [1986] RTR 234 (DC) 364
[1895] 2 QB 189 (CA) 531 Delta v. France (1990) App. No. 11444/85
Chief Adjudication Officer v. Bath [2000] (ECtHR) 413
1 FLR 8 (CA) 89 Den Norske Bank v. Antonatos [1998] 3
Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police WLR 711 (CA) 198
v. McNally [2002] EWCA Civ 14 523, 524 Dennis v. A J White [1916] 2 KB 1 (CA) 95
Chipchase v. Chipchase [1939] P 391 (DC) 90 Dillon v. R [1982] 2 WLR 538 (PC) 91–2
Clarke v. Marlborough Fine Art (London) Director of Assets Recovery Agency v.
(No. 3) [2002] EWHC 11 (ChD) 362 Virtosu [2009] 1 WLR 2808 (QBD) 369, 370
Clift v. Long [1961] Crim LR 121 (DC) 96 Dombo Beheer v. Netherlands (1993) App.
Clough v. Tameside & Glossop Health
No. 14448/88 (ECtHR) 24
Authority [1998] 1 WLR 1478 (QBD) 365
Doorson v. Netherlands (1996) App. No.
Coldman v. Hill [1919] 1 KB 443 (CA) 76
20524/92 (ECtHR) 152, 168, 413, 494
Commonwealth Shipping Representative
Douglas v. Hello! [2003] EWCA Civ 332 425
v. P & O Branch Service [1923] AC 191
Dowsett v. United Kingdom (2003) App.
(HL) 95
No. 39482/98 (ECtHR) 515
Comptroller of Customs v. Western Lectric
DPP v. A and BC Chewing Gum [1967]
[1965] 3 WLR 1229 (PC) 115
3 WLR 493 (DC) 359–60, 366
Condron v. United Kingdom (2000) App.
DPP v. Agyemang [2009] EWHC 1542 (DC) 452
No. 35718/97 (ECtHR) 222, 226, 237
DPP v. Ambrose [1992] RTR 285 (DC) 66
Conway v. Rimmer [1968] 2 WLR 998
DPP v. Ara [2001] EWHC Admin 493 (DC) 514
(HL) 520–21
DPP v. Barker [2004] EWHC 2502 (DC) 72
Cook v. DPP [2001] Crim LR 321 (DC) 178
Cooper v. Hatton [2001] EWCA Civ 623 31 DPP v. Blake [1989] 1 WLR 432 (DC) 259
Cooper v. Pitcher (1999) unreported DPP v. Boardman [1974] 3 WLR 673
(98/0574/2) (CA) 370 (HL) 441, 461, 499
Cooper v. Rowlands [1971] RTR 291 (DC) 91 DPP v. Brown, DPP v. Teixeira [2001] EWHC
Coopers Payen v. Southampton Container 931 (DC) 87
Terminal [2003] EWCA Civ 1223 367 DPP v. Chand [2007] EWHC 90 (DC) 462
Corke v. Corke [1958] P 93 (CA) 137 DPP v. Godwin [1991] RTR 303 (DC) 291
Council for the Regulation of Health Care DPP v. Hynde (1997) 161 JP 671 (DC) 95
Professionals v. GMC [2007] 1 WLR 3094 DPP v. Jordan [1976] 3 WLR 887 (HL) 359
QBD) 305 DPP v. Kilbourne [1973] 2 WLR 245 (HL) 26,
CPS v. Rice [2004] EWHC 508 (DC) 262 346, 440
CPS Durham v. CE [2006] EWCA Crim DPP v. McGladrigan [1991] RTR 297 (DC) 290
1410 388, 418 DPP v. Marshall [1988] 3 All ER 683 (DC) 300
Cracknell v. Willis [1987] 3 WLR 1082 (HL) 87 DPP v. Morgan [1975] 2 WLR 913 (HL) 53
Crescent Farm (Sidcup) Sports v. Sterling DPP v. P [1991] 3 WLR 161 (HL) 441, 461, 490
Offices [1972] 2 WLR 91 (ChD) 208 DPP v. Ping Lin [1975] 3 WLR 419 (HL) 245
Croissant v. Germany (1992) App. No. DPP v. R [2007] EWHC 1842 (DC) 150
13611/88 (ECtHR) 168 DPP v. Shannon [1974] 3 WLR 155 (HL) 4
xviii Evidence
DPP v. Wilson [2001] EWHC Admin 198 FR v. Switzerland (2001) App. No. 37292/97
(DC) 193 (ECtHR) 515
DPP v. Wright [2010] 2 WLR 497 (DC) 71 Francis v. DPP [2004] EWHC 591 (DC) 193
DPP v. Varlack [2008] UKPC 56 179 Francis v. United Kingdom (2007) App.
DS v. HM Advocate [2007] UKPC D1 462, 490 No. 25624/02 (ECtHR) 194
Du Barré v. Livette (1791) Peake 108 (KB) 202, 211 Francisco v. Diedrick (1998) The Times 3.4.98
Dubai Aluminium v. Al Alawi [1999] 1 (QBD) 82, 236
All ER 703 (QBD) 208 Freemantle v. R [1994] 1 WLR 1437 (PC) 216,
Duff Development Co Ltd v. Government of 314, 318
Kelantan [1924] AC 797 (HL) 96 Frye v. United States (1923) 293 F 1013
Duncan v. Cammell Laird [1942] AC 624 (CADC) 361
(HL) 519–20 Funke v. France (1993) App. No. 10828/84
(ECtHR) 194, 197
Easson v. LNER [1944] 1 KB 421 (CA) 76, 93 Furbert v. R [2000] 1 WLR 1716 (PC) 396
Edmondson v. Amery (1911) The Times
28.1.11 (KBD) 30–31 G v. DPP [1998] 2 WLR 609 (DC) 158
Edwards v. R [2006] UKPC 23 314 Gafgen v. Germany (2008) App. No.
Edwards v. United Kingdom (1992) App. 22978/05 (ECtHR) 278–9, 298
No. 13071/87 (ECtHR) 515 Gardner v. Gardner (1877) 2 App Cas 723
Edwards and Lewis v. United Kingdom (HL) 88
(2004) App. No. 39647/98 (ECtHR) 526–7, Gaskin v. Liverpool City Council [1980]
528 1 WLR 1549 (CA) 521, 522
Elliot v. Loake [1983] Crim LR 36 (CA) 85 Gatland v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner
Ellis v. Deheer [1922] 2 KB 113 (CA) 185 [1968] 2 WLR 1263 (DC) 65
Emlyn Williams v. Vehicle and Operator Gearing v. DPP [2008] EWHC 1695 (DC) 262
Services Agency [2008] EWHC 849 382 General Mediterranean Holdings v. Patel
Ettenfield v. Ettenfield [1940] P 96 (CA) 88 [2000] 1 WLR 272 (QBD) 205
George v. Eagle Air Services Ltd [2009]
F v. Child Support Agency [1999] 2 FLR UKPC 35 93
244 (QBD) 88 Ghaidan v. Godin-Mendoza [2004] 3 WLR
Fennell v. Jerome Property (1986) The Times 113 (HL) 23
26.11.86 (QBD) 144 Gibbins v. Skinner [1951] 2 KB 379 (DC) 91
Ferdinand Retzlaff, The [1972] 2 Lloyd’s Gibbons v. DPP (2000) unreported
Rep 120 (QBD) 426 (CO/1480/2000) (DC) 15
Ferguson v. R [1979] 1 WLR 94 (PC) 78 Gilbey v. Great Western Railway Co (1910)
Field v. Leeds City Council [2001] 2 CPLR 102 LT 202 (CA) 402
129 (CA) 362 Glendarroch, The [1894] P 226 (CA) 74
Filiatra Legacy, The [1991] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 337 Goddard v. Nationwide Building Society
(CA) 144 [1986] 3 WLR 734 (CA) 204
Filmer v. DPP [2006] EWHC 3450 (DC) 514 Goodwin v. United Kingdom (1996) App.
Fitt v. United Kingdom (2000) App. No. No. 17488/90 (ECtHR) 212
29777/96 (ECtHR) 525, 526 Goold v. Evans [1951] 2 TLR 1189 (CA) 14
Flanagan v. Fahy [1918] 2 IR 361 (CAI) 139 Gordon v. Gordon [1903] P 141 (PD) 88
Foucher v. France (1997) App. No. 22209/93 Grant v. The Queen [2006] 2 WLR 835
(ECtHR) 515 (PC) 16, 412, 415, 416
Fox v. General Medical Council [1960] 1 WLR Great Atlantic Insurance v. Home Insurance
1017 (PC) 139 [1981] 1 WLR 529 (CA) 207
Fox v. Percy [2003] HCA 22 345 Gregory v. United Kingdom (1997) App.
Foxley v. United Kingdom (2000) App. No. No. 22299/93 (ECtHR) 185
33274/96 (ECtHR) 205 Grobbelaar v. News Group Newspapers
[2002] 1 WLR 3024 (HL) 128
Table of cases xix
Grobbelaar v. Sun Newspapers (1999) Hoskyn v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner

The Times 12.8.99 (CA) 18, 286 [1978] 2 WLR 695 (HL) 129, 131
Guinness Peat Properties v. Fitzroy Robinson Huang v. Secretary of State for the Home
Partnership [1987] 1 WLR 1027 (CA) 204 Department [2007] 2 WLR 581 (HL) 25
Guyll v. Bright (1986) 84 Cr App R 260 (DC) 65 Hui ChiMing v. R [1991] 3 WLR 495
(PC) 351, 376
H v. DPP [2003] EWHC 133 (QBD) 323 Hunter v. Chief Constable of the West
H v. Schering Chemicals [1983] 1 WLR 143 Midlands Police [1981] 3 WLR 906
(QBD) 364 (HL) 298, 370, 371
H v. United Kingdom (1990) App. No. Hunter v. Mann [1974] 2 WLR 742 (DC) 211
15023/89 (ECmHR) 63 Hurst v. Evans [1917] 1 KB 352 (KBD) 45, 74–5
Halawa v. Federation Against Copyright Huth v. Huth [1915] 3 KB 32 (CA) 95
Theft [1995] 1 Cr App R 21 (DC) 273
Hales v. Kerr [1908] 2 KB 601 (DC) 30, 31, 44 Ikarian Reefer, The [1993] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 68
Halford v. Brookes (1991) The Times 3.10.91 (QBD) 368
(QBD) 82 Ikarian Reefer, The [1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 455
Hall v. R [1971] 1 WLR 298 (PC) 216 (CA) 368
Hansen v. Denmark (2000) App. No. Ingram v. Percival [1968] 3 WLR 663 (DC) 96
28971/95 (ECtHR) 62 Irving v. Penguin Books (2000), “The Irving
Harris v. DPP [1952] AC 694 (HL) 474 Judgment” (QBD) 45
Harris v. Tippett (1811) 2 Camp 637 Irving v. Penguin Books [2001] EWCA Civ
(Assizes) 168 1197 361
Hawksley v. DPP [2002] EWHC 852 (QBD) 323 ITC Film Distributors v. Video Exchange
[1982] 1 Ch 431 (ChD) 306
Hayes v. DPP [2004] EWHC 277 (DC) 193
Haynes v. Doman [1899] 2 Ch 13 (CA) 366
Jackson v. Marley Development [2004] 1
Heaney v. Ireland (2000) App. No.
WLR 2926 (CA) 365
34720/97 (ECtHR) 192, 194, 195
Jafari-Fini v. Skillglass [2007] EWCA Civ
Heinl v. Jyske Bank [1999] Lloyd’s Rep
261 73, 426
Bank 511 (CA) 81, 83
Jaggard v. Dickinson [1981] 2 WLR 118
Hennessy v. Wright (1888) 21 QBD 509
(DC) 66
(DC) 531
Jalloh v. Germany (2006) App. No. 54810/00
Hetherington v. Hetherington (1887) 12 PD
(ECtHR) 193, 194, 197–8, 253, 278,
112 (PD) 88
285, 289, 298
Hickman v. Peacey [1945] AC 304 (HL) 90–91
Jarvis v. DPP [1996] RTR 192 (DC) 97
Hirst v. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire
Jasper v. United Kingdom (2000) App. No.
(1986) 85 Cr App R 143 (DC) 66
27052/95 (ECtHR) 525, 526
HM Advocate v. Murtagh [2009] UKPC 36 516 JB v. Switzerland (2001) App No. 31827/96
Hoang v. France (1992) App. No. 13191/87 (ECtHR) 194, 195, 197
(ECtHR) 55 Jeffrey v. Black [1977] 3 WLR 895 (DC) 283–4
Hobbs v. Tinling [1929] 2 KB 1 (CA) 162, 166, 168 John v. Humphreys [1955] 1 WLR 325
Holcombe v. Hewson (1810) 2 Camp 391 (DC) 67
(KB) 30 Jolly v. DPP [2000] Crim LR 471 (DC) 178
Hollingham v. Head (1858) 27 LJCP 241 Jones v. DPP [1962] 2 WLR 575 (HL) 452, 453
(CCP) 30, 44 Jones v. G D Searle [1979] 1 WLR 101 (CA) 206
Hollington v. Hewthorn [1943] 1 KB 587 Jones v. Metcalfe [1967] 1 WLR 1286 (DC) 135
(CA) 369, 370 Jones v. SouthEastern and Chatham Railway
Holloway v. MacFeeters (1956) 94 CLR 470 Co [1918] 87 LJKB 775 (CA) 137
(HCA) 120 Jones v. United Kingdom (2003) App. No.
Homes v. Newman [1931] 2 Ch 112 (ChD) 15 30900/02 (ECtHR) 128
Hornal v. Neuberger Products [1956] 3 Jones v. University of Warwick [2003]
WLR 1034 (CA) 80 1 WLR 954 (CA) 18, 286
xx Evidence
Joseph Constantine Steamship Line v. London Borough of Ealing v. Woolworths [1995]

Imperial Smelting Corpn [1942] AC Crim LR 58 (DC) 300
154 (HL) 73, 75, 76 London General Omnibus Co v. Lavell
Joy v. Phillips Mills [1916] 1 KB 849 (CA) 44 [1901] 1 Ch 135 (CA) 14
Lord Ashburton v. Pape [1913] 2 Ch 469
Kajala v. Noble (1982) 75 Cr App R 149 (CA) 204
(DC) 19, 106 Lowery v. R [1973] 3 WLR 235 (PC) 358
Karamat v. R [1956] 2 WLR 412 (PC) 14 Luca v. Italy (2001) App. No. 33354/96
Karia v. DPP [2002] EWHC 2175 (QBD) 321 (ECtHR) 413, 415
Kaste v. Norway (2006) App. No. 18885/04 Ludi v. Switzerland (1992) App. No.
(ECtHR) 420 12433/86 (ECtHR) 413
Keane v. Mount Vernon Colliery [1933] AC 309 Ludlow v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner
(HL) 96 [1970] 2 WLR 521 (HL) 471
Kennedy v. CPS [2002] EWHC 2297 (DC) 262 Lui MeiLin v. R [1989] 2 WLR 175 (PC) 254
Khan v. Khan [1982] 1 WLR 513 (CA) 199
Khan v. United Kingdom (2000) App. No. M v. DPP [2009] EWHC 752 (DC) 14, 15
35394/97 (ECtHR) 268, 285 MacDarmaid v. AttorneyGeneral [1950]
Khatibi v. DPP [2004] EWHC 83 (DC) 144 P 218 (PD) 86
Knowles v. Knowles [1962] P 161 (PD) 88 Magee v. United Kingdom (2000) App.
Kostovski v. Netherlands (1989) App. No. No. 28135/95 (ECtHR) 260–61
11454/85 (ECtHR) 413 Magnusson v. Sweden (2003) App. No.
Kumho Tire Co v. Carmichael (1999) 526 US 53972/00 (ECtHR) 155
137 (USSC) 379 Maher v. DPP [2006] EWHC 1271 (DC) 101, 406
Kuruma v. R [1955] 2 WLR 223 (PC) 283, 284, Makanjuola v. Commissioner of Police
285, 287 of the Metropolis [1992] 3 All ER 617
Kuwait Airways v. Iraqi Airways (No. 6) (CA) 529
[2005] 1 WLR 2734 (CA) 208, 209 Makin v. AttorneyGeneral for New South
Wales [1894] AC 57 (PC) 441, 459, 466
L v. DPP [2002] 3 WLR 863 (DC) 60, 64 Malcolm v. DPP [2007] 1 WLR 1230 (DC) 178, 519
Lal Chand Marwari v. Mahant Ramrup Gir Malindi v. R [1966] 3 WLR 913 (PC) 480
(1925) 42 TLR 159 (PC) 90 Mancini v. DPP [1942] AC 1 (HL) 53
Lam ChiMing v. R [1991] 2 WLR 1082 Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 367 US 643 (USSC) 289
(PC) 248, 276–7, 288 Marks v. Beyfus (1890) 25 QBD 494
Lanz v. Austria (2002) App. No. 24430/94 (CA) 522, 524
(ECtHR) 271 Marshall v. Owners of SS Wild Rose [1910]
Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust v. Mr A AC 486 (HL) 399, 400
[2003] EWHC 259 (QBD) 88 Martin v. Osborne (1936) 55 CLR 367
Leo Sawrij v. North Cumbria Magistrates’ Court (HCA) 400
[2009] EWHC 2823 (DC) 363 Matto v. Wolverhampton Crown Court
Levison v. Patent Steam Carpet Cleaning [1987] RTR 337 (DC) 196, 291
[1977] 3 WLR 90 (CA) 76 Maturin v. Attorney General [1938] 2 All
Leyland Cars v. Vyas [1979] 3 WLR 762 ER 214 (PD) 88
(HL) 521 Mawaz Khan v. R [1966] 3 WLR 1275 (PC) 108
Li ShuLing v. R [1988] 3 WLR 671 (PC) 248 Mawdesley v. Chief Constable of Cheshire
Liverpool Roman Catholic Archdiocesan [2004] 1 WLR 1035 (QBD) 193
Trustees v. Goldberg (No. 3) [2001] 1 Maxwell v. DPP [1935] AC 309 (HL) 199, 442
WLR 2337 (ChD) 363 McEwan v. DPP [2007] EWHC 740 (DC) 406
Lloyd v. Powell Duffryn Steam Coal Co McGlinn v. Waltham Contractors (No. 2)
[1914] AC 733 (HL) 400 [2006] EWHC 2322 (QBD) 160
Lobban v. R [1995] 1 WLR 877 (PC) 17, 248 McGreevy v. DPP [1973] 1 WLR 276 (HL) 13, 78
Local Authority v. B [2008] EWHC 1017 McIntosh v. Lord Advocate [2001] 3 WLR
(FD) 202 107 (PC) 57
Table of cases xxi
McNamara v. Television Licensing Region Nicholas v. Penny [1950] 2 KB 466 (DC) 92

[2002] EWHC 2798 (QBD) 72 Nimmo v. Alexander Cowan & Sons [1967]
McPhilemy v. Times Newspapers (No. 2) 3 WLR 1169 (HL) 69, 70
[2000] 1 WLR 1732 (CA) 425 Noor Mohamed v. R [1949] AC 182 (PC) 28
McQuaker v. Goddard [1940] 1 KB 687 (CA) 96 Norbrook Laboratories (GB) v. Health and
Mears v. R [1993] 1 WLR 818 (PC) 182 Safety Executive (1998) The Times
Mechanical and General Inventions v. Austin 23.2.98 (DC) 96
[1935] AC 346 (HL) 160, 162 Norwich Pharmacal v. Customs and Excise
Melbourne v. R (1999) 198 CLR 1 (HCA) 428, 437 Commissioners [1973] 3 WLR 164 (HL) 513
Memory Corporation v. Sidhu [2000] 2 Nottingham City Council v. Amin [2000]
WLR 1106 (ChD) 189 1 WLR 1071 (DC) 301, 302
Miller (t/a Waterloo Plan) v. Crawley [2002] Nye v. Niblett [1918] 1 KB 23 (DC) 95
EWCA Civ 1100 180
Miller v. Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All O’Brien v. Chief Constable of South Wales
ER 372 (KBD) 77, 80 Police [2005] 2 WLR 1038 (HL) 44
Mitchell v. R [1998] 2 WLR 839 (PC) 273 O’Connell v. Adams [1973] RTR 150 (DC) 161
M’Naghten’s Case (1843) 10 Cl & F 200 62 Ofulue v. Bossert [2009] 2 WLR 749
Moat Housing Group South Ltd v. Harris (HL) 209, 210
[2005] EWCA Civ 287 426 O’Halloran v. United Kingdom (2007)
Modarca v. Moldova (2007) App. No. App. No. 15809/02 (ECtHR) 24, 58, 193
14437/05 (ECtHR) 202–3, 205, 271 O’Rourke v. Darbishire [1920] AC 581
Montgomery v. HM Advocate [2001] 2 (HL) 208
WLR 779 (PC) 297 O’Shea v. City of Coventry Magistrates’ Court
Mood Music Publishing v. De Wolfe [1976] [2004] EWHC 905 (DC) 106–7
2 WLR 451 (CA) 43, 44 Owen v. Brown [2002] EWHC 1135 (QBD) 426
Moore v. Ransome’s Dock Committee (1898) Owen v. Nicholl [1948] 1 All ER 707 (CA) 97
14 TLR 539 (CA) 44 Oxley v. Penwarden [2001] Lloyd’s Rep
Moran v. CPS (2000) 164 JP 562 (DC) 378 Med 347 (CA) 360
Mubarak v. Mubarak [2001] 1 FLR 698 Oyston v. United Kingdom (2002) App. No.
(CA) 83 42011/98 (ECtHR) 494
Munro, Brice & Co v. War Risks Association
[1918] 2 KB 78 (KBD) 74 Palitana, The (1924) 20 LI L Rep 140 (CA) 345
Murray v. DPP [1994] 1 WLR 1 (HL) 235, 236 Paragon Finance v. Freshfields [1999] 1
Murray v. United Kingdom (1994) App. No. WLR 1183 (CA) 207
14310/88 (ECtHR) 61 Parker v. DPP (2000) 165 JP 213 (DC) 87
Murray v. United Kingdom (1996) App. No. Parkes v. R [1976] 1 WLR 1251 (PC) 215–6
18731/91 (ECtHR) 234, 236–7, 239, 242, 260 Parry v. Boyle (1986) 83 Cr App R 310
Mutual Life Insurance Co v. Hillmon (1892) (DC) 14, 15
145 US 285 (USSC) 401 Parry-Jones v. Law Society [1968] 2 WLR
Myers v. DPP [1964] 3 WLR 145 (HL) 124, 404 397 (CA) 206
Myles v. DPP [2004] EWHC 594 (DC) 262 Patel v. Comptroller of Customs [1965] 3
WLR 1221 (PC) 110, 114
Nagy v. Weston [1965] 1 All ER 78 (DC) 66 Paul v. DPP (1989) 90 Cr App R 173 (DC) 96
Natta v. Canham (1991) 104 ALR 143 (FCA) 170 Pfennig v. R (1995) 182 CLR 461 (HCA) 466
Neill v. North Antrim Magistrates’ Court PG v. United Kingdom (2001) App. No.
[1992] 1 WLR 1220 (HL) 389 44787/98 (ECtHR) 196, 285, 526
Neina Graham v. Chorley Borough Council Philcox v. Carberry [1960] Crim LR 563
[2006] EWCA Civ 92 180 (DC) 67
Nembhard v. R [1981] 1 WLR 1515 (PC) 413 Piddington v. Bennett (1940) 63 CLR 533
Ng Chun Pui v. Lee Chuen Tat [1988] RTR (HCA) 169
298 (PC) 92 Piers v. Piers (1849) 2 HL Cas 331 (HL) 89
xxii Evidence
Polanski v. Condé Nast Publications [2005] R v. Allen [1996] Crim LR 426 (CA) 327
1 WLR 637 (HL) 18, 160, 424, 425 R v. Allen [2001] 3 WLR 843 (HL) 196
Post Office Counters v. Mahida [2003] R v. Allsopp [2005] EWCA Crim 703 306
EWCA Civ 1583 18 R v. Amado-Taylor (No. 1) [2000] 2 Cr
Practice Direction (Criminal Proceedings: App R 189 (CA) 181
Consolidation) [2002] 1 WLR 2870 233 R v. Amado-Taylor (No. 2) [2001] EWCA
PrestonJones v. PrestonJones [1951] AC 391 Crim 1898 41, 137
(HL) 94, 95 R v. Amponsah [2005] EWCA Crim 2993 480
Pringle v. R [2003] UKPC 9 335, 342 R v. Anderson [1971] 3 WLR 939 (CA) 359
Prosecution Appeal (No. 1 of 2009) [2009] R v. Anderson [1988] 2 WLR 1017 (CA) 447
EWCA Crim 644 389, 419 R v. Anderson [1990] Crim LR 862 (CA) 433, 434
Prudential Assurance v. Edmonds (1877) R v. Anderson (1998) The Independent
2 AC 487 (HL) 90 13.7.98 (CA) 179
PS v. Germany (2001) App. No. 33900/96 R v. Anderson [2008] EWCA Crim 837 443
(ECtHR) 154, 418 R v. Andrews [1987] 2 WLR 413 (HL) 394,
395–6, 397, 413
R v. A [1997] Crim LR 883 (CA) 235 R v. Apicella (1985) 82 Cr App R 295
R v. A [2001] EWCA Crim 4 507 (CA) 292, 293, 295
R v. A [2007] EWCA Crim 1779 142 R v. Archer (2001) The Times 21.6.01 (CCC) 14
R v. A (No. 2) [2001] 2 WLR 1546 (HL) 24, 25, R v. Argent (1996) 161 JP 190 (CA) 221–2, 224
26, 502, 504, 505, 506–7 R v. Armas-Rodriguez [2005] EWCA Crim
R v. A(SO) [2003] EWCA Crim 3146 344 1081 260, 264
R v. Abadom [1983] 1 WLR 126 (CA) 363–4 R v. Arnold [2004] EWCA Crim 1293 415
R v. Adams [1996] 2 Cr App R 467 (CA) 50, 334 R v. Ashford Justices ex parte Hilden [1993]
R v. Adams [1997] 1 Cr App R 369 (CA) 334 2 WLR 529 (DC) 387
R v. Adams [2007] EWCA Crim 1 185 R v. Aspinall [1999] 2 Cr App R 115 (CA) 260
R v. Adams [2007] EWCA Crim 3025 386, 406 R v. Athwal [2009] 1 WLR 2430 (CA) 140
R v. Adams (No.2) [1998] 1 Cr App R 377 R v. Atkins [2009] EWCA Crim 1876 320, 366
(CA) 334 R v. Awaritefe [2007] EWCA Crim 706 468
R v. Adenusi [2006] EWCA Crim 1059 458 R v. Aziz [1995] 3 WLR 53 (HL) 248, 429,
R v. Agar (1989) 90 Cr App R 318 (CA) 524 432, 433, 436, 437
R v. Ahmed [2007] EWCA Crim 2870 207 R v. B [2003] EWCA Crim 319 344
R v. Ainscough [2006] EWCA Crim 694 445 R v. B [2003] 1 WLR 2809 (CA) 162–3
R v. Akinyemi [2001] EWCA Crim 1948 324 R v. B [2003] EWCA Crim 3080 224, 225, 241
R v. Akram [1995] Crim LR 50 (CA) 434 R v. B [2004] EWCA Crim 1254 28
R v. Al-Badi [2007] EWCA Crim 2974 444, 448 R v. B [2008] EWCA Crim 1524 325
R v. Ali (1991) The Times 19.2.91 (CA) 267 R v. B(M) [2003] EWCA Crim 1204 343
R v. Ali [2001] EWCA Crim 863 219 R v. B(MT) [2000] Crim LR 181 (CA) 219, 220,
R v. Ali [2003] EWCA Crim 3214 139 341, 346
R v. Ali [2005] EWCA Crim 87 372 R v. Bailey (1961) 66 Cr App R 31 (CCA) 367
R v. Ali [2008] EWCA Crim 146 405 R v. Bailey (1993) 97 Cr App R 365 (CA) 267
R v. Ali [2008] EWCA Crim 716 433 R v. Bailey [1989] Crim LR 723 (CA) 435
R v. Ali [2008] EWCA Crim 1522 319 R v. Bailey [1995] 2 Cr App R 262 (CA) 343
R v. Ali, R v. Jordan [2001] 2 WLR 211 R v. Bailey [2001] EWCA Crim 733 268
(CA) 60, 64 R v. Bailey [2008] EWCA Crim 817 389, 409
R v. Al-Khawaja [2005] EWCA Crim 2697 415 R v. Baker [2008] EWCA Crim 1850 448, 489
R v. Alladice (1988) 87 Cr App R 380 R v. Ball [1911] AC 47 (HL) 454
(CA) 217, 258, 260, 290 R v. Ball [1983] 1 WLR 801 (CA) 85, 217
R v. Allan (1999) unreported (98/1754/Y2) R v. Barbery (1975) 62 Cr App R 248
(CA) 269–70 (CA) 143
R v. Allan (No. 2) [2004] EWCA Crim 2236 270 R v. Barker [2010] EWCA Crim 4 133, 158, 272
Table of cases xxiii
R v. Barking and Dagenham Justices ex parte R v. Blastland [1986] AC 41 (HL) 35–7, 38, 41,
DPP (1995) 159 JP 373 (DC) 179 104, 113, 399, 400, 421
R v. Barnes [2003] EWCA Crim 2138 220 R v. Bleakley [1993] Crim LR 203 (CA) 327
R v. Barnett [2002] EWCA Crim 454 338 R v. Blenkinsop [1995] 1 Cr App R 7 (CA) 319
R v. Barney [2005] EWCA Crim 1385 461 R v. Blick (1966) 50 Cr App R 280 (CCA) 97
R v. Barry (1991) 95 Cr App R 384 (CA) 251, R v. Blythe [2007] EWCA Crim 1452 159
257, 258 R v. Bond [1906] 2 KB 389 (CCCR) 440
R v. Bashir [1969] 1 WLR 1303 (Assizes) 496 R v. Bonython (1984) 38 SASR 45 (SASC) 362
R v. Baskerville [1916] 2 KB 658 (CCA) 339, 346 R v. Boulton [2007] EWCA Crim 942 444
R v. Bates [2006] EWCA Crim 1395 335 R v. Bovell [2005] EWCA Crim 1091 164, 445
R v. Bath [1990] Crim LR 716 (CA) 321 R v. Bow Street Magistrates’ Court
R v. Batt [1995] Crim LR 240 (CA) 390 ex parte Proulx [2001] 1 All ER 57
R v. Bayliss (1993) 98 Cr App R 235 (CA) 254 (DC) 257
R v. Beard [1998] Crim LR 585 (CA) 137, 177 R v. Bowden [1993] Crim LR 379
R v. Beard [2002] EWCA Crim 772 222 (CA) 314, 316
R v. Beardmore (2001) unreported R v. Bowden [1999] 1 WLR 823 (CA) 228
(01/2705/Y5) (CA) 493 R v. Bowen [2006] EWCA Crim 333 238
R v. Beattie (1989) 89 Cr App R 302 (CA) 139, 171 R v. Bowers (1998) 163 JP 33 (CA) 225
R v. Beck [1982] 1 WLR 461 (CA) 339, 341 R v. Bowman [2006] EWCA Crim 417 368
R v. Beckford [1996] 1 Cr App R 94 (CA) 296 R v. Boyle [2006] EWCA Crim 2101 227
R v. Beckles [1999] Crim LR 148 (CA) 224, 315 R v. Boyson [1991] Crim LR 274 (CA) 374
R v. Beckles (No. 2) [2005] 1 WLR 2829 R v. Bracewell (1978) 68 Cr App R 44
(CA) 221, 224 (CA) 28, 42
R v. Bedingfield (1879) 14 Cox CC 341 R v. Bradley [2004] EWCA Crim 1481 314
(Assizes) 394–5 R v. Bradley [2005] EWCA Crim 20 443
R v. Beedall [2007] EWCA Crim 23 502 R v. Bradshaw (1985) 82 Cr App R 79 (CA) 368
R v. Beeton [2008] EWCA Crim 1421 493 R v. Bradshaw [2009] EWCA Crim 2113 249
R v. Belmarsh Magistrates’ Court ex parte R v. Braithwaite [1983] 1 WLR 385 (CA) 64
Watts [1999] 2 Cr App R 188 (DC) 297 R v. Brandon (1969) 53 Cr App R 466 (CA) 184
R v. Belogun [2008] EWCA Crim 2006 471 R v. Brandon [2004] EWCA Crim 3357 38–9, 371
R v. Benjamin (1913) 8 Cr App R 146 (CCA) 140 R v. Bray (1998) unreported (98/04661)
R v. Bennett [1988] Crim LR 686 (CA) 373 (CA) 294
R v. Bennett [2008] EWCA Crim 248 146, 408–9 R v. Bresa [2005] EWCA Crim 1414 224, 227, 241
R v. Bentley (1991) 99 Cr App R 342 (CA) 315 R v. Briggs-Price [2009] 2 WLR 1101 (HL) 78
R v. Bentley (Deceased) [2001] 1 Cr App R R v. Britzman [1983] 1 WLR 350 (CA) 486
307 (CA) 52, 182–3 R v. Brizzalari [2004] EWCA Crim 310 241
R v. Bentum (1989) 153 JP 538 (CA) 328 R v. Brookes (1998) unreported (96/5986/X2)
R v. Berriman (1854) 6 Cox CC 388 (Assizes) 276 (CA) 206
R v. Bett [1999] 1 Cr App R 361 (CA) 435 R v. Brophy [1981] 3 WLR 103 (HL) 273
R v. Betts [2001] EWCA Crim 224 219, 223, 240 R v. Brown (1971) 55 Cr App R 478 (CA) 64
R v. Beycan [1990] Crim LR 185 (CA) 183 R v. Brown (1987) 87 Cr App R 52 (CA) 529
R v. Billingham [2009] EWCA Crim 19 173 R v. Brown (1988) 89 Cr App R 97 (CA) 499
R v. Bingham [1999] 1 WLR 598 (HL) 161 R v. Brown [1991] Crim LR 835 (CA) 110, 114
R v. Birchall [1999] Crim LR 311 (CA) 233–4, 237 R v. Brown [1995] Crim LR 716 (CA) 33
R v. Bircham [1972] Crim LR 430 (CA) 161 R v. Brown [1997] Crim LR 502 (CA) 475
R v. Birmingham [1992] Crim LR 117 R v. Brown [1998] 2 Cr App R 364 (CA) 162, 494
(CC) 296–7 R v. Brown (Davina) [2001] EWCA Crim
R v. Bishop [1974] 3 WLR 308 (CA) 483, 484 961 179
R v. Blackburn [2005] EWCA Crim R v. Brown (Jamie) [1998] Crim LR 196
1349 251, 357 (CA) 179
R v. Blackwell [2006] EWCA Crim 2185 493 R v. Brown [2004] EWCA Crim 1620 152
xxiv Evidence
R v. Brown [2008] EWCA Crim 369 450, 453 R v. Carter (1996) 161 JP 207 (CA) 29
R v. Browning (1991) 94 Cr App R 109 R v. Cartwright (1914) 10 Cr App R 219
(CA) 317–8 (CCA) 321
R v. Browning (No. 2) [1995] Crim LR 227 R v. Castillo [1996] 1 Cr App R 438 (CA) 385
(CA) 354 R v. Castleton (1909) 3 Cr App R 74 (CCA) 330
R v. Brownlow [2001] EWCA Crim 3042 509 R v. Catherall [2004] EWCA Crim 1732 177
R v. Brushett [2001] Crim LR 471 (CA) 529 R v. Causley [1999] Crim LR 572 (CA) 341,
R v. Bryce (1992) 95 Cr App R 320 342, 347
(CA) 266, 267, 269 R v. Cavkic [2005] VSCA 182 79
R v. Buckley (1999) 163 JP 561 (CA) 331, 332 R v. Central Criminal Court ex parte Francis
R v. Bullen [2008] EWCA Crim 4 463 [1988] 3 WLR 989 (HL) 208
R v. Buono [2005] EWCA Crim 1313 397, 460 R v. Chable [2009] EWCA Crim 496 478
R v. Burge [1996] 1 Cr App R 163 (CA) 337 R v. Chalkley [1998] 3 WLR 146 (CA) 17, 293–4
R v. Burke (1858) 8 Cox CC 44 (CCAI) 168 R v. Challenger [1994] Crim LR 202 (CA) 434
R v. Burke (1978) 67 Cr App R 220 (CA) 68 R v. Champ (1981) 73 Cr App R 367 (CA) 55
R v. Burke [2005] EWCA Crim 29 344 R v. Chandler [1976] 1 WLR 585 (CA) 216
R v. Burnett (2000) unreported (99/4959/Z4) R v. Chaney [2009] EWCA Crim 21 328
(CA) 493 R v. ChanFook (1993) 99 Cr App R 147
R v. Burnham [1995] Crim LR 491 (CA) 435 (CA) 355
R v. Burns [2006] 1 WLR 1273 (CA) 465 R v. Chapman [2001] EWCA Crim 2434 343
R v. Burrage [1997] 2 Cr App R 88 (CA) 446–7 R v. Chargot Ltd [2009] 1 WLR 1 (HL) 58, 60,
R v. Burton [2002] EWCA Crim 614 358 65, 94
R v. Burton [2008] EWCA Crim 376 455 R v. Charles (1998) unreported (98/0104/Z2)
R v. Busby (1981) 75 Cr App R 79 (CA) 176 (CA) 331
R v. Butt [2005] EWCA Crim 805 162 R v. Charles [2009] EWCA Crim 1570 71
R v. Button [2005] EWCA Crim 516 285 R v. Chauhan (1981) 73 Cr App R 232 (CA) 347
R v. Byron (1999) The Times 10.3.99 (CA) 323 R v. Chaulk [1990] 3 SCR 1303 (SCC) 63
R v. C [2006] EWCA Crim 197 386, 409, 411 R v. Cheema [1994] 1 WLR 147 (CA) 340
R v. C [2007] EWCA Crim 1669 344 R v. Chenia [2002] EWCA Crim 2345 226, 329
R v. C(W) [2010] EWCA Crim 72 407, 467 R v. Chief Constable of the West Midlands
R v. Cadette [1995] Crim LR 229 (CA) 270 Police ex parte Wiley [1994] 3 WLR
R v. Cain (1993) 99 Cr App R 208 (CA) 437 433 (HL) 523, 529, 530
R v. Cairns [2002] EWCA Crim 2838 64, 517 R v. Chisholm [2010] EWCA Crim 258 448
R v. Caldwell (1993) 99 Cr App R 73 (CA) 328 R v. Chohan [2005] EWCA Crim 1813 455
R v. Callender [1998] Crim LR 337 (CA) 402–3 R v. Chopra [2006] EWCA Crim 2133 460, 471
R v. Cameron [2001] EWCA Crim 562 180 R v. Christie [1914] AC 545 (HL) 141, 214,
R v. Campbell [1995] 1 Cr App R 522 (CA) 343 216, 217
R v. Campbell [2005] EWCA Crim 1249 219 R v. Christou [1992] 3 WLR 228
R v. Campbell [2007] 1 WLR 2798 (CA) 165, (CA) 17, 266, 290, 292
450, 468, 470–1 R v. Chung (1990) 92 Cr App R 314 (CA) 259
R v. Campbell [2009] EWCA Crim 1076 232 R v. Clancy [1997] Crim LR 290 (CA) 166
R v. Canale (1989) 91 Cr App R 1 (CA) 265, 275 R v. Clare [1995] 2 Cr App R 333 (CA) 319, 361
R v. Cannings [2004] 1 WLR 2607 (CA) 345, 379 R v. Clarius [2000] All ER (D) 951 (CA) 432
R v. Cape [1996] 1 Cr App R 191 (CA) 315 R v. Clark (2000) unreported (99/07459/Y3)
R v. Carass [2001] EWCA Crim 2845 59 (CA) 333, 379
R v. Cargill [1913] 2 KB 271 (CCA) 496 R v. Clark [1955] 3 WLR 313 (CCA) 485
R v. Carman [2004] EWCA Crim 540 460, 472 R v. Clark [1999] Crim LR 573 (CA) 251
R v. Carnall [1995] Crim LR 944 (CA) 396, 413 R v. Clarke [1995] 2 Cr App R 425 (CA) 319,
R v. Carp [2005] 1 WLR 3472 (CA) 487 361, 362, 378
R v. CarrBriant [1943] 1 KB 607 (CCA) 76 R v. Clarke [2002] EWCA Crim 2948 454
R v. Carrera [2002] EWCA Crim 2527 59 R v. Clarke [2003] EWCA Crim 718 111
Table of cases xxv
R v. Clarke [2008] EWCA Crim 893 72 R v. Cross (1990) 91 Cr App R 115 (CA) 162
R v. Clark (Sally) (No. 2) [2003] EWCA R v. Crowdy [2009] EWCA Crim 1219 361
Crim 1020 333, 345, 379 R v. Crowley [2004] 1 WLR 2111 (CA) 60, 64
R v. Cleeland [2002] EWCA Crim 293 352 R v. Cucchiara [2001] EWCA Crim 1529 516
R v. Cleland [1995] Crim LR 742 (CA) 500, 503 R v. Culbertson (1970) 54 Cr App R 310
R v. Clements [2009] EWCA Crim 2726 456, 463, (CA) 183
467 R v. Cundell [2009] EWCA Crim 2072 343, 454
R v. Coates [2007] EWCA Crim 1471 173 R v. Curgerwen (1865) LR 1 CCR 1
R v. Coelho [2008] EWCA Crim 627 265 (CCCR) 57, 67
R v. Cole [2007] 1 WLR 2716 (CA) 389, 408, R v. Curry [1983] Crim LR 737 (CA) 316
409, 415 R v. Curry [1988] Crim LR 527 (CA) 373
R v. Coll [2005] EWCA Crim 3675 216 R v. Curry (1998) The Times 23.3.98 (CA) 412
R v. Collins [1987] 1 SCR 265 (SCC) 287, 289 R v. Curtin (1996) unreported (93/6847/Y3)
R v. Collins [2004] 1 WLR 1705 (CA) 216–7 (CA) 181
R v. Collins [2008] EWCA Crim 2863 232 R v. Cushing [2006] EWCA Crim 1221 462
R v. Colwill [2002] EWCA Crim 1320 168–9, 170 R v. D [2002] 3 WLR 997 (CA) 415
R v. Compton [2002] EWCA Crim 2835 230 R v. D [2006] EWCA Crim 1703 479
R v. Conde (1868) 10 Cox CC 547 (CCC) 402 R v. D [2009] EWCA Crim 2137 408
R v. Condron [1997] 1 WLR 827 (CA) 221, 226 R v. D(JA) [2008] EWCA Crim 2557 95, 142–3,
R v. Conibeer [2002] EWCA Crim 2059 321 344, 355
R v. Constantinou (1989) 91 Cr App R 74 (CA) 311 R v. Dallagher [2002] EWCA Crim 1903 332,
R v. Conway (1990) 91 Cr App R 143 (CA) 326 361, 362, 378
R v. Cook [1959] 2 WLR 616 (CCA) 486 R v. Daly [2001] EWCA Crim 2643 226
R v. Cook [1987] 2 WLR 775 (CA) 124 R v. Daniel [1998] 2 Cr App R 373 (CA) 224
R v. Cooke (1986) 84 Cr App R 286 (CA) 376 R v. Darby [1989] Crim LR 817 (CA) 146
R v. Cooke [1995] 1 Cr App R 318 (CA) 290, 292, R v. Darnell [2003] EWCA Crim 176 504
293, 295 R v. Darrach [2000] 2 SCR 443 (SCC) 498, 502
R v. Cooper [1994] Crim LR 531 (CA) 153 R v. Dat [1998] Crim LR 488 (CA) 146
R v. Coote (1873) LR 4 PC 599 (PC) 199 R v. Davarifar [2009] EWCA Crim 2294 508
R v. Copsey [2008] EWCA Crim 2043 181 R v. Davies [1962] 1 WLR 1111 (C-MAC) 352
R v. Corcoran [2003] EWCA Crim 43 147 R v. Davies [2002] EWCA Crim 85 365
R v. Cordingley [2007] EWCA Crim 2174 183 R v. Davies [2002] EWCA Crim 2949 58, 60,
R v. Corry [2005] EWCA Crim 1087 430 65, 202
R v. Cottrill [1997] Crim LR 56 (CA) 207 R v. Davies [2004] EWCA Crim 1389 503,
R v. Coughlan (1999) unreported 507, 508
(98/05345/Y3) (CA) 386 R v. Davies [2006] EWCA Crim 2643 385, 387
R v. Court [1962] Crim LR 697 (CCA) 283 R v. Davis (1975) 62 Cr App R 194 (CA) 183
R v. Courtnell [1990] Crim LR 115 (CA) 315 R v. Davis [1990] Crim LR 860 (CA) 273
R v. Cousins [1982] 2 WLR 621 (CA) 68 R v. Davis [1993] 1 WLR 613 (CA) 525
R v. Coutts [2006] 1 WLR 2154 (HL) 181 R v. Davis [1998] Crim LR 659 (CA) 108
R v. Coventry Justices ex parte Bullard R v. Davis [2001] 1 Cr App R 115 (CA) 15, 179
(1992) 95 Cr App R 175 (DC) 107 R v. Davis [2003] EWCA Crim 402 435
R v. Cowan [1995] 3 WLR 818 (CA) 233 R v. Davis [2008] EWCA Crim 1156 449, 451, 455
R v. Cox (1884) 14 QBD 153 (CCCR) 208 R v. Davis [2008] 3 WLR 125 (HL) 104, 155–6,
R v. Cox (1986) 84 Cr App R 132 (CA) 500 157, 414
R v. Cox [1991] Crim LR 276 (CA) 253, 273 R v. Day [2009] EWCA Crim 2445 493
R v. Cramp (1880) 14 Cox CC 390 (Assizes) 216 R v. Deboussi [2007] EWCA Crim 684 377
R v. Crampton (1990) 92 Cr App R 369 R v. Deen (1993) The Times 10.1.94 (CA) 335
(CA) 257 R v. Deenik [1992] Crim LR 578 (CA) 329
R v. Crees [1996] Crim LR 830 (CA) 184 R v. Delaney (1988) 88 Cr App R 338
R v. Cresswell (1876) 1 QBD 446 (CCCR) 91 (CA) 251, 258, 288
xxvi Evidence
R v. De La Pomerai [2007] EWCA Crim R v. Edwards [1974] 3 WLR 285

2262 241 (CA) 67–8, 69, 71
R v. Denton [2004] 1 WLR 2111 (CA) 60, 64 R v. Edwards [1991] 1 WLR 207 (CA) 166, 376
R v. Derby Magistrates’ Court ex parte B R v. Edwards [1997] Crim LR 348 (CA) 267
[1995] 3 WLR 681 (HL) 171, 202, 204–5, 206 R v. Edwards [1998] Crim LR 207 (CA) 33
R v. Derodra [2000] 1 Cr App R 41 (CA) 391 R v. Edwards (2000) The Times 22.9.00
R v. Dervish [2001] EWCA Crim 2789 219, 524 (CCC) 444
R v. Desmond [1999] Crim LR 313 (CA) 485 R v. Edwards [2001] EWCA Crim 2185 364
R v. Devani [2007] EWCA Crim 1926 254 R v. Edwards [2005] EWCA Crim 1813 450, 470,
R v. Devine [2007] EWCA Crim 2525 443 487, 488
R v. De Vos [2006] EWCA Crim 1688 490 R v. Edwards [2005] EWCA Crim 3244 445,
R v. Dickson [1983] 1 VR 227 (VSC) 311 450, 452
R v. Director of Serious Fraud Office ex parte R v. Edwards (Maxine) [1996] 2 Cr App R
Smith [1992] 3 WLR 66 (HL) 189, 238 345 (CA) 166
R v. Dix (1981) 74 Cr App R 306 (CA) 355 R v. Eifinger [2001] EWCA Crim 1855 368
R v. Dodd (1981) 74 Cr App R 50 (CA) 99 R v. Eleftheriou [1993] Crim LR 947 (CA) 135
R v. Dodson (1984) 79 Cr App R 220 (CA) 319 R v. Elliott [2003] EWCA Crim 1695 385
R v. Doheny [1997] 1 Cr App R 369 R v. Ellis [1910] 2 KB 746 (CCA) 480
(CA) 334, 335 R v. Ellis (1973) 57 Cr App R 571 (CA) 99
R v. Doherty [2006] EWCA Crim R v. Ellis [1998] Crim LR 661 (CA) 171
2716 387, 388, 415 R v. Ellis [2010] EWCA Crim 163 469–70, 471
R v. Doldur [2000] Crim LR 178 (CA) 321
R v. Emery (1992) 14 Cr App R (S) 394
R v. Doncaster [2008] EWCA Crim 5 436
(CA) 359
R v. Doolan [1988] Crim LR 747 (CA) 256
R v. Emmerson (1990) 92 Cr App R 284
R v. Doran (1972) 56 Cr App R 429 (CA) 178
(CA) 255
R v. Dowds [2005] EWCA Crim 1091 483
R v. Erskine [2001] EWCA Crim 2513 329
R v. Downey [1995] 1 Cr Appp R 547
R v. Esimu [2007] EWCA Crim 1380 219–20
(CA) 473, 474
R v. Essa [2009] EWCA Crim 43 238, 519
R v. Doyle [2001] EWCA Crim 2883 217, 324
R v. Evans [1981] Crim LR 699 (CA) 249
R v. Doyle [2002] EWCA Crim 1176 264
R v. Evans (1991) 156 JP 539 (CA) 175
R v. DPP ex parte Kebilene [1999] 3 WLR
R v. Evans [2001] EWCA Crim 730 137
175 (DC) 61
R v. Everett [1988] Crim LR 826 (CA) 258
R v. DPP ex parte Kebilene [1999] 3 WLR
R v. Everett [1995] Crim LR 76 (CA) 182
972 (HL) 25, 56, 61, 63
R v. Dragic [1996] 2 Cr App R 232 (CA) 389–90 R v. Everson [2001] EWCA Crim 896 227
R v. Drummond [2002] EWCA Crim 527 60, 64 R v. Ewens [1966] 2 WLR 1372 (CCA) 66
R v. Duckfield [2007] EWCA Crim 4 508, 509 R v. Ewing [1983] 3 WLR 1 (CA) 73
R v. Dudley [2004] EWCA Crim 3336 362 R v. Exall (1866) 4 F & F 922 (Assizes) 11
R v. Duffy [1998] 3 WLR 1060 (CA) 153 R v. F [1999] Crim LR 306 (CA) 341
R v. Duncan (1981) 73 Cr App R 359 (CA) 247 R v. F [2005] 1 WLR 2848 (CA) 503, 504, 505
R v. Dunford (1990) 91 Cr App R 150 (CA) 261 R v. F [2008] EWCA Crim 2859 503
R v. Dunkley [1927] 1 KB 323 (CCA) 485 R v. F(R) [2010] EWCA Crim 682 517
R v. Durbin [1995] 2 Cr App R 84 (CA) 431, 433, R v. Falconer [2005] EWCA Crim 778 181
434, 435, 437 R v. Falealili [1996] 3 NZLR 664 (NZCA) 436
R v. Dures [1997] 2 Cr App R 247 (CA) 17 R v. Farr (1998) 163 JP 193 (CA) 181
R v. E [2004] EWCA Crim 1313 502, 508 R v. Farrell [2004] EWCA Crim 597 514
R v. E [2004] 1 WLR 3279 (CA) 306 R v. Fell [2001] EWCA Crim 696 250
R v. E [2009] EWCA Crim 1370 355 R v. Fergus (1993) 98 Cr App R 313 (CA) 310
R v. Eades [1972] Crim LR 99 (Assizes) 177 R v. Field and Others (Justices) ex parte
R v. Eastlake [2007] EWCA Crim 603 318, 461 White (1895) 64 LJMC 158 (DC) 97
R v. Edwards (1872) 12 Cox CC 230 R v. Finch [2007] 1 WLR 1645 (CA) 281, 406
(Assizes) 398 R v. Finley [1993] Crim LR 50 (CA) 326
Table of cases xxvii
R v. Fitzgerald (1998) unreported R v. Giga [2007] EWCA Crim 345 315

(97/2011/W5) (CA) 229 R v. Gilbert (1977) 66 Cr App R 237 (CA) 217
R v. Fitzpatrick [1999] Crim LR 832 (CA) 367 R v. Giles (1998) unreported (97/5495/W2)
R v. Fletcher [2005] EWCA Crim 3284 493 (CA) 331
R v. Flynn [2001] EWCA Crim 1633 220 R v. Gilfoyle [1996] 1 Cr App R 303
R v. Flynn [2008] EWCA Crim 970 328, 329 (CA) 396, 399–400
R v. Folan [2003] EWCA Crim 908 325 R v. Gilfoyle (No. 2) [2001] 2 Cr App R 57
R v. Forbes [2001] 2 WLR 1 (HL) 24, 314, (CA) 353, 359, 361
325, 326 R v. Gill [1963] 1 WLR 841 (CCA)
R v. Foster [1995] Crim LR 333 (CA) 153 49, 52
R v. Foster [2003] EWCA Crim 178 16 R v. Gill [2001] 1 Cr App R 160 (CA) 220, 226, 227,
R v. Foster [2007] EWCA Crim 2869 182 237
R v. Fox [1985] 1 WLR 1126 (HL) 284, 291, 292 R v. Gill [2004] 1 WLR 469 (CA) 254
R v. Fox [2009] EWCA Crim 653 444 R v. Gillard (1990) 92 Cr App R 61 (CA) 275
R v. Foxley [1995] 2 Cr App R 523 (CA) 391 R v. Gillespie (1967) 51 Cr App R 172 (CA) 162
R v. Francis (1990) 91 Cr App R 271 (CA) 178 R v. Gillooley [2009] EWCA Crim 671 144
R v. Fraser (1956) 40 Cr App R 160 (CCA) 146 R v. Gilmore [2005] 1 WLR 3169 (CA) 465
R v. Freeman [2009] 1 WLR 2723 (CA) 471 R v. Glaves [1993] Crim LR 685 (CA) 274
R v. Fricker (1999) The Times 13.7.99 (CA) 97 R v. Gloster (1888) 16 Cox CC 471 (CCC) 402
R v. Friend [1997] 1 WLR 1433 (CA) 234 R v. Glover [1991] Crim LR 48 (CA) 397
R v. Friend (No. 2) [2004] EWCA Crim R v. Goddard [2007] EWCA Crim 3134 164
2661 234 R v. Gokal (1999) unreported (97/01432/S2)
R v. Frixou [1998] Crim LR 352 (CA) 181 (CA) 366
R v. Fulcher [1995] 2 Cr App R 251 (CA) 431 R v. Goldenberg (1988) 88 Cr App R 285
R v. Fulling [1987] 2 WLR 923 (CA) 255, 256 (CA) 251, 257
R v. Funderburk [1990] 1 WLR 587 (CA) 138, 170, R v. Goodsir [2006] EWCA Crim 852 220, 237
171, 172, 174 R v. Goodway (1993) 98 Cr App R 11
R v. G [2004] EWCA Crim 1240 360, 362 (CA) 337
R v. G [2008] 1 WLR 1379 (HL) 62 R v. Gordon (1789) 1 Leach 515 (CEC) 91
R v. G(R) [2002] EWCA Crim 1056 41–2, 138, 232 R v. Gordon [1995] 1 Cr App R 290 (CA) 334
R v. Galbraith [1981] 1 WLR 1039 R v. Gordon [1995] 2 Cr App R 61 (CA) 33
(CA) 178–9, 317 R v. Gough [2001] EWCA Crim 2545 233
R v. Gall (1989) 90 Cr App R 64 (CA) 326, 377 R v. Governor of Brixton Prison ex parte
R v. Garaxo [2005] EWCA Crim 1170 508–9 Levin [1997] 3 WLR 117 (HL) 106
R v. Garbett (1847) 1 Den 236 (CCCR) 199 R v. Governor of Brixton prison ex parte
R v. Gardner [2004] EWCA Crim 1639 320, Osman (1990) 93 Cr App R 202 (DC) 523
321, 366 R v. Governor of Pentonville Prison ex parte
R v. Garnham [2008] EWCA Crim 266 165, 471 Osman (1988) 90 Cr App R 281 (DC) 19
R v. Garrod [1997] Crim LR 445 (CA) 248 R v. Graham [1994] Crim LR 212 (CA) 327
R v. Gayle [1999] 2 Cr App R 130 (CA) 320–1, R v. Graham [2007] EWCA Crim 1499 34
323 R v. Grannell (1989) 90 Cr App R 149 (CA) 325
R v. George [2002] EWCA Crim 1923 112, R v. Grant [1996] 1 Cr App R 73 (CA) 32, 34
318, 327 R v. Grant [2005] 3 WLR 437 (CA) 271, 297
R v. George [2006] EWCA Crim 1652 486 R v. Gray (1973) 58 Cr App R 177 (CA) 78–9
R v. Gerard (1948) 32 Cr App R 132 (CCA) 218 R v. Gray [2003] EWCA Crim 1001 319–20, 366
R v. Ghilwan Abdullah (1998) unreported R v. Gray [2004] EWCA Crim 1074 435
(98/2542/Y2) (CA) 337–8 R v. Grayson [1997] 1 NZLR 399 (NZCA) 287
R v. Gian [2009] EWCA Crim 2553 77, 409 R v. Greatbanks [1959] Crim LR 450 (CCC) 496
R v. Gibbins [2004] EWCA Crim 311 208 R v. Green [2006] EWCA Crim 776 327, 479
R v. Gibson [1887] 18 QBD 537 (CCCR) 114 R v. Green [2009] EWCA Crim 1688 34
R v. Gibson (1983) 77 Cr App R 151 (CA) 50 R v. Greene [2009] EWCA Crim 2282 147, 342
xxviii Evidence
R v. Greenwood [2004] EWCA Crim R v. Harirbafan [2008] EWCA Crim 1967 181
1388 37, 38, 41 R v. Harmes [2006] EWCA Crim 928 305
R v. Gregg (1932) 24 Cr App R 13 (CCA) 346 R v. Harrington [2001] EWCA Crim 2096 175
R v. Gregory (2000) unreported R v. Harris [1986] Crim LR 123 (CA) 183
(99/4313/Y3) (CA) 341 R v. Harris [2002] EWCA Crim 1597 396
R v. Gregson (1992) 14 Cr App R (S) 85 R v. Harris [2003] EWCA Crim 174 323, 326
(CA) 493 R v. Harris [2005] EWCA Crim 1980 361,
R v. Gregson [2003] EWCA Crim 1099 399 362, 368, 379
R v. Griffin (1853) 6 Cox CC 219 (CCC) 211 R v. Harrison [2006] EWCA Crim 1543 507
R v. Griffiths [1998] Crim LR 567 (CA) 33 R v. Harron [1996] 2 Cr App R 457 (CA) 338
R v. Griffiths [2007] EWCA Crim 2468 165 R v. Harry (1986) 86 Cr App R 105 (CA) 119, 121
R v. Gummerson [1999] Crim LR 680 R v. Hart (1932) 23 Cr App R 202 (CCA) 161, 400
(CA) 329, 371 R v. Hart [1998] CLY 374 (CA) 225
R v. Gunewardene [1951] 2 KB 600 R v. Harvey [1988] Crim LR 241 (CCC) 251, 256
(CCA) 177, 248 R v. Hasan [2008] EWCA Crim 2909 42
R v. Guney [1998] 2 Cr App R 242 (CA) 33, 34 R v. Hay (1983) 77 Cr App R 70 (CA) 376, 377
R v. Gurney [1994] Crim LR 116 (CA) 461 R v. Haye [2002] EWCA Crim 2476 33
R v. Gyima [2007] EWCA Crim 429 385, 411, 465 R v. Hayes [1977] 1 WLR 234 (CA) 132
R v. H [1987] Crim LR 47 (CC) 269 R v. Hayes [2004] EWCA Crim 2844 170
R v. H [1994] Crim LR 205 (CA) 435 R v. Haynes [2008] EWCA Crim 1218 352
R v. H [1995] 2 WLR 737 (HL) 460, 472 R v. Hayter [2005] 1 WLR 605 (HL) 248, 375–6
R v. H [2003] EWCA Crim 1208 153
R v. Hearne [2009] EWCA Crim 103 482, 488
R v. H [2004] 2 WLR 335 (HL) 527–8
R v. Helliwell [1995] Crim LR 79 (CA) 53
R v. H [2005] EWCA Crim 2083 102, 382
R v. Hempton (2000) unreported
R v. H(J) [2005] EWCA Crim 1828 342, 355
(99/3835/X2) (CA) 341
R v. Haigh [2010] EWCA Crim 90 444, 455
R v. Hendley [2004] 1 WLR 2111 (CA) 60, 64
R v. Hall (1994) The Times 11.3.94 (CC) 269
R v. Henry [2005] EWCA Crim 1681 356
R v. Hallam [2007] EWCA Crim 1495 184
R v. Hepworth [1955] 3 WLR 331 (CCA) 78
R v. Hallett [1986] Crim LR 462 (CA) 524
R v. Hersey [1998] Crim LR 281 (CA) 329,
R v. Hall-Chung [2007] EWCA Crim
330, 354
3429 163, 229
R v. Hertfordshire County Council ex parte
R v. Halpin [1996] Crim LR 112 (CA) 33
Green Environmental [2000] 2 WLR 373
R v. Hamadi [2007] EWCA Crim 3048 504, 507
(HL) 189
R v. Hamidi [2010] EWCA Crim 66 233
R v. Hamill [1994] 5 BNIL 51 (NICA) 235 R v. Hester [2007] EWCA Crim 2127 165
R v. Hamilton (1998) The Times 25.7.98 R v. Higgins [1996] 1 FLR 137 (CA) 529, 530
(CA) 137, 177 R v. Highton [2005] 1 WLR 3472 (CA) 448,
R v. Hammond (1941) 28 Cr App R 84 450, 451, 467, 470, 477, 487, 490
(CCA) 273 R v. Hill [1996] Crim LR 419 (CA) 338
R v. Hampton [2004] EWCA Crim 2139 318 R v. Hilliard [2004] EWCA Crim 837 219, 220–1
R v. Hanratty (Deceased) [2002] EWCA R v. Hills (1987) 86 Cr App R 26 (CA) 348
Crim 1141 335 R v. Hinchcliffe [2002] EWCA Crim 837 178, 372
R v. Hanson [2005] 1 WLR 3169 (CA) 39, 443, R v. Hoare [2005] 1 WLR 1804 (CA) 223, 224
445, 448, 450, 462, 463–4, 465, R v. Hodge (1838) 2 Lewin 227 (Assizes) 13
470, 481, 482, 487–8 R v. Hodges [2003] EWCA Crim 290 361, 364
R v. Hanton [2005] EWCA Crim 2009 159 R v. Hogart [2007] EWCA Crim 338 369–70, 443
R v. Harden [1963] 1 QB 8 (CCA) 352 R v. Holden (1999) unreported
R v. Hardwick [2001] EWCA Crim 369 412 (99/2630/Y2) (CA) 338
R v. Hardwick [2002] EWCA Crim 2379 181 R v. Holliday [2005] EWCA Crim 2388 251
R v. Hardwicke [2001] Crim LR 220 294, 305 R v. Holmes (1871) LR1 CCR 334 (CCCR) 495, 496
R v. Haringey Justices ex parte DPP [1996] R v. Honeyghon [1999] Crim LR 221
2 WLR 114 (DC) 180 (CA) 144, 146
Table of cases xxix
R v. Hookway [1999] Crim LR 750 (CA) 319 R v. Jenkins (1945) 31 Cr App R 1 (CCA) 481, 484
R v. Horncastle [2009] EWCA Crim 964, R v. Jenkins [1998] Crim LR 411 (CA) 344
[2010] 2 WLR 47 104, 387, 388, 407, R v. Jisl [2004] EWCA Crim 696 29
416, 417, 418 R v. Jobe [2004] EWCA Crim 3155 145
R v. Horncastle [2009] UKSC 14, [2010] R v. Johnson [1961] 1 WLR 1478 (CCA) 53
2 WLR 47 (95) 20, 23, 78, 104, 157, R v. Johnson [1988] 1 WLR 1377 (CA) 528–9, 530
158, 387, 407, 408, 411, 413, R v. Johnson [1994] Crim LR 376 (CA) 352
414, 416–7 R v. Johnson [2001] 1 Cr App R 408
R v. Horne [1990] Crim LR 188 (CA) 216 (CA) 310, 321
R v. Horseferry Road Magistrates’ R v. Johnson [2005] EWCA Crim 971 238
Court, ex parte Bennett [1993] 3 WLR R v. Johnson [2007] EWCA Crim 1651 279
90 (HL) 290, 296, 297 R v. Johnstone [2003] 1 WLR 1736 (HL) 56, 57,
R v. Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court 60, 65
ex parte Bennett (No.2) (1993) 99 Cr R v. Jones (1923) 17 Cr App R 117 (CCA) 485
App R 123 (DC) 530 R v. Jones [1970] 1 WLR 16 (CA) 95
R v. Horsham Justices, ex parte Bukhari R v. Jones [1997] 2 Cr App R 119 (CA) 403
(1981) 74 Cr App R 291 (DC) 321 R v. Jones [2002] 2 WLR 524 (HL) 128, 246
R v. Houlden (1993) 99 Cr App R 245 R v. Jones [2003] EWCA Crim 1966 341
(CA) 437 R v. Jones [2007] 3 WLR 907 (CA) 302
R v. Howell [2001] EWCA Crim 2862 431 R v. Joyce [2005] EWCA Crim 1785 148, 409, 413
R v. Howell [2003] EWCA Crim 1 223 R v. K (1992) 97 Cr App R 342 (CA) 524
R v. Hoyte [1994] Crim LR 215 (CA) 264 R v. K [2006] EWCA Crim 472 159
R v. Huckerby [2004] EWCA Crim 3251 355 R v. K [2007] EWCA Crim 3463 146
R v. Hulbert (1979) 69 Cr App R 243 (CA) 108 R v. K(A) [2010] 2 WLR 905 (CA) 190, 195,
R v. Hulme [2005] EWCA Crim 1196 403 198, 210, 247
R v. Hulme [2006] EWCA Crim 2899 136, 139, R v. K(M) [2007] EWCA Crim 3150 116
148, 173 R v. Kamuhuza [2008] EWCA Crim 3060 386
R v. Humphris [2005] EWCA Crim 2030 392 R v. Karakaya [2005] EWCA Crim 346 98, 184
R v. Hundal [2004] EWCA Crim 389 197 R v. Kartal (1999) unreported
R v. Hunt [1986] 3 WLR 1115 (HL) 64, 68–70, 71 (98/4147/X5) (CA) 183
R v. Hunt [1992] Crim LR 582 (CA) 263 R v. Keane [1994] 1 WLR 746 (CA) 524, 525
R v. Hunter [2002] EWCA Crim 2693 341 R v. Kearley [1992] 2 WLR 656 (HL) 118–9,
R v. Hussain [2008] EWCA Crim 1117 447, 476 120, 121, 122
R v. Hutton (1988) The Times 27.10.88 (CA) 143 R v. Kearns [2002] 1 WLR 2815 (CA) 194–5, 197
R v. Hutton [1999] Crim LR 74 (CA) 317 R v. Keast [1998] Crim LR 748 (CA) 137
R v. Ibrahima [2005] EWCA Crim 1436 364 R v. Kebbell [2004] EWCA Crim 1299 436
R v. Ilyas [1996] Crim LR 810 (CA) 391, 404 R v. Keenan [1989] 3 WLR 1193 (CA) 260, 288
R v. Iroegbu (1988) The Times 2.8.88 (CA) 183 R v. Keet [2007] 1 WLR 2716 (CA) 415
R v. Isichei [2006] EWCA Crim 1815 123, 457 R v. Kelly (1998) 162 JP 231 (CA) 326
R v. Ismail [1990] Crim LR 109 (CA) 275 R v. Kelly [2007] EWCA Crim 1715 388, 400, 415
R v. J(S) [2009] EWCA Crim 1869 407 R v. Kelsey (1981) 74 Cr App R 213
R v. Jackson [1992] Crim LR 214 (CA) 182 (CA) 135
R v. Jackson [1996] 2 Cr App R 420 (CA) 263, 363 R v. Kempster [1989] 1 WLR 1125 (CA) 374
R v. Jackson [2000] Crim LR 377 (CA) 525 R v. Kempster [2003] EWCA Crim 3555 332
R v. Jackson [2007] EWCA Crim 1892 459 R v. Kempster (No 2) [2008] EWCA
R v. James [1996] Crim LR 650 (CA) 263 Crim 975 332, 379
R v. James (1998) unreported (97/2785/Y4) R v. Kennedy [1994] Crim LR 50 (CA) 412
(CA) 170 R v. Keogh [2007] 1 WLR 1500 (CA) 60
R v. Jarvis [1991] Crim LR 374 (CA) 137, 172 R v. Khan (1986) 84 Cr App R 44 (CA) 130
R v. Jarvis [2008] EWCA Crim 488 478 R v. Khan [1996] 3 WLR 162 (HL) 268, 285,
R v. Jelen (1989) 90 Cr App R 456 (CA) 259, 267 290, 293
xxx Evidence
R v. Khan [2001] EWCA Crim 486 232 R v. Leatham (1861) 8 Cox CC 498 (DC) 283
R v. Khan [2007] EWCA Crim 2331 199 R v. Lee [1996] Crim LR 825 (CA) 374, 474–5
R v. Khan [2008] EWCA Crim 1112 184 R v. Leonard [2009] EWCA Crim 1251 123–4
R v. Khan [2009] EWCA Crim 86 407–8 R v. Lewes Justices ex parte Secretary of
R v. Khan [2009] EWCA Crim 1569 368 State [1972] 3 WLR 279 (HL) 521, 522,
R v. Khelawon [2006] 2 SCR 787 (SCC) 405 529, 531
R v. Kidd [1995] Crim LR 406 (CA) 375, 461 R v. Lewis (1982) 76 Cr App R 33 (CA) 12, 459
R v. King [1983] 1 WLR 411 (CA) 202 R v. Ley [2006] EWCA Crim 3063 313, 314, 318
R v. Kirk [2000] 1 WLR 567 (CA) 251, 263, 275 R v. Lifchus [1997] 3 SCR 320 (SCC) 79
R v. Kirk [2008] EWCA Crim 434 29 R v. Lilley [2003] EWCA Crim 1789 114
R v. Knight [2004] 1 WLR 340 (CA) 219, 223, R v. Lin [1995] Crim LR 817 (CA) 267
225, 238 R v. Littleboy [1934] 2 KB 408 (CCA) 218
R v. Knight [2007] EWCA Crim 3027 115 R v. Littlechild [2006] EWCA Crim 2126 483
R v. Knowlden (1981) 77 Cr App R 94 R v. Liverpool Juvenile Court ex parte R
(CA) 340, 341 [1987] 3 WLR 224 (DC) 272, 273
R v. Kolton [2000] Crim LR 761 (CA) 98 R v. Livesey [2007] EWCA Crim 361 482
R v. Kordansinki [2006] EWCA Crim R v. Lloyd [2000] 2 Cr App R 355 (CA) 431
2984 369, 375 R v. Lobban [2004] EWCA Crim 1099 385, 412
R v. Kosten [1993] Crim LR 687 (CA) 266–7 R v. Lobell [1957] 2 WLR 524 (CCA) 52
R v. Krausz (1973) 57 Cr App R 466 (CA) 497 R v. Lockley [1995] 2 Cr App R 554 (CA) 389
R v. Kwok Si Cheng (1976) 63 Cr App R R v. Lodge [2004] EWCA Crim 279 358
20 (CA) 136
R v. Loizou [2006] EWCA Crim 1719 228
R v. Kyriakou (1990) 12 Cr App R (S) 603
R v. Long (1973) 57 Cr App R 871 (CA) 313
(CA) 493
R v. Looseley, Attorney General’s
R v. L [2001] EWCA Crim 1425 140
Reference (No. 3 of 2000) [2001]
R v. L [2009] 1 WLR 626 (CA) 132, 407
1 WLR 2061 (HL) 288, 289, 294,
R v. L(K) [2002] EWCA Crim 2171 108, 366
297, 298, 300, 301–4, 305
R v. L(G) [2009] EWCA Crim 1057 344
R v. Louden-Barratnew [2004] EWCA
R v. Lafayette [2008] EWCA Crim 3238 450
Crim 1753 435
R v. Lamb (1980) 71 Cr App R 198 (CA) 327
R v. Loughran [1999] Crim LR 404 (CA) 359
R v. Lamb [2006] EWCA Crim 3347 406
R v. Lovell (1999) unreported
R v. Lambert [2001] 3 WLR 206 (HL) 23, 24,
(99/3783/Y3) (CA) 257
25, 54, 55, 56, 57–8, 59, 71
R v. Lovelock [1997] Crim LR 821 (CA) 33
R v. Lamaletie [2008] EWCA Crim 314 482, 483
R v. Lanfear [1968] 2 WLR 623 (CA) 367 R v. Lowe [2003] EWCA Crim 3182 143
R v. Lang [2002] EWCA Crim 298 59 R v. Lowe [2007] EWCA Crim 3047 445
R v. Lang [2004] EWCA Crim 1701 385 R v. Lowe (No. 2) [2007] EWCA Crim 833 227
R v. Langford (2000) The Times 12.01.01 R v. Loveridge [2001] EWCA Crim 734 335, 363
(CA) 182 R v. Lucas [1981] 3 WLR 120 (CA) 337, 348
R v. Langley [2000] All ER (D) 55 (CA) 313 R v. Luczynski [2003] 2 NZLR 860
R v. La Rose [2003] EWCA Crim 1471 228 (NZHC) 246
R v. Lashley (2000) unreported R v. Luffe (1807) 8 East 193 (KBD) 95
(99/3890/Y3) (CA) 334 R v. Lumley (1869) LR 1 CCR 196 (CCCR) 86
R v. Lashley [2005] EWCA Crim 2016 183 R v. Lunnon (1988) 88 Cr App R 71 (CA) 373
R v. Lasseur [1991] Crim LR 53 (CA) 485 R v. Lunt (1986) 85 Cr App R 241 (CA) 461
R v. Latif [1996] 1 WLR 104 (HL) 289, 290, R v. Luttrell [2004] EWCA Crim 1344 338–9,
297–8, 302 361, 362
R v. Law (1996) The Times 15.8.96 (CA) 525 R v. Lydon (1986) 85 Cr App R 221 (CA) 111
R v. Lawless (1993) 98 Cr App R 342 (CA) 161 R v. Lynch [2007] EWCA Crim 3035 398, 407
R v. Lawson [1998] Crim LR 883 (CA) 16, 396–7 R v. M (2000) unreported (99/4259/X4)
R v. Lawson [2007] 1 WLR 1191 (CA) 256
(CA) 165, 476, 477 R v. M [2000] 1 Cr App R 49 (CA) 343
Table of cases xxxi
R v. M [2003] EWCA Crim 3067 13 R v. Martin [1996] Crim LR 589 (CA) 387
R v. M [2006] EWCA Crim 193 451 R v. Martin [2000] 2 Cr App R 42 (CA) 432
R v. M [2006] EWCA Crim 3408 466–7 R v. Martin [2002] 2 WLR 1 (CA) 356
R v. M [2007] EWCA Crim 219 248, 408 R v. Martin [2004] EWCA Crim 916 502, 504, 505
R v. M [2008] EWCA Crim 2751 133 R v. MartinezTobon [1994] 1 WLR 388
R v. M [2008] EWCA Crim 2787 161 (CA) 232
R v. M(A) [2009] EWCA Crim 618 508, 509 R v. Masih [1986] Crim LR 395 (CA) 355–6
R v. M(D) [2008] EWCA Crim 1544 446, 474 R v. Mason [1988] 1 WLR 139 (CA) 259, 270,
R v. M(KJ) [2003] EWCA Crim 357 415, 419 288, 289
R v. M(M) [2007] EWCA Crim R v. Mason [2002] EWCA Crim 385 268–9
1558 143, 344, 355 R v. Massey (2000) unreported
R v. M(T) [2004] EWCA Crim 2085 176 (99/03269/Z3) (CA) 246
R v. Machado [2006] EWCA Crim R v. Matheson [1958] 1 WLR 474 (CCA) 367
837 39, 164, 451 R v. Mathias (1989) The Times 24.8.89
R v. Mack [1988] 2 SCR 903 (SCC) 302 (CA) 251
R v. Mackenney (1981) 76 Cr App R 271 R v. Mattan (Deceased) (1998) The Times
(CA) 357 5.3.98 (CA) 5, 308
R v. Mackenney (No. 2) [2003] EWCA R v. Mattey [1995] 2 Cr App R 409 (CA) 385
Crim 3643 345, 357 R v. Matthews (1983) 78 Cr App R 23 (CA) 181
R v. Mackenzie (1992) 96 Cr App R 98 R v. Matthews [2003] 3 WLR 693 (CA) 60
(CA) 179 R v. Matthews [2006] EWCA Crim 2759 229
R v. Mackie (1973) 57 Cr App R 453 (CA) 451 R v. Mattison [1990] Crim LR 117 (CA) 373
R v. MacPherson [2005] EWCA Crim 3605 133 R v. Mauricia [2002] EWCA Crim 676 480
R v. Maggs (1990) 91 Cr App R 243 (CA) 183 R v. Maw [1994] Crim LR 841 (CA) 146, 147
R v. Maguire [2008] EWCA Crim 1028 227, 241 R v. May [2005] 1 WLR 2902 (CA) 528
R v. Mahmood [1997] 1 Cr App R 414 R v. Maybery [2003] EWCA Crim 783 343
(CA) 374 R v. Mayers [2009] 1 WLR 1915 156, 157, 158,
R v. Majid [2009] EWCA Crim 2563 79, 130 382, 384, 405
R v. Makanjuola [1995] 1 WLR 1348 (CA) 336, R v. Maynard [2006] EWCA Crim 1509 29, 445,
340–2, 346 464, 502
R v. Malicki [2009] EWCA Crim 365 133, 158, 161 R v. McAfee [2006] EWCA Crim 2914 135
R v. Malik [2000] 2 Cr App R 8 (CA) 167 R v. McAnoy [1996] 6 BNIL 50 (NICA) 235
R v. Malinina [2007] EWCA Crim 3228 49, 80 R v. McCaffrey [2003] EWCA Crim 970 227
R v. Malone [2006] EWCA Crim 1860 443, 452 R v. McCarthy (1980) 71 Cr App R 142
R v. Manase [2001] 2 NZLR 197 (NZCA) 405 (CA) 143
R v. Manchester Crown Court ex parte Rogers R v. McCarthy [1996] Crim LR 818 (CA) 289
[1999] 1 WLR 832 (DC) 201 R v. McCartney [2003] EWCA Crim
R v. Mangena [2009] EWCA Crim 2535 135 1372 323, 326
R v. Manister [2006] 1 WLR 1855 446 R v. McCay [1990] 1 WLR 645 (CA) 124, 398
R v. Mann (1972) 56 Cr App R 750 (CA) 146, 218 R v. McClean (1999) unreported
R v. Manning [1968] Crim LR 675 (CA) 146 (98/01354/R2) (CA) 228
R v. Maqsud Ali [1965] 3 WLR 229 (CCA) 106 R v. McClure [2001] 1 SCR 445 (SCC) 205–6
R v. Marcus [2004] EWCA Crim 3387 288, 326 R v. McConnell [2004] EWCA Crim 1358 318
R v. Marr (1989) 90 Cr App R 154 (CA) 182 R v. McCoy (1999) unreported
R v. Marriner [2002] EWCA Crim 2855 305 (99/01674/W4) (CA) 412
R v. Marsh (1993) The Times 6.7.93 (CA) 180 R v. McDonald [2007] EWCA Crim 1194 468
R v. Marsh [1994] Crim LR 52 (CA) 480 R v. McGarry [1999] 1 Cr App R 377 (CA) 228
R v. Marsh [2008] EWCA Crim 1816 199, 406, R v. McGovern (1990) 92 Cr App R 228
408, 420 (CA) 253, 258, 274
R v. Marshall [1977] Crim LR 106 (CC) 108, 115 R v. McGranaghan [1995] 1 Cr App R 559
R v. Marshall [2007] EWCA Crim 35 184 (CA) 473
xxxii Evidence
R v. McIlkenny (1991) 93 Cr App R 287 R v. Mohammed [2005] EWCA Crim 1880 459
(CA) 252 R v. Mohan [1994] 2 SCR 9 (SCC) 28, 354
R v. McInnes (1989) 90 Cr App R 99 (CA) 347 R v. Mokrecovas [2001] EWCA Crim
R v. McIntosh [1992] Crim LR 651 (CA) 112 1644 504, 505
R v. McKenning [2008] EWCA Crim 2301 493 R v. Molloy [1997] 2 Cr App R 283 (CA) 206
R v. McKenzie [2008] EWCA Crim 758 445–6 R v. Momodou [2005] 1 WLR 3442 (CA) 134
R v. McKnight (2000) The Times 5.5.00 (CA) 54 R v. Montgomery [1996] Crim LR 507
R v. McLean (1926) 19 Cr App R 104 (CCA) 485 (CA) 323
R v. McLean (1967) 52 Cr App R 80 (CA) 135 R v. Moon [2004] EWCA Crim 2872 304–5
R v. McLean [1978] Crim LR 430 (CA) 484 R v. Moore (1956) 40 Cr App R 50 (CCA) 373
R v. McLeod [2002] EWCA Crim 989 269 R v. Moore (1992) unreported
R v. McLernon [1992] NI 168 (NICA) 225 (92/2101/Y3) (CA) 179
R v. McManus [2001] EWCA Crim 2455 233 R v. Moore [2004] EWCA Crim 3298 316
R v. McNamara (1988) 87 Cr App R 246 R v. Morgan [1993] Crim LR 56 (CA) 446
(CA) 54 R v. Morgan [2001] EWCA Crim 445 226, 227
R v. McNamara [1996] Crim LR 750 (CA) R v. Morris [1998] Crim LR 416 (CA) 159
319 R v. Morris [2002] EWCA Crim 2968 484
R v. McNeill [2007] EWCA Crim 2927 453, 456 R v. Moshaid [1998] Crim LR 420
R v. Meade [2006] EWCA Crim 1662 181 (CA) 226
R v. Meade [2007] EWCA Crim 1116 407 R v. Mountford [1999] Crim LR 575
R v. Meads [1996] Crim LR 519 (CA) 162 (CA) 220, 341
R v. Medway (1999) unreported R v. Moustakim [2008] EWCA Crim 3096 432
(98/7579/Y3) (CA) 385 R v. Muir (1983) 79 Cr App R 153 (CA) 124
R v. Mehrban [2001] EWCA Crim 2627 130 R v. Mulhall [2006] EWCA Crim 1971 502
R v. Mendy (1976) 64 Cr App R 4 (CA) 175, 176 R v. Mullen [1999] 3 WLR 777
R v. Menga [1998] Crim LR 58 (CA) 524 (CA) 288, 296, 297, 298
R v. Merry (1993) 99 Cr App R 326 (CA) 359 R v. Mullen [2004] EWCA Crim 602 159
R v. Meyer [2006] EWCA Crim 1126 451, 468, 470 R v. Muncaster [1999] Crim LR 409 (CA) 341
R v. Miah [1997] 2 Cr App R 12 (CA) 185, 431 R v. Murray [1995] RTR 239 (CA) 40, 371
R v. Miah [2009] EWCA Crim 2368 218 R v. Murray [1997] 2 Cr App R 136 (CA) 403
R v. Middlebrook (1994) The Independent R v. Murray [2004] EWCA Crim 2416 181
7.3.94 (CA) 17 R v. Mushtaq [2005] 1 WLR 1513 (HL) 272
R v. Middleton [2001] Crim LR 251 (CA) 336, R v. Musone [2007] 1 WLR 2467 (CA) 406, 477–8
337, 338 R v. Myers [1997] 3 WLR 552 (HL) 17, 279
R v. Milford [2001] Crim LR 330 (CA) 224, R v. N [2002] EWCA Crim 1595 177
226, 227 R v. N(K) [2006] EWCA Crim 3309 115
R v. Miller (1952) 36 Cr App R 169 R v. Nagah (1990) 92 Cr App R 344 (CA) 290, 326
(Assizes) 17, 18 R v. Nagrecha [1997] 2 Cr App R 401
R v. Miller [1998] Crim LR 209 (CA) 265 (CA) 171
R v. Millington [1995] Crim LR 824 (CA) 34 R v. Napper (1995) 161 JP 16 (CA) 235
R v. Milner [2000] All ER (D) 1163 (CA) 142 R v. Nash [2004] EWCA Crim 2696 314
R v. Milroy-Sloan (2003) The Times 17.5.03 R v. Nathaniel [1995] 2 Cr App R 565 (CA) 291
(CCC) 493 R v. Naudeer [1984] 3 All ER 1036 (CA) 130
R v. Mirza [2004] 2 WLR 201 (HL) 184–5 R v. Navabi [2005] EWCA Crim 2865 65
R v. Mitchell (1892) 17 Cox CC 503 (Assizes) 215 R v. Nazifi [2006] EWCA Crim 1743 493
R v. Mitchell [2003] EWCA Crim 907 153, R v. Neale (1977) 65 Cr App R 304 (CA) 476
180, 181 R v. Neale [1998] Crim LR 737 (CA) 168
R v. Mitchell [2004] EWCA Crim 3206 503 R v. Neil [1994] Crim LR 441 (CA) 275
R v. Mitchell [2005] EWCA Crim 731 319, R v. Nelson [1997] Crim LR 234 (CA) 182
320, 366 R v. Nelson [1998] 2 Cr App R 399
R v. Moghal (1977) 65 Cr App R 56 (CA) 400 (CA) 263–4, 276
Table of cases xxxiii
R v. Nelson [2006] EWCA Crim 3412 448, 482 R v. P [2002] EWCA Crim 1388 207, 229
R v. Nelson [2009] EWCA Crim 1600 387 R v. P [2005] 1 WLR 3169 (CA) 456, 465–6
R v. Nethercott [2001] EWCA Crim 2535 26, 476 R v. P [2006] EWCA Crim 2517 455
R v. Newport [1998] Crim LR 581 (CA) 398 R v. P [2007] EWCA Crim 3216 179
R v. Newsome (1980) 71 Cr App R 325 R v. P(J) [1999] Crim LR 401 (CA) 384
(CA) 143 R v. Pall [1992] Crim LR 126 (CA) 262
R v. Newton (1982) 77 Cr App R 13 (CA) 99 R v. Papworth [2007] EWCA Crim 3031 248
R v. Ngyuen [2008] EWCA Crim 585 444, R v. Paris (1992) 97 Cr App R 99
445, 467 (CA) 251, 254, 256
R v. Nicholas (1846) 2 C & K 246 (Assizes) 402 R v. Parker [1995] Crim LR 233 (CA) 267
R v. Nicholson [2000] 1 Cr App R 182 R v. Parkinson [2004] EWCA Crim 3195 387
(CA) 321, 323 R v. Parris [2003] EWCA Crim 3734 272
R v. Nickolson [1999] Crim LR 61 (CA) 219, 220 R v. Passos-Carr [2009] EWCA Crim 2018 476
R v. Nolan [2002] EWCA Crim 464 322 R v. Patel (1981) 73 Cr App R 117 (CA) 125
R v. Nottle [2004] EWCA Crim 599 279 R v. Patel [2001] EWCA Crim 2505 524
R v. Nye (1982) 75 Cr App R 247 (CA) 434 R v. Payne [1963] 1 WLR 637 (CCA) 196, 283,
R v. O [2005] EWCA Crim 3082 215, 216 284, 285, 291, 292
R v. O(A) [2000] Crim LR 617 (CA) 219 R v. Payton [2006] EWCA Crim 1226 435
R v. Oakes [1986] 1 SCR 103 (SCC) 52 R v. Pearce (1979) 69 Cr App R 365 (CA) 143
R v. Oakwell [1978] 1 WLR 32 (CA) 313, 314, 316 R v. Pearce [2002] 1 WLR 1553 (CA) 130
R v. O’Brien (1845) 1 Cox CC 185 (Assizes) 153 R v. Pelham [2007] EWCA Crim 1321 356
R v. O’Brien [2000] Crim LR 676 (CA) 357 R v. Pendleton [2002] 1 WLR 72 (HL) 358
R v. O’Brien [2003] EWCA Crim 1370 325 R v. Penny (1991) 94 Cr App R 345 (CA) 78,
R v. O’Connell [2003] EWCA Crim 502 119 325–6
R v. O’Connor (1986) 85 Cr App R 298 R v. Perpont [2004] EWCA Crim 2562 263
(CA) 372 R v. Perry (2000) The Times 28.4.00 (CA) 322
R v. O’Connor (1996) unreported R v. Pestano [1981] Crim LR 397 (CA) 147
(96/6365/Y4) (CA) 177 R v. Petkar [2003] EWCA Crim 2668 341
R v. O’Connor [2009] EWCA Crim 1372 452 R v. Pettigrew (1980) 71 Cr App R 39 (CA) 106
R v. O’Doherty [2003] 1 Cr App R 77 R v. Pettman (1985) unreported (5048/C/82)
(NICA) 328, 329 (CA) 456
R v. O’Dowd [2009] EWCA Crim 905 445, 446, R v. Phillips [1999] All ER (D) 1372 (CA) 181
448, 451 R v. Phillips [2003] EWCA Crim 1379 455
R v. O’Hare [2006] EWCA Crim 471 128 R v. Pieterson [1995] 1 WLR 293 (CA) 330
R v. O’Hare [2006] EWCA Crim 2512 407 R v. Piggott [2005] EWCA Crim 655 155
R v. Okafor (1993) 99 Cr App R 97 R v. Pipe (1966) 51 Cr App R 17 (CA) 130
(CA) 263 R v. Pitt [1982] 3 WLR 359 (CA) 130, 145, 211
R v. O’Leary (1988) 87 Cr App R 387 R v. Platten [2006] EWCA Crim 140 404
(CA) 17, 259 R v. Pleydell [2005] EWCA Crim 1447 35
R v. Oliphant [1992] Crim LR 40 (CA) 262, 288 R v. Pook (1871) 13 Cox CC 172n (CCC) 401
R v. Oliver [1944] 1 KB 68 (CCA) 66 R v. Popat [1998] 2 Cr App R 208 (CA) 325
R v. Onufrejczyk [1955] 2 WLR 273 R v. Porter [2001] EWCA Crim 2699 341
(CCA) 12, 13, 453 R v. Powell [1985] 1 WLR 1364 (CA) 489
R v. Orrell [1972] RTR 14 (CA) 112 R v. Powell [2006] EWCA Crim 3 133, 158
R v. Osbourne [2006] 1 WLR 2948 (CA) 165 R v. Prefas (1986) 86 Cr App R 111 (CA) 145, 146
R v. Oscar [1991] Crim LR 778 (CA) 321, 323 R v. Pulley [2008] EWCA Crim 260 389, 419–20
R v. O’Shea (1993) The Times 8.6.93 (CA) 435 R v. Qadir [1998] Crim LR 828 (CA) 315
R v. Owusu [2007] EWCA Crim 340 264 R v. Quang Van Bui [2001] EWCA
R v. Oyesiku (1971) 56 Cr App R 240 (CA) 139 Crim 1 338
R v. P [1998] Crim LR 663 (CA) 139, 158 R v. Quinn [1990] Crim LR 581 (CA) 290, 293
R v. P [2001] 2 WLR 463 (HL) 17, 268, 285, 306 R v. Quinn [1995] 1 Cr App R 480 (CA) 17, 325
xxxiv Evidence
R v. R [1995] 1 Cr App R 183 (CA) 202 R v. Roberts [2000] Crim LR 183 (CA) 329
R v. R [2003] EWCA Crim 2754 506, 507 R v. Robertson [1987] 3 WLR 327 (CA) 373, 374
R v. Radak [1999] 1 Cr App R 187 (CA) 390 R v. Robinson (1993) 98 Cr App R 370
R v. Raghip (1991) The Times 6.12.91 (CA) 356 (CA) 358
R v. Ramirez [2009] EWCA Crim 1721 478 R v. Robinson [2004] EWCA Crim 544 236
R v. Ramsden [1991] Crim LR 295 (CA) 316 R v. Robinson [2004] EWCA Crim 2726 170
R v. Rana [2007] EWCA Crim 2261 227 R v. Robinson [2005] EWCA Crim 1940 27
R v. Randall (1998) unreported R v. Robinson [2005] EWCA Crim 3233 477
(97/05960/X4) (CA) 224 R v. Roble [1997] Crim LR 449 (CA) 222, 514
R v. Randall [2004] 1 WLR 56 (HL) 17, 475, 477 R v. Robson [1972] 1 WLR 651 (CCC) 72
R v. Rankine [1986] 2 WLR 1075 (CA) 528 R v. Robson [2006] EWCA Crim 2754 344
R v. Rappolt (1911) 6 Cr App R 156 R v. Rodney [2007] EWCA Crim 133 181
(CCA) 484–5 R v. Rodrigues [2001] EWCA Crim 444 314
R v. Ratnasabapathy (Deceased) [2009] R v. Romeo [2003] EWCA Crim 2844 347
EWCA Crim 1514 356 R v. Rooney [2001] EWCA Crim 2844 503
R v. Raviraj (1986) 85 Cr App R 93 (CA) 85 R v. Rosato [2008] EWCA Crim 1243 477
R v. Reader (1998) unreported R v. Ross [1960] Crim LR 127 (CCA) 308
(97/06342/W2) (CA) 226 R v. Rosser (1836) 7 C & P 648 (CCC) 97
R v. Redgrave (1981) 74 Cr App R 10 R v. Rothwell (1993) 99 Cr App R 388
(CA) 429–30 (CA) 115
R v. Redguard [1991] Crim LR 213 R v. Rouse [1904] 1 KB 184 (CCCR) 484
(CA) 500 R v. Rowton (1865) Le & Ca 520
R v. Redpath (1962) 46 Cr App R 319 (CCCR) 393, 428, 431, 438
(CCA) 347 R v. Rutherford (1993) 98 Cr App R 191
R v. Reed [2009] EWCA Crim 2698 361, 362, 380 (CA) 323, 326
R v. Rees [2007] EWCA Crim 1837 448 R v. Ryan [1990] Crim LR 50 (CA) 313, 317
R v. Reid (1999) The Times 17.8.99 (CA) 182 R v. S [1992] Crim LR 307 (CA) 170, 171–2
R v. Reid [1994] Crim LR 442 (CA) 321 R v. S [2000] All ER (D) 1482 (CA) 432
R v. Renda [2006] 1 WLR 2948 (CA) 448, 462, 479, R v. S [2006] EWCA Crim 756 51, 296, 455
480, 482, 484, 485 R v. S [2006] EWCA Crim 1404 342, 355
R v. Rennie [1982] 1 WLR 64 (CA) 245, 257 R v. S [2007] EWCA Crim 2105 372, 373
R v. Reynolds [1989] Crim LR 220 (CA) 359 R v. S [2007] 1 WLR 63 (CA) 165
R v. Rhodes [1899] 1 QB 77 (CCCR) 232 R v. S(D) [1999] Crim LR 911 (CA) 137, 177
R v. Rice [1963] 2 WLR 585 (CCA) 110–11 R v. S(F) [2009] 1 WLR 1489 (CA) 197
R v. Richards [1997] Crim LR 499 (CA) 33 R v. S(O) [2007] EWCA Crim 335 407, 464
R v. Richards (1998) 163 JP 246 (CA) 153 R v. S(SM) [1992] Crim LR 310 (CA) 497
R v. Richards [2007] EWCA Crim 709 406 R v. S(VJ) [2006] EWCA Crim 2389 355, 358
R v. Richardson [1968] 3 WLR 15 (CA) 176, 489 R v. Sabahat [2001] EWCA Crim 2588 430
R v. Richens [1993] 4 All ER 877 (CA) 434 R v. Sadiq [2009] EWCA Crim 712 406, 407
R v. Riley (1887) 18 QBD 481 (CCCR) 496 R v. Sadler [2002] EWCA Crim 1722 318
R v. Riley [1991] Crim LR 460 (CA) 497, 503 R v. Saleem [2007] EWCA Crim 1923 443,
R v. Riley [2006] EWCA Crim 2030 164, 165 450, 457
R v. Rivett (1950) 34 Cr App R 87 (CA) 367 R v. Samuel (1956) 40 Cr App R 8
R v. Robb (1991) 93 Cr App R 161 (CA) 328, 361 (CCA) 429, 430
R v. Roberts (1878) 14 Cox CC 101 R v. Samuel (1997) unreported
(CCCR) 91 (97/1143/Z2) (CA) 224
R v. Roberts (1942) 28 Cr App R 102 R v. Samuel [1988] 2 WLR 920 (CA) 260
(CCA) 137, 247 R v. Sanchez [2003] EWCA Crim 735 432
R v. Roberts (1984) 80 Cr App R 89 (CA) 180 R v. Sanders (1991) 93 Cr App R 245 (CA) 368
R v. Roberts [1997] 1 Cr App R 217 (CA) 267 R v. Sang [1979] 3 WLR 263 (HL) 16, 32, 78, 254,
R v. Roberts (1998) unreported 272, 277, 284, 287,
(96/3953/S1) (CA) 357 293, 299, 447, 448
Table of cases xxxv
R v. Sargent [2000] 3 WLR 992 (HL) 271, 285 R v. Smith (1986) 85 Cr App R 197 (CA) 179
R v. SatBhambra (1988) 88 Cr App R 55 R v. Smith [1999] 2 Cr App R 238 (CA) 179
(CA) 245, 251, 258, 272 R v. Smith [1999] All ER (D) 1455 (CA) 367, 493
R v. Sawoniuk [2000] 2 Cr App R 220 R v. Smith [2002] EWCA Crim 2074 357
(CA) 14, 311 R v. Smith [2005] 1 WLR 704 (HL) 185
R v. Scorah [2008] EWCA Crim 1786 410 R v. Smith (Dean) [2008] EWCA Crim 1342 328
R v. Scott (1921) 86 JP 69 (CCC) 66 R v. Smolinski [2004] EWCA Crim 1270 344
R v. Scranage [2001] EWCA Crim 1171 430, 432 R v. Smurthwaite, R v. Gill (1993) 98 Cr
R v. Seaboyer [1991] 2 SCR 577 (SCC) 498, 501 App R 437 (CA) 290, 293, 294, 299, 302
R v. Sed [2004] 1 WLR 3218 (CA) 449 R v. Snowden [2002] EWCA Crim 923 112
R v. Self (1999) unreported R v. Sofroniou [2009] EWCA Crim 1360 404
(98/6128/W2) (CA) 224 R v. Sokialiois [1993] Crim LR 872 (CA) 461
R v. Sellick [2005] 1 WLR 3257 (CA) 158, 415 R v. Somers [1999] Crim LR 744 (CA) 170, 172
R v. Senior [2003] EWCA Crim 2410 260, 264 R v. Soukala-Cacace [1999] All ER (D)
R v. Sewell [2008] EWCA Crim 1676 493 1120 (CA) 433–4
R v. Seymour [1954] 1 WLR 678 (CCA) 217 R v. South Worcestershire Justices ex parte
R v. Shaffi [2008] EWCA Crim 2910 478 Lilley [1995] 1 WLR 1595 (DC) 22
R v. Shah [1994] Crim LR 125 (CA) 263 R v. Spencer [1986] 3 WLR 348 (HL) 340, 341
R v. Shaheed [2002] 2 NZLR 377 R v. Spens [1992] 1 WLR 148 (CA) 256
(NZCA) 289, 293 R v. Spiby (1990) 91 Cr App R 186 (CA) 106
R v. Shannon [2001] 1 WLR 51 (CA) 294, 295, 305 R v. Spittle [2008] EWCA Crim 2537 316, 319
R v. Sharman [1998] 1 Cr App R 406 (CA) 159 R v. Spurge [1961] 3 WLR 23 (CCA) 52
R v. Sharp [1988] 1 WLR 7 (HL) 103, 247 R v. Squire [1990] Crim LR 341 (CA) 247
R v. Shaw (1888) 16 Cox CC 503 (Assizes) 175 R v. Stannard (1837) 7 C & P 673 (CCC) 431
R v. Shepherd [1995] Crim LR 153 (CA) 434 R v. Starr [2000] 2 SCR 144 (SCC) 79, 405
R v. Shervington [2008] EWCA Crim 658 317 R v. Steel (1981) 73 Cr App R 173 (CA) 248
R v. Shickle (1997) unreported R v. Stephens [2002] EWCA Crim 1529 79
(97/1947/W4) (CA) 144 R v. Stephenson [2006] EWCA Crim
R v. Shillibier [2006] EWCA Crim 793 263 2325 165, 166
R v. Shippey [1988] Crim LR 767 (CC) 179 R v. Stewart (1989) 89 Cr App R 273 (CA) 183
R v. Shire [2001] EWCA Crim 2800 179 R v. Stewart [1995] Crim LR 500 (CA) 289
R v. Shone (1982) 76 Cr App R 72 (CA) 125 R v. Stewart [1999] Crim LR 746 (CA) 17, 373
R v. Shrimpton [2007] EWCA Crim 3346 465 R v. Stocker [2001] EWCA Crim 1334 220
R v. Shukla [2006] EWCA Crim 797 227, 472 R v. Stockwell (1993) 97 Cr App R 260
R v. Silverlock [1894] 2 QB 766 (CCCR) 360 (CA) 319, 366, 367
R v. Simpson (1983) 78 Cr App R 115 (CA) 95 R v. Stone (2001) The Daily Telegraph
R v. Sinclair (1999) unreported 19.9.01 (CC) 14
(98/4549/Y2) (CA) 225 R v. Stone [2005] EWCA Crim 105 14, 342
R v. Singh [2001] EWCA Crim 2884 457, 490 R v. Storey (1968) 52 Cr App R 334 (CA) 143
R v. Singh [2003] EWCA Crim 485 505 R v. Straffen [1952] 2 QB 911 (CCA) 458, 474
R v. Singh [2005] EWCA Crim 96 412 R v. Stubbs [2002] EWCA Crim 2254 248
R v. Singh [2006] 1 WLR 1564 (CA) 101, 102, R v. Stubbs [2006] EWCA Crim 2312 363
116, 122 R v. Suleiman [2000] All ER (D) 1840 (CA) 316
R v. Singh [2007] EWCA Crim 2140 483, 486 R v. Sully [2008] EWCA Crim 2556 467
R v. Skirving [1985] 2 WLR 1001 (CA) 360 R v. Sultan [2008] EWCA Crim 6 356
R v. Slater [1995] 1 Cr App R 584 (CA) 316 R v. Summers [1952] 1 All ER 1059 (CCA) 78
R v. Slowcombe [1991] Crim LR 198 (CA) 524 R v. Sutherland (2002) The Times 30.1.02
R v. Smart [2002] EWCA Crim 772 403 (CC) 271
R v. Smith (1910) 6 Cr App R 19 (CCA) 62 R v. Sutton [2007] EWCA Crim 1387 459
R v. Smith (1915) 11 Cr App R 229 (CCA) 460 R v. Swaysland (1987) The Times 15.4.87
R v. Smith [1959] 2 WLR 623 (C-MAC) 275 (CA) 76
xxxvi Evidence
R v. SweetEscott (1971) 55 Cr App R 316 R v. Turner (1816) 5 M & S 206 (KBD) 66

(Assizes) 162 R v. Turner [1944] KB 463 (CCA) 485
R v. Sykes (1913) 8 Cr App R 233 (CCA) 244, 250 R v. Turner (1975) 61 Cr App R 67 (CA) 113, 244,
R v. Sykes [1997] Crim LR 752 (CA) 330 249
R v. Sylvester [2005] EWCA Crim 1794 455 R v. Turner [1975] 2 WLR 56 (CA) 354,
R v. T [2004] EWCA Crim 1220 506 358, 359, 363
R v. T, R v. H [2002] 1 WLR 632 (CA) 507–8 R v. Turner [1995] 1 WLR 265 (CA) 525
R v. T(D) [2009] EWCA Crim 1213 386 R v. Turner [2003] EWCA Crim 3108 219,
R v. Taal [2002] EWCA Crim 1953 315 225, 239
R v. Tabbakh [2009] EWCA Crim 464 234–5 R v. Twaites (1990) 92 Cr App R 106 (CA) 254
R v. Tahery [2006] EWCA Crim 529 415–6 R v. Twitchell [2000] 1 Cr App R 373
R v. Tanner (1977) 66 Cr App R 56 (CA) 486 (CA) 167, 252
R v. Taran [2006] EWCA Crim 1498 53 R v. Tyler (1992) 96 Cr App R 332 (CA) 316
R v. Taylor (1928) 21 Cr App R 20 (CCA) 10 R v. Tyndale [1999] Crim LR 320 (CA) 139
R v. Taylor (1993) 98 Cr App R 361 (CA) 516 R v. Tyrer (1989) 90 Cr App R 446 (CA) 251, 258
R v. Taylor [1999] 2 Cr App R 163 (CA) 481 R v. Ugoh [2001] EWCA Crim 1381 366
R v. Taylor [2006] EWCA Crim 260 405 R v. Ugorji [1999] All ER (D) 603 (CA) 147
R v. Teasdale (1993) 99 Cr App R 80 (CA) 434 R v. Ukpabio [2008] 1 WLR 728 (CA) 154
R v. Tedstone [2006] EWCA Crim 1530 450 R v. Ullah [2006] EWCA Crim 2003 479
R v. Terry [2005] 3 WLR 379 (CA) 377 R v. Upson [2009] EWCA Crim 299 467, 490
R v. Thomas [2008] EWCA Crim 412 493 R v. Urushadze [2008] EWCA Crim 2498 463
R v. Thompson (1965) 50 Cr App R 91
R v. V [2003] EWCA Crim 3641 472
(CCA) 480
R v. V [2004] EWCA Crim 1618 155
R v. Thompson (1976) 64 Cr App R 96
R v. Valentine [1996] 2 Cr App R 213
(CA) 145, 146
(CA) 86, 401–2
R v. Thomson [1912] 3 KB 19 (CCA) 401
R v. Van Bokkum (2000) unreported
R v. Thornton [1995] 1 Cr App R 578 (CA) 316
(99/0333/Z3) (CA) 179
R v. Thrussell (1981) [1997] Crim LR 501n
R v. Van Gelderen [2008] EWCA Crim 422 212
(CA) 112
R v. Varley (1982) 75 Cr App R 242 (CA) 475
R v. Tibbs [2000] 2 Cr App R 309 (CA) 519
R v. Venn [2003] EWCA Crim 236 347
R v. Timson [1993] Crim LR 58 (CA) 435
R v. Venn [2009] EWCA Crim 2541 409
R v. Tine [2006] EWCA Crim 1788 28, 248, 444
R v. Verelst (1813) 3 Camp 432 (KBD) 92
R v. Tinsley [2006] EWCA Crim 2006 26, 137
R v. Viola [1982] 1 WLR 1138 (CA) 499, 500,
R v. Tirnaveanu [2007] 1 WLR 3049 (CA) 17, 444,
448 501, 506
R v. Tobin [2003] EWCA Crim 190 41, 137–8 R v. Virgo (1978) 67 Cr App R 323 (CA) 136
R v. Tompkins (1977) 67 Cr App R 181 R v. Voisin [1918] 1 KB 531 (CCA) 277
(CA) 204 R v. Voller [2006] EWCA Crim 1901 164, 502, 509
R v. Tooke (1989) 90 Cr App R 417 (CA) 143 R v. Vye [1993] 1 WLR 471 (CA) 431, 436, 437
R v. Toothill (1998) unreported R v. W [2004] EWCA Crim 2979 159
(97/06019/W3) (CA) 459 R v. W [2004] EWCA Crim 3174 434
R v. Toussaint-Collins [2009] EWCA R v. W [2006] EWCA Crim 1292 507
Crim 316 112, 361 R v. W [2006] EWCA Crim 2308 452
R v. Townsend [2003] EWCA Crim 3173 348 R v. W(M) [2008] EWCA Crim 3091 435
R v. Treacy [1944] 2 All ER 229 R v. W(T) [2004] EWCA Crim 3103 502, 508
(CCA) 162, 254 R v. Wahab [2002] EWCA Crim 1570 259, 262
R v. Trew [1996] Crim LR 441 (CA) 317 R v. Wainwright (1875) 13 Cox CC 171
R v. Trewin [2008] EWCA Crim 484 140, 142 (CCC) 398, 401
R v. Trower [2004] EWCA Crim 1533 314 R v. Wainwright [1998] Crim LR 665
R v. Tully [2006] EWCA Crim 2270 456, 463 (CA) 481, 488
R v. Turnbull [1976] 3 WLR 445 (CA) 311–19, R v. Walker [1996] Crim LR 742 (CA) 342
336, 341 R v. Walker [1998] Crim LR 211 (CA) 257, 258
Table of cases xxxvii
R v. Walker [2007] EWCA Crim 1698 407 R v. Willoughby (1988) 88 Cr App R 91

R v. Walker [2007] EWCA Crim 2631 468–9 (CA) 319
R v. Wallace [2007] EWCA Crim 1760 457, 474 R v. Wilson [1991] 2 NZLR 707 (NZHC) 28, 29
R v. Walsh (1989) 91 Cr App R 161 (CA) 260, 261 R v. Wilson [2004] EWCA Crim 780 33
R v. Walsh [2000] All ER (D) 2457 (CA) 358 R v. Wilson [2008] EWCA Crim 1754 10
R v. Walters [2001] EWCA Crim 1261 318 R v. Windle [1952] 2 QB 826 (CCA) 54, 62
R v. Wang [2005] 1 WLR 661 (HL) 128 R v. Winfield [1939] 4 All ER 164 (CCA) 479
R v. Wanhalla [2007] 2 NZLR 573 (NZCA) 79 R v. WinnPope [1996] Crim LR 521 (CA) 182
R v. Ward (1993) 98 Cr App R 337 (CA) 265 R v. Winter [2007] EWCA Crim 3493 302
R v. Ward [1993] 1 WLR 619 (CA) 250, 357 R v. Winter [2008] EWCA Crim 3 347, 502
R v. Ward [2001] Crim LR 316 (CA) 125, 402 R v. Wishart [2005] EWCA Crim 1337 228
R v. Warickshall (1783) 1 Leach 263 R v. Wood (1911) 7 Cr App R 56 (CCA) 217
(CCC) 244, 276 R v. Wood (1982) 76 Cr App R 23 (CA) 106, 107
R v. Warner (1992) 96 Cr App R 324 R v. Wood [1990] Crim LR 264 (CA) 359
(CA) 119–20 R v. Wood [1994] Crim LR 222 (CA) 274
R v. Waters (1997) 161 JP 249 (CA) 387 R v. Wood [1996] 1 Cr App R 207 (CA) 182
R v. Watters [2000] All ER (D) 1469 (CA) 335 R v. Wood [1998] Crim LR 213 (CA) 385, 387
R v. Watts (1983) 77 Cr App R 126 (CA) 489 R v. Wood [2002] EWCA Crim 832 183
R v. Webber [2004] 1 WLR 404 (HL) 219, 220, R v. Wood [2002] EWCA Crim 2474 229
224, 225 R v. Wood [2008] EWCA Crim 587 505
R v. Weeder (1980) 71 Cr App R 228 R v. Woodhouse [2009] EWCA Crim 498 467
(CA) 317, 318 R v. Woods [2003] EWCA Crim 1147 354, 355
R v. Weeks [1995] Crim LR 52 (CA) 258 R v. Woods [2009] EWCA Crim 299 319
R v. Weightman (1990) 92 Cr App R 291 R v. Woodward [1995] 1 WLR 375 (CA) 34
(CA) 356 R v. Woolmington (1935) 25 Cr App R 72
R v. Weir (2000) unreported (99/4829/W2) (CCA) 51
(CA) ([2000] 2 Cr App R 416, p. 429) 296, 324 R v. Wright [2001] EWCA Crim 1394 268
R v. Weir [2006] 1 WLR 1885 (CA) 446, 448, R v. X (1989) 91 Cr App R 36 (CA) 153
462, 479, 480 R v. Xhabri [2005] EWCA Crim 3135 406, 411
R v. Welstead [1996] 1 Cr App R 59 (CA) 159 R v. Y [1995] Crim LR 155 (CA) 140
R v. West [1999] All ER (D) 1005 (CA) 117, 397 R v. Y [2004] EWCA Crim 157 159
R v. Westfall (1912) 7 Cr App R 176 R v. Y [2008] 1 WLR 1683 (CA) 248, 405, 408, 418
(CCA) 484 R v. Y(G) [1999] Crim LR 825 (CA) 343
R v. Whelan [1996] Crim LR 423 (CA) 175 R v. Yacoob (1981) 72 Cr App R 313 (CA) 72
R v. White [1995] Crim LR 393 (CA) 355 R v. Yalman [1998] 2 Cr App R 269 (CA) 34
R v. White [2000] All ER (D) 602 (CA) 321, 323 R v. Yap Chuan Ching (1976) 63 Cr App
R v. White [2004] EWCA Crim 946 507 R 7 (CA) 78
R v. Whitehead [2006] EWCA Crim 1486 234 R v. Young [1995] 2 WLR 430 (CA) 184
R v. Whitehouse [2001] EWCA Crim 1531 341 R v. Yousaf [2009] EWCA Crim 435 246
R v. Whitton [1998] Crim LR 492 (CA) 130 R v. Z [2000] 3 WLR 117 (HL) 377, 444
R v. Wickramaratne [1998] Crim LR 565 R v. Z [2005] 2 WLR 709 (HL) 17, 245
(CA) 78 R v. Z [2009] EWCA Crim 20 389, 407, 445
R v. Wignall [1993] Crim LR 62 (CA) 485 R v. ZoppolaBarraza [1994] Crim LR 833
R v. Williams (1986) 84 Cr App R 299 (CA) 454 (CA) 432–3
R v. Williams (1994) The Times 7.10.94 (CA) 316 R (Al-Sweady) v. Secretary of State for
R v. Williams [1998] Crim LR 494 (CA) 140 Defence [2009] EWHC 1687 (DC) 530
R v. Williams [2002] EWCA Crim 2208 403 R (B) v. Crown Court at Stafford [2007]
R v. Williams [2004] EWCA Crim 2570 111 1 WLR 1524 (CA) 211, 517
R v. Williams [2007] EWCA Crim 211 407 R (Bozkurt) v. Thames Magistrates’ Court
R v. Williams [2007] EWCA Crim 1951 485, 486 [2001] EWHC Admin 400 (DC) 202
R v. Willis [2004] EWCA Crim 3472 204 R (Broxbourne) v. North & East
xxxviii Evidence
Hertfordshire Magistrates’ Courts Ratten v. R [1971] 3 WLR 930 (PC) 102, 108, 118,
[2009] EWHC 695 (QBD) 14, 15 395, 396, 398
R (C) v. Sevenoaks Youth Court [2009] RCA Corp v. Pollard [1982] 2 All ER 468
EWHC 3088 (DC) 153 (ChD) 95
R (Cleveland Police) v. H [2009] EWHC Re B (a Minor) [2000] 1 WLR 790 (CA) 367
3231 (QBD) 84 Re B (Children) (Allegations of Sexual
R (D) v. Camberwell Green Youth Court Abuse) [2006] EWCA Civ 773 159
[2005] 1 WLR 393 (HL) 152, 154 Re B (Minors) (Care Proceedings: Practice)
R (Daly) v. Secretary of State for the [1999] 1 WLR 238 (FD) 360
Home Department [2001] 2 WLR Re B (Children) (Care Proceedings:
1622 (HL) 17 Standard of Proof) [2008] 3 WLR 1
R (DPP) v. Kavanagh [2005] EWHC 820 (HL) 47, 78, 82, 83
(QBD) 234 Re Barings (No. 2) [1999] 1 All ER 311
R (Ebrahim) v. Feltham Magistrates’ Court (CA) 298
[2001] 1 WLR 1293 (DC) 297 Re Bramblevale [1970] Ch 128 (CA) 83
R (Griffin) v. Richmond Magistrates’ Court Re D [2008] 1 WLR 1499 (HL) 78, 83
[2008] EWHC 84 (DC) 59, 65 Re D (Child Abuse: Interviews) [1998]
R (Grundy & Co Excavations) v. Halton 2 FLR 10 (CA) 159
Division Magistrates’ Court [2003] Re D (Sexual Abuse Allegations: Evidence
EWHC 272 (DC) 58, 72 of Adult Victim) [2002] 1 FLR 723 (FD) 159
R (Hallinan) v. Crown Court at Middlesex Re Duncan [1968] 2 WLR 1479 (PD) 202
Guildhall [2005] 1 WLR 766 (DC) 209 Re Enoch & Zaretzky [1910] 1 KB 327 (CA) 180
R (Kelly) v. Warley Magistrates’ Court Re G (a child) (non-accidental injury:
2008] 1 WLR 2001 (DC) 200, 203 standard of proof) [2001] 1 FCR 97
R (McCann) v. Crown Court at Manchester (CA) 81
[2002] 3 WLR 1313 (HL) 81, 83, 84, 424, 425 Re H [2006] EWHC 3099 (FD) 168
R (Meredith) v. Harwich Justices [2006] Re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard
EWHC 3336 (QBD) 385, 389, 408 of Proof) [1996] 2 WLR 8 (HL) 80–1, 82, 83
R (Miller Gardner Solicitors) v. Minshull Re H and A (Children) [2002] EWCA
Street Crown Court [2002] EWHC 3077 Civ 383 88–9
(DC) 201 Re L (a Minor) [1996] 2 WLR 395 (HL) 203
R (Morgan Grenfell) v. Special Commissioner Re M and R (Child Abuse: Evidence)
of Income Tax [2002] 2 WLR 1299 (HL) 206 [1996] 2 FLR 195 (CA) 358
R (N) v. Mental Health Review Tribunal Re McE [2009] 2 WLR 782 (HL) 271
[2006] 2 WLR 850 (CA) 82, 83 Re N (a Minor) (Sexual Abuse: Video
R (R) v. Thames Youth Court [2002] EWHC Evidence) [1997] 1 WLR 153 (CA) 358
1670 (QBD) 128 Re Overbury [1955] Ch 122 (ChD) 88
R (Ratra) v. DPP [2004] EWHC 87 (QBD) 22 Re Peete [1952] 2 All ER 599 (ChD) 89
R (Robinson) v. Sutton Coldfield Magistrates Re Phené’s Trusts (1870) 5 LR Ch App
[2006] EWHC 307 (DC) 388 139 (CA) 90
R (S) v. Waltham Forest Youth Court [2004] Re Taylor [1961] 1 WLR 9 (CA) 89
EWHC 715 (DC) 153–4 Re Van Beelen [1974] 9 SASR 163 (SASC) 113
R (Saifi) v. Governor of Brixton Prison [2001] Re Williams [1969] Crim LR 158 (DC) 94
1 WLR 1134 (DC) 16, 51 Re Winship (1970) 397 US 358 (USSC) 77
R (Wilkinson) v. DPP [2003] EWHC 865 Reid v. R [1989] 3 WLR 771 (PC) 314, 315, 316
(QBD) 161 Remli v. France (1996) App. No. 16839/90
Rabjohns v. Burgar [1971] RTR 234 (DC) 93 (ECtHR) 185
Radford v. Kent County Council (1998) Renworth v. Stephansen [1996] 3 All ER
162 JP 697 (DC) 233 244 (CA) 199
Ratcliffe v. Plymouth & Torbay Health Revitt v. DPP [2006] 1 WLR 3172 (DC) 99
Authority [1998] Lloyd’s Rep Med Reynolds v. Llanelly Associated Tinplate
162 (CA) 92 [1948] 1 All ER 140 (CA) 96
Table of cases xxxix
Rhesa Shipping v. Edmunds [1985] 1 WLR Selvey v. DPP [1968] 2 WLR 1494 (HL) 483, 484,
948 (HL) 47, 80 485, 489
Ridgeway v. R (1995) 184 CLR 19 (HCA) 302, 303 Senat v. Senat [1965] 2 WLR 981 (PD) 136
Robertson v. French (1803) 4 East 130 Shand v. R [1996] 1 WLR 67 (PC) 314, 318
(KBD) 94 Shannon v. United Kingdom (2005)
Rojas v. Berllaque [2004] 1 WLR 201 (PC) 129 App. No. 6563/03 (ECtHR) 194
Rowland v. Bock [2002] EWHC 692 (QBD) 160 Sheldrake v. DPP [2003] 2 WLR 1629 (DC) 59
Royal Bank of Scotland v. Etridge (No. 2) Sheldrake v. DPP [2004] 3 WLR 976
[2001] 3 WLR 1021 (HL) 92, 93 (HL) 56, 58, 59, 64
Roylance v. General Medical Council (1999) Sherrard v. Jacob [1965] NI 151 (NICA) 352
The Times 27.1.99 (PC) 521 Singh v. State of Trinidad [2006] 1 WLR
Rush & Tompkins v. Greater London Council 146 (PC) 437
[1988] 3 WLR 939 (HL) 209, 210 Sliney v. London Borough of Havering
[2002] EWCA Crim 2558 60, 64
S v. DPP [2006] EWHC 1207 (DC) 164 SN v. Sweden (2002) App. No. 34209/96
S v. S [1970] 3 WLR 366 (HL) 88 (ECtHR) 154–5
Sagheera, The [1997] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 160 Sodeman v. R [1936] 2 All ER 1138 (PC) 76
(QBD) 207 South Shropshire District Council v. Amos
Saidi v. France (1993) App. No. 14647/89 [1986] 1 WLR 1271 (CA) 210
(ECtHR) 413 Soward v. Leggatt (1836) 7 C & P 613
Sak v. CPS [2007] EWHC 2886 (DC) 406, 407 (CE) 73
Salabiaku v. France (1988) App. No. Sowerby v. Charlton [2006] 1 WLR 568
(CA) 99
10589/83 (ECtHR) 55, 62
Sparks v. R [1964] 2 WLR 566 (PC) 101, 113,
Salduz v. Turkey (2008) App. No. 36391/02
404, 407
(ECtHR) 261, 262
Springsteen v. Masquerade Music [2001]
Salsbury v. Woodland [1969] 3 WLR 29
EWCA Civ 563 19
(CA) 14, 15
S-T (Formerly J) v. J [1997] 3 WLR 1287
Sambasivam v. Public Prosecutor of Malaya
(CA) 81
[1950] AC 458 (PC) 377
Stanton v. Callaghan [1999] 2 WLR 745
Sander v. United Kingdom (2000) App. No.
(CA) 368
34129/96 (ECtHR) 129, 185
State v. Coetzee (1997) (4) BCLR 437
Sattin v. National Union Bank [1978] 122 SJ
(SACC) 52, 57
367 (CA) 44
Statue of Liberty, The [1968] 1 WLR 739
Saunders v. United Kingdom (1996) App. No.
(PD) 106
19187/91 (ECtHR) 189, 190–1, 192, 196 Stephens v. Cannon [2005] EWCA Civ 222 48
Savage v. Chief Constable of Hampshire Stevens v. Gullis [2000] 1 All ER 527 (CA) 368
[1997] 1 WLR 1061 (CA) 530 Stupple v. Royal Insurance [1970] 3 WLR
Sayers v. Clarke Walker [2002] EWCA Civ 217 (CA) 370
910 207 Subramaniam v. Public Prosecutor [1956]
SC v. United Kingdom (2004) App. No. 1 WLR 965 (PC) 102, 107, 109
60958/00 (ECtHR) 154 Sugden v. Lord St Leonards (1876) 1 PD
Schenk v. Switzerland (1988) App. No. 154 (CA) 400
10862/84 (ECtHR) 285 Swift v. Barrett (1940) 163 LT 154 (DC) 91
Scott v. Baker [1968] 3 WLR 796 (DC) 91
Scott v. London and St Katherine Docks Tahery v. United Kingdom (2009) App. No.
(1865) 3 H & C 596 (CEC) 92 22228/06 (ECtHR) 416
Scott v. Numurkah Corporation (1954) Tang Siu Man v. HKSAR (No. 2) (1997–1998)
91 CLR 300 (HCA) 14 1 HKCFA 107 437
Scott v. R [1989] 2 WLR 924 (PC) 412 Taylor v. Anderton [1995] 1 WLR 447 (CA) 523
Selby v. Chief Constable of Avon [1988] Taylor v. Chief Constable of Cheshire [1986]
RTR 216 (DC) 70 1 WLR 1479 (DC) 106
xl Evidence
Taylor v. Forster (1825) 2 C & P 195 (CCP) 202 Unilever v. Procter & Gamble [2000] 1
TC Coombs v. IRC [1991] 3 All ER 623 WLR 2436 (CA) 210
(HL) 91 United States v. Leon (1984) 468 US 897
Teeluck v. State of Trinidad [2005] 1 WLR (USSC) 287
2421 (PC) 432, 437 Unterpertinger v. Austria (1986) App.
Teixeira de Castro v. Portugal (1998) App. No. 9120/80 (ECtHR) 413
No. 25829/94 (ECtHR) 285, 300–1, 304 USA v. Mitchell (2004) 365 F3d 215 (USCA) 331
Telfner v. Austria (2001) App. No. 33501/96 USA v. Plaza (Nos. 1 and 2) (2002) Cr
(ECtHR) 234, 242 No. 98-362-10 (USDC, ED Pa) 331
Teper v. R [1952] AC 480 (PC) 12–13, 103,
117, 121, 395 V v. United Kingdom (1999) App. No.
Thatcher v. Charles (1961) 104 CLR 57 24888/94 (ECtHR) 154
(HCA) 215 Van Mechelen v. Netherlands (1997)
Thomas v. Commissioner of Police [1997] App. No. 21363/93 (ECtHR) 413, 417
2 WLR 593 (CA) 174 Ventouris v. Mountain (No.2) [1992] 1
Thomas v. Connell (1838) 4 M & W 267 WLR 887 (CA) 423
(CEC) 399, 400 Vernon v. Bosley [1994] PIQR 337 (CA) 17, 18,
Thomas v. David (1836) 7 C & P 350 29, 43, 211
(Assizes) 175 Versailles Trade Finance v. Clough [2001]
Thomas v. United Kingdom (2005) App. No. EWCA Civ 1509 199, 236
19354/02 (ECtHR) 105 Von Starck v. R [2000] 1 WLR 1270 (PC) 181
Thompson v. Manhattan Railway Co (1896)
11 ADR 182 (NYSC) 120 Wakelin v. London & South Western Railway
Thompson v. R [1918] AC 221 (HL) 459, 466 (1886) 12 App Cas 41 (HL) 47–8
Walters v. R [1969] 2 WLR 60 (PC) 78
Thompson v. R [1998] 2 WLR 927 (PC) 17
Walton v. R [1977] 3 WLR 902 (PC) 117, 368
Thomson Newspapers v. Director of
Walton v. R (1989) 166 CLR 283 (HCA) 401
Investigation and Research [1990]
Warren v. Warren [1996] 3 WLR 1129 (CA) 133
1 SCR 425 (SCC) 197
Watson v. Chief Constable of Cleveland
Thongjai v. R [1997] 3 WLR 667 (PC) 273
Police [2001] EWCA Civ 1547 162
Thorpe v. Chief Constable of Greater
Waugh v. British Railways Board [1979]
Manchester Police [1989] 1 WLR 665
3 WLR 150 (HL) 201, 204
(CA) 44
Wellington v. DPP [2007] EWHC 1061
Three Rivers DC v. Governor & Co of the
(QBD) 392
Bank of England (No. 5) [2003] 3 WLR 667
Welsh v. Stokes [2007] EWCA Civ 796 426
(CA) 200
Wentworth v. Lloyd (1864) 10 HLC 589
Three Rivers DC v. Governor & Co of the
(HL) 199, 206
Bank of England (No. 6) [2004] 3 WLR 1274 Westbrook Resources v. Globe Metallurgical
(HL) 200–1, 203 [2009] EWCA Civ 310 351
Timothy v. The State [2000] 1 WLR 485 Western v. DPP [1997] 1 Cr App R 474
(PC) 48, 273, 288 (DC) 248
Tingle Jacobs v. Kennedy [1964] 1 WLR 638 Wetherall v. Harrison [1976] 2 WLR 168
(CA) 92 (DC) 97–8
Tito v. Waddell [1975] 1 WLR 1303 (ChD) 14 WH Smith v. Colman [2001] FSR 91 (CA) 210
Tiwari v. The State [2002] UKPC 29 171 Wheeler v. Le Marchant (1881) 17 ChD 675
Tobi v. Nicholas (1987) 86 Cr App R 323 (CA) 201, 202, 211
(DC) 397 Whitely v. DPP [2003] EWHC 2512 (DC) 262
Toohey v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner Wi (Aaron Mark) v. R [2009] NZSC 121 437
[1965] 2 WLR 439 (HL) 160, 168, 177, 357 Widdowson v. Newgate Meat Corporation
Turcu v. News Group Newspapers [2005] (1997) The Times 4.12.97 (CA) 92
EWHC 799 (QBD) 199 Wiedemann v. Walpole [1891] 2 QB 534
Tweney v. Tweney [1946] P 180 (PD) 89 (CA) 216
Table of cases xli
Williams v. DPP (1993) 98 Cr App R 209 Woolmington v. DPP [1935] AC 462

(DC) 300, 303 (HL) 51, 53, 54, 62, 65,
Williams v. Home Office [1981] 1 All ER 1151 67, 77, 87
(QBD) 522 Wright v. Tatham (1837) 7 Ad & El 313
Windisch v. Austria (1990) App. No. (CEC) 117, 119, 120, 121
12489/86 (ECtHR) 413 Wright v. Wenlock [1971] RTR 228 (DC) 93
Wisniewski v. Central Manchester Health Wu ChunPiu v. R [1996] 1 WLR 1113 (PC) 249
Authority [1998] PIQR 324 (CA) 236
Wong KamMing v. R [1979] 2 WLR 81 Y v. DPP [1991] Crim LR 917 (DC) 275
(PC) 273, 277 Young v. Rank [1950] 2 KB 510 (KBD) 180
Woodhouse v. Hall (1980) 72 Cr App R 39
(DC) 109
Table of statutes
Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of s. 6(4) 134

Claimants, etc) Act 2004 s. 7(1) 281, 427
s. 2 65 s. 7(2) 393, 427
s. 7(3) 393, 394, 427
Bail Act 1976 s. 8 20, 425
s. 6 452 s. 9 425
Bankers’ Books Evidence Act 1879 s. 11 423
s. 3 392, 427 s. 13 20, 423, 424, 425
s. 4 392, 427 Civil Partnership Act 2004
s. 7 211 s. 84 130, 394, 427
Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 Civil Procedure Act 1997
s. 34 427 s. 7 513
Companies Act 1985
Children Act 1989 s. 434 190, 191
s. 96 132, 159, 424, 426 s. 436 190
s. 98 191 Contempt of Court Act 1981
Children and Young Persons Act 1933 s. 8 185
s. 37 153 s. 10 212
s. 50 86 Coroners and Justice Act 2009
Civil Evidence Act 1968 s. 54 53
s. 11 369, 370 s. 86 156
s. 12 369 s. 87 156
s. 88 156, 157
s. 13 86, 371
s. 89 156, 157
s. 14 189
s. 90 158
s. 16 189
s. 91 156
Civil Evidence Act 1972
s. 96 156
s. 3(1) 366
s. 98 149
s. 3(2) 352
s. 99 150
s. 3(3) 352, 366
s. 100 151
Civil Evidence Act 1995
s. 101 152
s. 1(1) 136, 139, 140, 141, 147, 172, 215,
s. 102 150
244, 281, 423, 424, 426, 427
s. 103 150
s. 1(2)(a) 9, 10, 423
s. 104 153
s. 1(2)(b) 423
s. 112 141
s. 1(4) 423 s. 144 371, 374, 378, 463, 489
s. 2 424 s. 182 156
s. 4 281, 424 Schedule 14 150
s. 5 424, 425 Schedule 17 371, 374, 375, 378, 463, 489
s. 6(1) 136, 139, 140, 141, 147, 172 County Courts Act 1984
s. 6(2)(a) 18, 139 ss. 52–53 513
s. 6(2)(b) 140 Crime and Disorder Act 1998
s. 6(3) 147, 172 s. 1 71, 83
xlii
Table of statutes xliii
s. 2 83 s. 100(1)(b) 39, 40, 165, 166, 167, 372

s. 51 514 s. 100(1)(c) 39, 40, 163, 164
Criminal Damage Act 1971 s. 100(2) 39, 165
s. 1(1) 66 s. 100(3) 39, 40, 165, 166
s. 5(2) 66 s.100(4) 39, 163, 164, 372, 449, 509
s. 9 191 s. 101(1) 175, 436, 442, 443, 447
Criminal Evidence Act 1898 s. 101(1)(a) 447, 449
s. 1 231, 441, 442 s. 101(1)(b) 447, 449, 453–4, 480
s. 1(b) 231 s. 101(1)(c) 447, 449, 451, 454–6
s. 1(e) 442 s. 101(1)(d) 34, 86, 318–9, 447, 449, 450,
s. 1(f) 442 451, 456–75,
s. 1(1) 130 s. 101(1)(e) 165, 447, 449, 475–8
s. 1(2) 199, 442 s. 101(1)(f) 438, 447, 448, 449, 478–80
s. 1(3) 442 s. 101(1)(g) 39, 164, 447, 448, 449, 481–9
s. 1(3)(ii) 442, 478, 480, 481, 482, 483, s. 101(3) 447–50, 456, 462, 481–2, 483,
484–5, 487–9 484, 485, 486, 487, 490
s. 1(3)(iii) 442, 475, 476 s. 101(4) 456, 482, 486
s. 2 127 s. 102 455
s. 103 456–75
Criminal Evidence (Witness Anonymity) s. 103(1) 456
Act 2008 156 s. 103(1)(a) 456–69
Criminal Justice Act 1925 s. 103(1)(b) 450, 456, 469–71
s. 103(2) 462, 463
s. 47 64
s. 103(3) 462, 463
Criminal Justice Act 1967
s. 103(4) 462
s. 9 392
s. 103(6) 456
s. 10 98
s. 103(7)–(11) 463
Criminal Justice Act 1988
s. 104 475–8
s. 23 383, 385, 387, 389, 390, 419
s. 104(1) 476–7
s. 24 383, 389, 391
s. 104(2) 476
s. 25 383, 420
s. 105 449, 478–80
s. 26 383, 389, 390, 420
s. 106 481–4
s. 30 392
s. 107 472
s. 32 159
s. 108 489
s. 34 340
s. 109(1) 40, 165, 460, 472, 476
s. 139 60, 64 s. 109(2) 472
Schedule 2 410 s. 110(1) 450
Criminal Justice Act 2003 s. 110(2) 450
s. 51 160 s. 110(2)(a) 163
s. 54 160 s. 112(1) 39, 163, 175, 372, 438,
s. 56 160 442, 443, 446, 447, 456, 476
s. 58 128, 179, 296 s. 112(3)(b) 502
s. 62 128 s. 112(3)(c) 448
s. 63 128 s. 114(1) 9, 20, 101, 112, 382
s. 98 163, 164, 175, 438, 442, 443, 446, 447 s. 114(1)(a) 102, 382, 383
s. 98(a) 39, 163, 164, 372, 443, 446, 451–3, 456 s. 114(1)(b) 102, 382, 393
s. 98(b) 39, 163, 164, 166, 443, 446, 453, 484 s. 114(1)(c) 102, 382
s. 99(1) 34, 163, 175, 442, 446, 448, 455, 476 s. 114(1)(d) 18, 38, 102, 103, 114, 123,
s. 99(2) 438 124, 132, 142, 144, 147, 158, 248,
s. 100 39–40, 163–7, 509 281, 382, 404–9, 410, 418, 421
s. 100(1) 39, 40, 164, 165, 166, 167, 175, 372 s. 114(2) 123, 124, 146, 382, 389, 405–9,
s. 100(1)(a) 39, 165 418, 420, 421
xliv Evidence
s. 115(1) 384, 390 s. 120(8) 141

s. 115(2) 20, 101, 102, 106, 107, 112, s. 121 382, 384, 409, 410
124, 382, 384, 390 s. 122 136, 139, 147, 173
s. 115(3) 20, 101, 102, 112, 116, 117, s. 123 73, 409
118, 121, 123, 124, 382 s. 123(1) 136, 139, 147, 173, 384
s. 115(3)(a) 101, 115, 116, 121, 122, 124 s. 123(2) 390
s. 115(3)(b) 101, 116–7, 121, 122, 123, 124 s. 123(3) 136, 139, 147, 173, 384, 390
s. 116 158, 382, 383–390, 404 s. 123(4)(b) 354
s. 116(1) 38, 114, 147, 383–4, 406, 408, s. 123(4)(c) 384, 390
409, 410, 416, 418, 419, 420 s. 124 384, 409, 410–11
s. 116(1)(a) 383, 384, 420 s. 124(2) 410, 411, 415, 418, 420
s. 116(1)(b) 383, 384, 420 s. 124(2)(a) 410
s. 116(1)(c) 383, 409 s. 124(2)(b) 174, 410
s. 116(2) 384–5, 410, 420, 421 s. 124(2)(c) 172, 411
s. 116(2)(a) 383, 384, 385, 389, 409, s. 124(3) 411
418, 419, 420 s. 124(4) 410
s. 116(2)(b) 383, 384, 385, 389, 409, 418, 419 s. 125 148, 409
s. 116(2)(c) 383, 384, 385–6, 389, 409, s. 126 409, 411–12
418, 419 s. 126(1) 17, 103, 136, 139, 147, 173, 280,
s. 116(2)(d) 383, 384, 385, 386, 389, 409, 383, 397, 409, 411–12, 418, 420,
418, 420 s. 126(2) 448
s. 116(2)(e) 147, 383, 384, 385, 387–8, 416, s. 127 363
417, 418 s. 128(1) 279
s. 116(3) 387–8 s. 128(2) 245, 280
s. 116(4) 384, 387, 388–9, 409, 418, 419 s. 129 107
s. 116(5) 385 s. 132 102, 382
s. 117 370, 382, 383, 387, 390–2, 404 s. 133 20
s. 117(1) 383, 390, 391, 392, 409, 410, 418 s. 134 20, 384, 390
s. 117(2) 390, 392 s. 137 159, 392
s. 117(3) 390 s. 139 134–6
s. 117(4) 390 s. 140 134
s. 117(5) 390, 391 s. 331 371, 374
s. 117(5)(a) 391 Schedule 36 371, 374
s. 117(5)(b) 387, 391, 392 Schedule 37 442, 476
s. 117(6) 383, 390, 409, 418 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
s. 117(7) 383, 390, 409, 418 s. 31 442, 481
s. 118(1) 102, 138, 215, 245, 246, 247, s. 32 340
249, 364, 382, 393–403, 429, s. 34 140, 198, 217, 218–29, 238, 240, 241
438, 478 s. 34(1) 218, 220, 225, 228, 239
s.118(2) 102, 138 s. 34(1)(a) 219, 240
s. 119 136, 173, 383, 409 s. 34(1)(b) 219, 240
s. 119(1) 147–8, 170, 172 s. 34(2)(c) 225, 226
s. 119(2) 172, 411 s. 34(2)(d) 218, 226, 228
s. 120 136, 138–42, 383 s. 34(2A) 237
s. 120(2) 138, 140 s. 34(4) 218
s. 120(3) 136, 138, 141 s. 34(5) 219
s. 120(4) 135, 138, 141, 142 s. 35 226, 231, 232–6, 239
s. 120(4)(b) 135, 141, 142 s. 35(1) 233
s. 120(5) 138, 141 s. 35(1)(b) 233, 234, 235
s. 120(6) 135 s. 35(2) 233
s. 120(7) 138, 141–2 s. 35(3) 233, 241, 242
Table of statutes xlv
s. 35(4) 130, 233 s. 11(6) 518, 519

s. 35(5) 233 s. 11(7) 518, 519
s. 35(5)(a) 199 s. 11(8) 518, 519
s. 36 198, 217, 229–31 s. 11(9) 518, 519
s. 36(2)(c) 230 s. 11(10) 518, 519
s. 36(2)(d) 230 s. 14 525
s. 36(3) 230 s. 15 525
s. 36(4A) 237 s. 16 525
s. 37 198, 217, 230–31 s. 23 515, 524
s. 37(2)(c) 230 s. 26 515
s. 37(2)(d) 230 Criminal Procedure (Attendance of Witnesses)
s. 37(3A) 237 Act 1965
s. 38(1) 230 s. 2 129, 516
s. 38(3) 218, 225, 226, 230, 242 s. 2A 516
s. 51(1) 60 Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964
s. 51(7) 60, 64 s. 6 64
Criminal Procedure Act 1865 Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to
s. 3 144, 145, 146, 147 Plead) Act 1991
s. 4 170, 171, 172, 509 s. 1 62, 355
s. 5 170–71, 172, 509 s. 2 355
s. 6 174 s. 6 62
s. 8 20, 352
Criminal Procedure and Investigations Data Protection Act 1984
Act 1996 s. 5 208
s. 3(1) 517, 519 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004
s. 3(1)(a) 515, 516, 517 s. 5 241, 242
s. 3(2)(a)–(b) 515, 516 s. 6 241–2
s. 3(6) 515, 525
s. 3(7) 515 European Communities Act 1972
s. 5 518 s. 3 95
s. 5(1) 517 Evidence Act 1843 129
s. 5(5) 517, 519 Evidence Act 1851
s. 5(5A) 517 s. 7 129, 375
s. 6(1) 519 Evidence Act 1938
s. 6(2) 519 s. 3 20
s. 6A 518, 519 Evidence Amendment Act 1853 129
s. 6A(1) 517
s. 6A(2) 517, 518 Factories Act 1961
s. 6B 517, 519 s. 29 70
s. 6C 517, 519 s. 155 70
s. 6D 517, 519 Family Law Reform Act 1969
s. 6E 519 s. 20 231
s. 7A 518, 525 s. 23 231
s. 8(2) 518 s. 26 88
s. 8(5) 525 Firearms Act 1968
s. 11(2) 518 s. 1 68
s. 11(3) 519 s. 58 68
s. 11(4) 518, 519 Forestry Act 1967
s. 11(5) 231, 238, 518, 519 s. 9 72
s. 11(5)(a) 518 s. 17 72
s. 11(5)(b) 198, 518
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