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Using AutoCAD 2010 1st Edition Ralph Grabowski
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Ralph Grabowski
ISBN(s): 9781439056257, 1439056250
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 26.33 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
Using AutoCAD®® 2010
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Using AutoCAD®® 2010
RALPH GRABOWSKI
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Using AutoCAD® 2010 © 2010 Delmar Cengage Learning.
Ralph Grabowski
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1 2 3 4 5 XXX 12 11 10 09
Introduction v
BRIEF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. LIII
UNIT I — SETTING UP DRAWINGS ................................................................................ 1

1 QUICK TOUR OF AUTOCAD 2010 ............................................................................................................ 3
2 UNDERSTANDING CAD CONCEPTS ..................................................................................................... 43
3 SETTING UP DRAWINGS ............................................................................................................................ 91
UNIT II — DRAFTING ESSENTIALS ............................................................................. 127

4 DRAWING BASIC OBJECTS ...................................................................................................................... 129
5 DRAWING WITH PRECISION .................................................................................................................. 183
6 DRAWING WITH EFFICIENCY ................................................................................................................. 237
UNIT III — EDITING DRAWINGS ................................................................................. 297

7 PROPERTIES AND LAYERS .......................................................................................................................... 299
8 CONSTRUCTING OBJECTS ...................................................................................................................... 347
9 ADDITIONAL EDITING METHODS ....................................................................................................... 389
UNIT IV — TEXT AND DIMENSIONS ........................................................................... 451

10 PLACING AND EDITING TEXT .............................................................................................................. 453
11 PLACING DIMENSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 527
12 EDITING DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 579
13 APPLYING DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS ....................................................................................... 623
14 USING GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS .................................................................................................. 641
15 REPORTING ON DRAWINGS ................................................................................................................ 663
UNIT V — 3D MODELING ............................................................................................... 701

16 INTRODUCTION TO 3D SOLID MODELING ................................................................................... 703
17 INTRODUCTION TO 3D MESH MODELING .................................................................................... 733
18 ADDITIONAL 3D TECHNIQUES ........................................................................................................... 753
UNIT VII — PLOTTING DRAWINGS ............................................................................ 785

19 WORKING WITH LAYOUTS ................................................................................................................... 787
20 PLOTTING DRAWINGS ........................................................................................................................... 835
UNIT IX — APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 899
A AUTOCAD, COMPUTERS, AND WINDOWS ....................................................................................... 901
B AUTOCAD COMMANDS, ALIASES, AND KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS ........................................ 917
C AUTOCAD SYSTEM VARIABLES .............................................................................................................. 951
D SUMMARY OF DIMENSION VARIABLES ............................................................................................. 1005
E AUTOCAD FONTS, LINETYPES, HATCH PATTERNS, GRADIENTS & LINEWEIGHTS .......... 1021
F DESIGNCENTER, TOOLS PALETTE, SYMBOLS & DYNAMIC BLOCKS ..................................... 1029
G AUTOCAD TEMPLATE & SAMPLE DRAWINGS ................................................................................ 1061
H AUTODESK RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................ 1069
INDEX ................................................................................................................................................................... 1077

Table of Contents vii
CONTENTS
Introduction............................................................... LIII
BENEFITS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DRAFTING ........................................................ LIII
CAD APPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................................. LIV
Architecture ............................................................................................................................................................................ liv
Revit ................................................................................................................................................................................. liv
AutoCAD Architecture .............................................................................................................................................. liv
Engineering ............................................................................................................................................................................... lv
Building Systems ............................................................................................................................................................ lv
Civil 3D ........................................................................................................................................................................... lvi
Interior Design ....................................................................................................................................................................... lvi
Manufacturing ......................................................................................................................................................................... lvi
AutoCAD Mechanical ................................................................................................................................................ lvii
Inventor Series ............................................................................................................................................................. lvii
Facilities Management .......................................................................................................................................................... lvii
Mapping .................................................................................................................................................................................. lviii
Map 3D ......................................................................................................................................................................... lviii
Entertainment ......................................................................................................................................................................... lix
Online Applications ............................................................................................................................................................... lix
Project Dragonfly ......................................................................................................................................................... lix
Project Draw ................................................................................................................................................................. lix
Project Freewheel ........................................................................................................................................................ lix
Project Newport ........................................................................................................................................................... lx
OTHER BENEFITS ....................................................................................................................................... LXI
AUTOCAD OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. LXII

TERMINOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... LXII
Coordinates ........................................................................................................................................................................... lxii
Drawing Files ......................................................................................................................................................................... lxii
The icon indicates the command is new to AutoCAD 2010.

viii
WHAT’S NEW IN AUTOCAD 2010 ...................................................................... LXIII

USER INTERFACE ..................................................................................................................................... LXIII
2D DRAFTING .......................................................................................................................................... LXIII
PARAMETRICS ........................................................................................................................................... LXIV
3D MODELING ......................................................................................................................................... LXIV
TEXT AND DIMENSIONS ....................................................................................................................... LXV
PLOTTING ................................................................................................................................................... LXV
USING THIS BOOK ........................................................................................................ LXVI

CONVENTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... LXVI
Keys ......................................................................................................................................................................................... lxvi
Control and Alternate Keys ..................................................................................................................................... lxvi
Flip Screen .................................................................................................................................................................... lxvi
Command Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................................. lxvi
COMPANION CD .................................................................................................................................. LXVII
Exercise Files ....................................................................................................................................................................... lxvii
ONLINE COMPANION ............................................................................................... LXVIII
WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! .............................................................................. LXIX

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ LXIX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR ........................................................................................................................... LXIX
Table of Contents ix
UNIT I — SETTING UP DRAWINGS .....................................................................1
1 Quick Tour of AutoCAD 2010 ................................ 3

STARTING AUTOCAD .......................................................................................................... 4
TUTORIAL: STARTING AUTOCAD ............................................................................................................ 4
Application Menu (under A) ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Status Bar .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Ribbon ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
InfoCenter ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Drawing Status Bar ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Help ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Window (drawing) Controls ................................................................................................................................................ 7
COMMANDS IN AUTOCAD ....................................................................................................................... 8
Command Bar .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Text Window ................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Dynamic Input ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Mouse ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
RIBBON .............................................................................................................................................................. 9
TUTORIAL: EXECUTING COMMANDS WITH THE RIBBON ......................................................... 11
TUTORIAL: ACCESSING FLYOUTS ......................................................................................................... 14
TUTORIAL: ACCESSING DROPLISTS .................................................................................................... 15
QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR ....................................................................................................................... 16
ACCESSING THE APPLICATION MENU ......................................................................................... 16
Recent Drawings .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Displaying the Menu Bar ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
CHANGING WORKSPACES ...................................................................................................................... 18
AutoCAD Classic Workspace ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Toolbars ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
EXITING AUTOCAD ........................................................................................................... 21
2D TUTORIAL ....................................................................................................................... 23
SETTING UP NEW DRAWINGS ............................................................................................................. 24
DRAWING THE BASEPLATE ..................................................................................................................... 25
DRAWING THE SHAFT .............................................................................................................................. 26
DRAWING HOLES ....................................................................................................................................... 27
COPYING CIRCLES ..................................................................................................................................... 28
SAVING THE DRAWING ............................................................................................................................ 29
PLOTTING THE DRAWING ...................................................................................................................... 29
3D TUTORIAL ....................................................................................................................... 32
MODELING THE SHAFT ............................................................................................................................. 34
MODELING HOLES ..................................................................................................................................... 36
x
COPYING CYLINDERS ............................................................................................................................... 37

SUBTRACTING CYLINDERS TO CREATE HOLES .............................................................................. 37
EXERCISES ............................................................................................................................ 39
CHAPTER REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 40
2 Understanding CAD Concepts ............................ 43

AUTOCAD USER INTERFACE ......................................................................................... 44
TOURING THE USER INTERFACE .................................................................................. 44

TITLE BAR ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
Info Center ............................................................................................................................................................................ 45
Window Controls ................................................................................................................................................................ 45
DRAWING AREA .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Cursors ................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
Cursor Icons ................................................................................................................................................................ 46
UCS Icon ................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
Other Screen Markings ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
Highlights and Grips ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Dynamic Input .............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Grid ................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Tracking Lines ............................................................................................................................................................... 47
ViewCube ...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
LAYOUT TABS AND SCROLL BARS ........................................................................................................ 48
STATUS BAR ................................................................................................................................................... 49
X, Y Coordinates and Elevation ............................................................................................................................... 49
Mode Indicators .................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Layouts .................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
View Controls ....................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Annotation Scaling ............................................................................................................................................................... 50
Workspaces ........................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Tray .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Tray Options ................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Cleanscreen & Resize Window ......................................................................................................................................... 52
ENTERING COMMANDS ................................................................................................... 52

USING THE KEYBOARD ............................................................................................................................ 52
Command Input Considerations ...................................................................................................................................... 53
Repeating Commands ......................................................................................................................................................... 53
Recent Input ................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Dynamic Input ....................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Entering Commands ................................................................................................................................................... 54
Entering Coordinates ................................................................................................................................................. 55
Selecting Options ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
Table of Contents xi
Dynamic Dimensions ................................................................................................................................................. 56

Selecting the Default Value ........................................................................................................................................ 56
Dynamic Angles ........................................................................................................................................................... 56
Error Messages and Warnings .................................................................................................................................. 56
Modifying Dynamic Input .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Keyboard Shortcuts ............................................................................................................................................................. 58
AutoComplete ............................................................................................................................................................. 58
Function Keys ............................................................................................................................................................... 59
Aliases ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59
Other Keys ................................................................................................................................................................... 60
USING MOUSE BUTTONS ........................................................................................................................ 60
Left Mouse Button ............................................................................................................................................................... 61
Right Mouse Button ............................................................................................................................................................. 61
Roller Wheel .......................................................................................................................................................................... 61
USING DIALOG BOXES ............................................................................................................................. 61
Hyphen Prefix ........................................................................................................................................................................ 62
System Variables .................................................................................................................................................................... 62
FileDia ............................................................................................................................................................................ 62
Expert ............................................................................................................................................................................ 63
AttDia ............................................................................................................................................................................ 63
Alternate Commands .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Controlling Dialog Boxes ................................................................................................................................................... 63
Buttons in Dialog Boxes ..................................................................................................................................................... 64
Check Boxes ................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Radio Buttons .............................................................................................................................................................. 65
Select Objects Button ................................................................................................................................................ 65
List Boxes ...................................................................................................................................................................... 65
Scroll Bars ..................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Droplists ........................................................................................................................................................................ 66
Text Edit Boxes ............................................................................................................................................................ 66
THE DRAFT-EDIT-PLOT CYCLE....................................................................................... 67

DRAFTING ..................................................................................................................................................... 67
Constructing Objects .......................................................................................................................................................... 67
BLOCKS AND TEMPLATES ........................................................................................................................ 68
EDITING .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
PLOTTING ...................................................................................................................................................... 69
ePlots ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
PROTECTING DRAWINGS ....................................................................................................................... 70
SCREEN POINTING ............................................................................................................ 70

Showing Points by Window Corners .............................................................................................................................. 70
COORDINATE SYSTEMS ................................................................................................... 71

AUTOCAD COORDINATES ..................................................................................................................... 71
Cartesian Coordinates ........................................................................................................................................................ 73
Polar Coordinates ................................................................................................................................................................ 74
xii
Cylindrical Coordinates ...................................................................................................................................................... 75

Spherical Coordinates ......................................................................................................................................................... 76
Relative Coordinates ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
User-defined Coordinate Systems ................................................................................................................................... 78
ENTERING COORDINATES ..................................................................................................................... 78
Screen Picks ........................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Keyboard Coordinates ........................................................................................................................................................ 79
Snaps, Etc. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Point Filters ................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Snap Spacing ................................................................................................................................................................. 80
Polar Snap and Ortho Mode .................................................................................................................................... 80
Direct Distance Entry ................................................................................................................................................ 80
Tracking .......................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Object Snaps ................................................................................................................................................................ 81
Object Tracking ............................................................................................................................................................ 81
DISPLAYING COORDINATES ................................................................................................................... 82
EXERCISES ............................................................................................................................ 83
CHAPTER REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 85
3 Setting Up Drawings............................................. 91
NEW DRAWINGS ................................................................................................................ 92
TUTORIAL: STARTING NEW DRAWINGS ........................................................................................... 92
About Templates ................................................................................................................................................................... 92
QNew ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
TUTORIAL: STARTING NEW DRAWINGS WITH TEMPLATES ....................................................... 93
STARTUP DIALOG BOX ............................................................................................................................. 94
Starting From Scratch ......................................................................................................................................................... 94
Using Templates ..................................................................................................................................................................... 94
Using Wizards ........................................................................................................................................................................ 95
TUTORIAL: USING THE ADVANCED WIZARD .................................................................................. 95
OPEN ...................................................................................................................................... 99
TUTORIAL: OPENING DRAWINGS ....................................................................................................... 99
Files List ................................................................................................................................................................................ 100
Preview .................................................................................................................................................................................. 100
Files of Type .......................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Read-Only ................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Partial Open ............................................................................................................................................................... 103
Select Initial View ....................................................................................................................................................... 103
Making Dialog Boxes Bigger ................................................................................................................................... 104
Standard Folders Sidebar .................................................................................................................................................. 104
Finding Files .......................................................................................................................................................................... 104
Table of Contents xiii
CHANGING SCREEN COLORS ...................................................................................... 105

Default Background Colors ............................................................................................................................................. 105
Changing Interface Colors ............................................................................................................................................... 107
TUTORIAL: CHANGING COLORS ....................................................................................................... 107
UNITS ................................................................................................................................... 108

TUTORIAL: SETTING UNITS .................................................................................................................. 108
SETTING SCALE FACTORS ..................................................................................................................... 110
Scale-dependent Objects .................................................................................................................................................. 111
Annotation Scaling ............................................................................................................................................................. 111
SAVE AND SAVEAS ........................................................................................................... 112

TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS BY OTHER NAMES .................................................................... 112
SAVING DRAWINGS: ADDITIONAL METHODS .............................................................................. 113
My Network Places ............................................................................................................................................................ 113
TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS ON OTHER COMPUTERS ...................................................... 113
FTP ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 114
TUTORIAL: SENDING DRAWINGS BY FTP ....................................................................................... 114
Files of Type .......................................................................................................................................................................... 116
TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS IN OTHER FORMATS ............................................................... 116
Options ................................................................................................................................................................................. 117
QSAVE .................................................................................................................................. 118

TUTORIAL: SAVING DRAWINGS .......................................................................................................... 118
AUTOMATIC BACKUPS ........................................................................................................................... 118
TUTORIAL: MAKING BACKUP COPIES .............................................................................................. 119
MAKING BACKUPS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................................ 120
SaveFilePath .......................................................................................................................................................................... 120
Accessing Backup Files ...................................................................................................................................................... 120
QUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 121

TUTORIAL: QUITTING AUTOCAD ...................................................................................................... 121
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 122
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 124

xiv
UNIT II — DRAFTING ESSENTIALS ................................................................. 127
4 Drawing Basic Objects ....................................... 129

LINE ..................................................................................................................................... 130
TUTORIAL: DRAWING LINE SEGMENTS ........................................................................................... 131
DRAWING LINE SEGMENTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................... 132
Close ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 132
Undo ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
Relative Coordinates and Angles .................................................................................................................................... 133
Continue ............................................................................................................................................................................... 134
RECTANG ............................................................................................................................ 134

TUTORIAL: DRAWING RECTANGLES ................................................................................................ 134
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING RECTANGLES ........................................................... 135
Dimensions .......................................................................................................................................................................... 135
Area ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 136
Rotation ................................................................................................................................................................................ 137
Width .................................................................................................................................................................................... 137
Elevation ............................................................................................................................................................................... 138
Thickness .............................................................................................................................................................................. 138
Fillet ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
Chamfer ................................................................................................................................................................................ 139
POLYGON ............................................................................................................................ 140

TUTORIAL: DRAWING POLYGONS .................................................................................................... 141
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING POLYGONS .............................................................. 141
Edge ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 141
Inscribed in Circle .............................................................................................................................................................. 142
Circumscribed About Circle ............................................................................................................................................ 142
CIRCLE ................................................................................................................................. 143

TUTORIAL: DRAWING CIRCLES ........................................................................................................... 143
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING CIRCLES ..................................................................... 144
Diameter .............................................................................................................................................................................. 144
2P ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 144
3P ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 145
Ttr (tan tan radius) ............................................................................................................................................................ 145
Tan, Tan, Tan .......................................................................................................................................................................... 145
ARC ....................................................................................................................................... 146

TUTORIAL: DRAWING ARCS ................................................................................................................. 147
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING ARCS ........................................................................... 147
START, CENTER, END & CENTER, START, END ................................................................................. 148
START, CENTER, ANGLE & START, END, ANGLE & CENTER, START, ANGLE ............................ 148
START, CENTER, LENGTH & CENTER, START, LENGTH ................................................................ 149
START, END, RADIUS ................................................................................................................................. 149
Table of Contents xv
START, END, DIRECTION ......................................................................................................................... 150

CONTINUE .................................................................................................................................................. 150
DONUT ................................................................................................................................ 151

TUTORIAL: DRAWING DONUTS ......................................................................................................... 151
PLINE .................................................................................................................................... 152

TUTORIAL: DRAWING POLYLINES ...................................................................................................... 152
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING POLYLINES ................................................................ 152
Undo ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 153
Close ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 153
Arc ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 153
Width .................................................................................................................................................................................... 153
Halfwidth .............................................................................................................................................................................. 154
Length .................................................................................................................................................................................... 154
ELLIPSE ................................................................................................................................ 155

TUTORIAL: DRAWING ELLIPSES ........................................................................................................... 155
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING ELLIPSES ..................................................................... 156
Center ................................................................................................................................................................................... 156
Rotation ................................................................................................................................................................................ 157
Elliptical Arc ....................................................................................................................................................................... 157
Isocircle ................................................................................................................................................................................. 158
POINT ................................................................................................................................. 158

TUTORIAL: DRAWING POINTS ............................................................................................................ 158
ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR DRAWING POINTS ...................................................................... 159
Multiple ................................................................................................................................................................................. 159
DdPType ............................................................................................................................................................................... 159
U AND UNDO .................................................................................................................... 160

TUTORIAL: UNDOING COMMANDS ................................................................................................. 160
UNDOING COMMANDS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ..................................................................... 161
Undo ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 161
Auto .............................................................................................................................................................................. 161
Control ........................................................................................................................................................................ 161
BEgin/End ..................................................................................................................................................................... 161
Mark/Back ................................................................................................................................................................... 162
Combined Zooms and Pans ............................................................................................................................................ 162
Undo, Previous Options and Cancel Buttons .............................................................................................................. 162
Undo Option .............................................................................................................................................................. 162
Previous Option ........................................................................................................................................................ 162
Cancel Button ............................................................................................................................................................ 163
REDO AND MREDO .......................................................................................................... 163

TUTORIAL: REDOING UNDOS ............................................................................................................. 163
MRedo ................................................................................................................................................................................... 163
xvi
CONSTRUCTING OTHER OBJECTS ............................................................................ 164

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES ..................................................................................................................... 164
ISOSCELES TRIANGLES............................................................................................................................. 165
SCALENE TRIANGLES ............................................................................................................................... 168
RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLES ..................................................................................................................... 169
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 170
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 180
5 Drawing with Precision ...................................... 183

GRID ...................................................................................................................................... 184
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING THE GRID ....................................................................................................... 184
CONTROLLING THE GRID DISPLAY: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................... 185
DSettings Command ......................................................................................................................................................... 185
Grid Spacing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 186
LIMITS ............................................................................................................................................................. 187
SNAP ..................................................................................................................................... 187

TUTORIAL: TOGGLING SNAP MODE ................................................................................................. 187
CONTROLLING THE SNAP: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................. 188
DSettings .............................................................................................................................................................................. 188
Snap ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 189
TUTORIAL: DRAWING WITH GRID AND SNAP MODES ............................................................. 189
ORTHO ................................................................................................................................. 191

TUTORIAL: TOGGLING ORTHO MODE ............................................................................................ 191
TUTORIAL: DRAWING IN ORTHO MODE ....................................................................................... 192
POLAR .................................................................................................................................. 192

TUTORIAL: TOGGLING POLAR MODE .............................................................................................. 192
CONTROLLING POLAR MODE: ADDITIONAL METHODS ........................................................ 193
DSettings .............................................................................................................................................................................. 193
PolarAng ............................................................................................................................................................................... 194
PolarDist ............................................................................................................................................................................... 195
PolarMode ............................................................................................................................................................................ 195
TUTORIAL: DRAWING WITH POLAR MODE ................................................................................... 195
OSNAP ................................................................................................................................. 196

APERTURE .................................................................................................................................................... 197
RUNNING AND TEMPORARY OSNAPS .............................................................................................. 197
SUMMARY OF ALL OBJECT SNAP MODES ........................................................................................ 198
APParent intersection ....................................................................................................................................................... 198
CENter .................................................................................................................................................................................. 198
ENDpoint ............................................................................................................................................................................. 198
Table of Contents xvii
EXTension ............................................................................................................................................................................ 199

INSERTION ................................................................................................................................................... 199
INTersection ........................................................................................................................................................................ 199
MIDpoint .............................................................................................................................................................................. 200
NEArest ................................................................................................................................................................................ 200
NODe ................................................................................................................................................................................... 200
PARallel ................................................................................................................................................................................. 200
PERpendicular ...................................................................................................................................................................... 200
QUAdrant ............................................................................................................................................................................ 201
TANgent ............................................................................................................................................................................... 201
ADDITIONAL OBJECT SNAP MODES ................................................................................................. 202
From ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 202
NONe ................................................................................................................................................................................... 202
TT ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 202
QUIck .................................................................................................................................................................................... 203
OFF ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 203
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING AND SELECTING OSNAP MODE ......................................................... 203
CONTROLLING OSNAP MODES: ADDITIONAL METHODS ..................................................... 203
OSnap (DSettings) .............................................................................................................................................................. 203
-OSnap .................................................................................................................................................................................. 205
TUTORIAL: USING OBJECT SNAP MODES ........................................................................................ 205
OTRACK ............................................................................................................................... 206

OSNAP SYSTEM VARIABLES .............................................................................................................................. 207
OTRACK OPTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 208
AutoTrack Settings ............................................................................................................................................................. 208
Alignment Point Acquisition ............................................................................................................................................ 208
TUTORIAL: TOGGLING OTRACK MODE ......................................................................................... 208
RAY AND XLINE ................................................................................................................ 209

TUTORIAL: DRAWING CONSTRUCTION LINES ........................................................................... 209
TEMPORARY OVERRIDES ..................................................................................................................................... 210
DRAWING CONSTRUCTION LINES: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................... 211
TUTORIAL: DRAWING WITH CONSTRUCTION LINES ............................................................... 212
REDRAW AND REGEN ..................................................................................................... 215

TUTORIAL: USING THE REDRAW COMMAND ............................................................................... 215
TRANSPARENT REDRAWS ..................................................................................................................... 216
ZOOM ................................................................................................................................... 216

TUTORIAL: USING THE ZOOM COMMAND .................................................................................... 216
ZOOM COMMAND: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................................... 217
Zoom All ............................................................................................................................................................................... 217
Zoom Extents ..................................................................................................................................................................... 218
Zoom Object ...................................................................................................................................................................... 218
Zoom Previous ................................................................................................................................................................... 218
Zoom Scale .......................................................................................................................................................................... 218
Zoom Window .................................................................................................................................................................... 219
Rarely Used Zoom Modes ............................................................................................................................................... 220
xviii
Transparent Zoom ............................................................................................................................................................. 220
PAN ........................................................................................................................................ 220

TUTORIAL: PANNING THE DRAWING .............................................................................................. 220
TRANSPARENT PANNING ..................................................................................................................... 220
SCROLL BARS .............................................................................................................................................. 221
-PAN ............................................................................................................................................................... 221
CLEANSCREENON ........................................................................................................... 222

TUTORIAL: TOGGLING THE DRAWING AREA ................................................................................ 222
VIEW ..................................................................................................................................... 222

PREDEFINED VIEWS .................................................................................................................................. 223
VIEW TRANSITION ............................................................................................................................................ 223
GROUPED VIEW-CHANGE UNDO ....................................................................................................................... 223
TUTORIAL: STORING AND RECALLING NAMED VIEWS ............................................................. 224
TUTORIAL: RENAMING AND DELETING NAMED VIEWS ........................................................... 226
TUTORIAL: OPENING DRAWINGS WITH NAMED VIEWS .......................................................... 226
TUTORIAL: STARTING AUTOCAD WITH NAMED VIEWS ............................................................ 227
TUTORIAL: CHANGING WINDOWED VIEWS ................................................................................. 227
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 229
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 234
6 Drawing with Efficiency ...................................... 237

BLOCK AND INSERT ........................................................................................................ 238
Editing the Content of Blocks ......................................................................................................................................... 239
TUTORIAL: CREATING BLOCKS ........................................................................................................... 239
Suggestions for Designing Blocks ................................................................................................................................... 241
CREATING BLOCKS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................................... 241
Objects .................................................................................................................................................................................. 241
Behavior ................................................................................................................................................................................ 242
Settings .................................................................................................................................................................................. 242
Description .......................................................................................................................................................................... 243
INSERTING BLOCKS ................................................................................................................................. 243
TUTORIAL: PLACING BLOCKS .............................................................................................................. 244
INSERTING BLOCKS: ADDITIONAL METHODS .............................................................................. 245
Basepoint .............................................................................................................................................................................. 245
Scale ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 246
Rotation Angle ..................................................................................................................................................................... 247
Explode ................................................................................................................................................................................. 247
Preview .................................................................................................................................................................................. 248
DESIGNCENTER AND TOOL PALETTES ........................................................................................... 248
Inserting Blocks with DesignCenter .................................................................................................................... 248
Table of Contents xix
Inserting Blocks with Tool Palettes ....................................................................................................................... 249

CREATING AND INSERTING BLOCKS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................ 250
Base ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 250
WBlock ................................................................................................................................................................................. 250
Source .......................................................................................................................................................................... 251
Destination ................................................................................................................................................................. 251
REDEFINING BLOCKS .............................................................................................................................. 251
BEDIT .................................................................................................................................... 252

TUTORIAL: EDITING BLOCKS WITH THE BLOCK EDITOR ........................................................ 252
HATCH ................................................................................................................................. 254

ABOUT HATCHING .................................................................................................................................. 254
Full Sections ......................................................................................................................................................................... 254
Revolved, Offset, and Removed Sections ...................................................................................................................... 255
How Hatching Works ........................................................................................................................................................ 255
BASIC TUTORIAL: PLACING HATCH PATTERNS ............................................................................. 256
PLACING HATCH PATTERNS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................. 257
1. Select a Type of Hatch ................................................................................................................................................. 257
2. Select a Pattern Name ................................................................................................................................................. 257
3. Specify the Angle and Scale ........................................................................................................................................ 258
4. Selecting Hatch Boundaries ......................................................................................................................................... 258
Defining Boundaries by Picking Areas .................................................................................................................. 258
Defining Boundaries by Selecting Objects .......................................................................................................... 260
Removing Boundaries .............................................................................................................................................. 260
Additional Options ............................................................................................................................................................. 261
Associative .................................................................................................................................................................. 261
Draw Order ............................................................................................................................................................... 261
Inherit Properties ...................................................................................................................................................... 261
Hatch Origin ............................................................................................................................................................... 261
Advanced Hatch Options ................................................................................................................................................. 263
Islands ........................................................................................................................................................................... 263
Boundary Retention ................................................................................................................................................. 264
Boundary Set .............................................................................................................................................................. 264
Gap Tolerance ............................................................................................................................................................ 264
Inherit Options .......................................................................................................................................................... 264
Specifying User Defined Patterns ................................................................................................................................... 265
GRADIENT .......................................................................................................................... 266
HATCHEDIT ........................................................................................................................ 267

TUTORIAL: CHANGING HATCH PATTERNS ................................................................................... 267
Editing Hatch Boundaries ................................................................................................................................................. 268
BOUNDARY ......................................................................................................................... 268

TUTORIAL: CREATING BOUNDARIES ................................................................................................ 268
SELECT ................................................................................................................................. 269

TUTORIAL: SELECTING OBJECTS BY LOCATION .......................................................................... 270
xx
Select Options ..................................................................................................................................................................... 270

ALL (Select All Objects) .......................................................................................................................................... 270
Pick (Select Single Object) ...................................................................................................................................... 271
W (Select Within a Window) ................................................................................................................................. 272
C (Select with a Crossing Window) .............................................................................................................................. 272
BOX (Select with a Box) ......................................................................................................................................... 273
F (Select with a Fence) ............................................................................................................................................. 274
AU (Select with the Automatic Option) ............................................................................................................. 274
WP (Select with a Windowed Polygon) .............................................................................................................. 274
CP (Select with a Crossing Polygon) .................................................................................................................... 275
SI (Select a Single Object) ....................................................................................................................................... 275
SU and O (Select Subobjects and Objects) ........................................................................................................ 275
M (Select Through the Multiple Option) ............................................................................................................. 276
P (Select the Previous Selection Set) ................................................................................................................... 276
L (Select the Last Object) ....................................................................................................................................... 276
G (Select the Group) ............................................................................................................................................... 276
Changing Selected Items ................................................................................................................................................... 276
U (Undo the Selected Option) .............................................................................................................................. 276
R (Remove Objects from the Selection Set) ...................................................................................................... 276
A (Add Objects to the Selection Set) .................................................................................................................. 277
Canceling the Selection Process. .................................................................................................................................... 277
Selecting Objects During Commands ........................................................................................................................... 277
QSELECT ............................................................................................................................. 277

TUTORIAL: SELECTING OBJECTS BY PROPERTIES ......................................................................... 278
CONTROLLING THE SELECTION: ADDITIONAL METHODS ..................................................... 279
Pickbox .................................................................................................................................................................................. 279
DdSelect ............................................................................................................................................................................... 280
Pickbox Size ................................................................................................................................................................ 280
Selection Preview ...................................................................................................................................................... 280
Noun/Verb Selection ................................................................................................................................................ 281
Use Shift to Add to Selection ................................................................................................................................. 282
Press and Drag ........................................................................................................................................................... 282
Implied Windowing ................................................................................................................................................... 282
Object Grouping ....................................................................................................................................................... 282
Associative Hatch ...................................................................................................................................................... 282
Filter ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 283
DRAWORDER ..................................................................................................................... 285

TUTORIAL: SPECIFYING DRAWORDER ............................................................................................. 285
CHANGING THE DRAW ORDER: ADDITIONAL METHODS ...................................................... 285
HpDrawOrder .................................................................................................................................................................... 286
TextToFront ......................................................................................................................................................................... 286
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 287
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 295

Table of Contents xxi
UNIT III — EDITING DRAWINGS ..................................................................... 297
7 Properties and Layers ......................................... 299

MATCHPROP ...................................................................................................................... 300
TUTORIAL: MATCHING PROPERTIES .................................................................................................. 300
Settings .................................................................................................................................................................................. 301
COLOR ................................................................................................................................ 302

TUTORIAL: CHANGING COLORS ....................................................................................................... 302
UNDERSTANDING AUTOCAD’S COLOR SYSTEM ........................................................................ 303
Color Numbers and Names ............................................................................................................................................ 303
Background Color 0 .......................................................................................................................................................... 304
Color 7 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 304
Colors ByLayer, ByBlock, and ByEntity .......................................................................................................................... 304
ByLayer Color #256 ................................................................................................................................................. 304
ByBlock Color #0 ..................................................................................................................................................... 304
ByEntity Color #257 ................................................................................................................................................ 305
True Color ........................................................................................................................................................................... 305
RGB .............................................................................................................................................................................. 305
HSL ............................................................................................................................................................................... 306
Color Books ............................................................................................................................................................... 307
CHANGING COLORS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ........................................................................... 308
TUTORIAL: SETTING AND CHANGING COLORS ......................................................................... 308
LWEIGHT ............................................................................................................................. 309

TUTORIAL: CHANGING LINEWEIGHTS ............................................................................................ 310
AUTOCAD’S DEFAULT LINEWEIGHTS ............................................................................................... 310
Lineweight Control ............................................................................................................................................................ 311
LINETYPE ............................................................................................................................ 312

TUTORIAL: CHANGING LINETYPES ................................................................................................... 312
Global, Local, and Annotative Linetype Scales ............................................................................................................. 313
Local (Object) Linetype Scaling ............................................................................................................................. 315
Annotative Scaling ..................................................................................................................................................... 315
LINETYPE SCALING (LTSCALE) ............................................................................................................ 316
Linetype Control ................................................................................................................................................................ 316
PROPERTIES ....................................................................................................................... 317

TUTORIAL: CHANGING ALL PROPERTIES ......................................................................................... 317
CHANGING PROPERTIES: ADDITIONAL METHODS ..................................................................... 319
QuickProperties ................................................................................................................................................................. 320
QuickProperties Settings ........................................................................................................................................ 321
Rollover Tips ........................................................................................................................................................................ 321
xxii
LAYER ................................................................................................................................... 322

TUTORIAL: CREATING LAYERS ............................................................................................................. 322
Shortcut Keystrokes .......................................................................................................................................................... 323
Working with Layers ......................................................................................................................................................... 324
Status ............................................................................................................................................................................ 324
Turning Layers On and Off ..................................................................................................................................... 324
Freezing and Thawing Layers .................................................................................................................................. 324
Locking and Unlocking Layers ................................................................................................................................ 325
Setting Layer Colors ................................................................................................................................................. 325
Setting Layer Linetypes ............................................................................................................................................ 325
Setting Layer Lineweights ........................................................................................................................................ 325
Setting the Layer Plot Style ..................................................................................................................................... 326
Setting Layer Print Toggles ...................................................................................................................................... 326
Description ................................................................................................................................................................. 326
Layer Controls in Layouts ................................................................................................................................................ 326
Layout Freeze Modes ............................................................................................................................................... 327
Layout Property Modes ........................................................................................................................................... 327
Resetting Overridden Layout Properties ............................................................................................................ 327
Selecting Layers ................................................................................................................................................................... 327
Sorting by Columns .................................................................................................................................................. 328
Searching for Layer Names ..................................................................................................................................... 329
Creating Group Filters ............................................................................................................................................. 331
TUTORIAL: CREATING GROUP FILTERS ............................................................................................ 332
TUTORIAL: CREATING PROPERTY FILTERS ...................................................................................... 333
Deleting Layers .......................................................................................................................................................... 335
Layer States Manager ......................................................................................................................................................... 335
TUTORIAL: CREATING AND APPLYING LAYER STATES ................................................................ 335
CONTROLLING LAYERS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ..................................................................... 337
Layers on the Ribbon ........................................................................................................................................................ 337
Changing the Current Layer ................................................................................................................................... 338
Changing the Layer’s Status .................................................................................................................................... 338
LayMCur ............................................................................................................................................................................... 339
CLayer ................................................................................................................................................................................... 339
LayerP and LayerPMode .................................................................................................................................................. 339
Layer Tools .................................................................................................................................................................. 339
LAYISO ................................................................................................................................. 340
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 342
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 344

Table of Contents xxiii
8 Constructing Objects ......................................... 347

COPY .................................................................................................................................... 348
TUTORIAL: MAKING COPIES ................................................................................................................. 348
MAKING COPIES: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................................... 349
Displacement ....................................................................................................................................................................... 349
More on Displacements .......................................................................................................................................... 349
MIRROR ................................................................................................................................ 350

TUTORIAL: MAKING MIRRORED COPIES ......................................................................................... 351
MAKING MIRRORED COPIES: ADDITIONAL METHOD ............................................................... 351
OFFSET ................................................................................................................................ 352

TUTORIAL: MAKING OFFSET COPIES ................................................................................................ 353
MAKING OFFSET COPIES: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................... 353
TUTORIAL: THROUGH ............................................................................................................................ 354
Erase ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 354
Layer ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 354
OffsetGapType .................................................................................................................................................................... 354
DIVIDE AND MEASURE ................................................................................................... 355

TUTORIAL: DIVIDING OBJECTS ........................................................................................................... 355
TUTORIAL: “MEASURING” OBJECTS ................................................................................................... 356
DIVIDING AND MEASURING: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................. 356
Block ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 356
DdPType ............................................................................................................................................................................... 357
ARRAY .................................................................................................................................. 358

TUTORIAL: LINEAR AND RECTANGULAR ARRAYS ....................................................................... 358
TUTORIAL: POLAR AND SEMICIRCULAR ARRAYS ......................................................................... 360
FILLET AND CHAMFER ................................................................................................... 362

TUTORIAL: FILLETING OBJECTS ........................................................................................................... 362
DIFFERENT FILLET RESULTS FOR DIFFERENT OBJECTS .............................................................. 363
Lines ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 363
Polylines ................................................................................................................................................................................ 363
Arcs and Circles ................................................................................................................................................................. 364
CONSTRUCTING FILLETS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................... 365
Undo ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 365
Polyline .................................................................................................................................................................................. 365
Radius .................................................................................................................................................................................... 365
Trim ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 365
Multiple ................................................................................................................................................................................. 365
CHAMFER ..................................................................................................................................................... 366
TUTORIAL: CHAMFERING OBJECTS ................................................................................................... 366
CONSTRUCTING CHAMFERS: ADDITIONAL METHODS .......................................................... 367
Undo ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 367
xxiv
Polyline .................................................................................................................................................................................. 367

Angle ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 367
Trim ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 368
mEthod .................................................................................................................................................................................. 368
Multiple ................................................................................................................................................................................. 368
JOIN ....................................................................................................................................... 368

TUTORIAL: JOINING OBJECTS .............................................................................................................. 369
JOINING OBJECTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................................. 369
REVERSE ........................................................................................................................ 369

TUTORIAL: REVERSING OBJECTS ........................................................................................................ 369
REVCLOUD ......................................................................................................................... 370

TUTORIAL: REDLINING OBJECTS ........................................................................................................ 370
REDLINING OBJECTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ........................................................................... 371
Arc length ............................................................................................................................................................................. 371
Object ................................................................................................................................................................................... 372
Style ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 372
MARKUP .............................................................................................................................. 373

Design Review ..................................................................................................................................................................... 373
Markup Options ................................................................................................................................................................. 375
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 376
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 386
9 Additional Editing Methods ............................... 389

ERASE ................................................................................................................................... 390
TUTORIAL: ERASING OBJECTS ............................................................................................................. 390
RECOVERING ERASED OBJECTS .......................................................................................................... 390
Oops ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 390
U ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 391
BREAK .................................................................................................................................. 391

TUTORIAL: BREAKING OBJECTS .......................................................................................................... 391
BREAKING OBJECTS: ADDITIONAL METHOD .............................................................................. 392
First ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 392
TRIM, EXTEND, AND LENGTHEN ............................................................................... 393

TUTORIAL: SHORTENING OBJECTS ................................................................................................... 393
Trimming Closed Objects ................................................................................................................................................ 394
Trimming Polylines ............................................................................................................................................................. 395
TRIMMING OBJECTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................................ 395
Select All ............................................................................................................................................................................... 395
Table of Contents xxv
Fence and Crossing ............................................................................................................................................................ 395

Project ................................................................................................................................................................................... 396
Edge ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 396
eRase ................................................................................................................................................................................... 396
Undo ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 396
Extend (shift-select) ........................................................................................................................................................... 396
EXTEND ........................................................................................................................................................ 397
TUTORIAL: EXTENDING OBJECTS ...................................................................................................... 397
Extending Polylines ............................................................................................................................................................. 398
EXTEND OPTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 398
LENGTHEN .................................................................................................................................................. 398
TUTORIAL: LENGTHENING OBJECTS ................................................................................................ 398
LENGTHENING OBJECTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS .................................................................... 399
Delta ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 399
Percent .................................................................................................................................................................................. 400
Total ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 400
Dynamic ................................................................................................................................................................................ 400
STRETCH ............................................................................................................................. 401

STRETCHING — THE RULES .................................................................................................................. 401
TUTORIAL: STRETCHING OBJECTS .................................................................................................... 402
MOVE .................................................................................................................................... 403

TUTORIAL: MOVING OBJECTS ............................................................................................................. 403
Command-less Moving ...................................................................................................................................................... 404
ROTATE ................................................................................................................................ 404

TUTORIAL: ROTATING OBJECTS .......................................................................................................... 404
ROTATING OBJECTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................................. 405
Reference ............................................................................................................................................................................. 405
Copy ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 406
Dragging ................................................................................................................................................................................ 406
SCALE ................................................................................................................................... 406

TUTORIAL: CHANGING SIZE ................................................................................................................ 406
CHANGING SIZE: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................................... 407
Copy ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 407
Reference ............................................................................................................................................................................. 408
CHANGE .............................................................................................................................. 409

TUTORIAL: CHANGING OBJECTS ....................................................................................................... 409
CHANGING OBJECTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ........................................................................... 409
Circles ................................................................................................................................................................................... 409
Lines ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 410
Blocks .................................................................................................................................................................................... 410
Text ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 410
Attribute Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 411
xxvi
EXPLODE AND XPLODE ................................................................................................. 411

TUTORIAL: EXPLODING COMPOUND OBJECTS .......................................................................... 411
XPLODE ........................................................................................................................................................ 413
TUTORIAL: CONTROLLED EXPLOSIONS ......................................................................................... 413
All ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 413
Color ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 413
Layer ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 413
LType ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 413
Inherit from Parent Block ................................................................................................................................................. 413
Explode ................................................................................................................................................................................. 414
PEDIT .................................................................................................................................... 414

TUTORIAL: EDITING POLYLINES .......................................................................................................... 414
Close/Open .......................................................................................................................................................................... 415
Join ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 415
Width .................................................................................................................................................................................... 415
Edit vertex ............................................................................................................................................................................ 416
Width ........................................................................................................................................................................... 416
Exit ................................................................................................................................................................................ 416
Fit ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 418
Spline ........................................................................................................................................................................... 418
Decurve ................................................................................................................................................................................ 418
Ltype gen .............................................................................................................................................................................. 418
Reverse ......................................................................................................................................................................... 419
Undo ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 419
EDITING POLYLINES: ADDITIONAL METHODS .............................................................................. 419
Select ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 419
Mutiple .................................................................................................................................................................................. 419
Jointype ................................................................................................................................................................................. 419
GRIPS .................................................................................................................................... 421

DIRECT EDITING WITH GRIPS ............................................................................................................. 421
Grip Color and Size ........................................................................................................................................................... 422
Grips on Arcs ............................................................................................................................................................. 422
TUTORIAL: EDITING WITH GRIPS ....................................................................................................... 422
GRIP EDITING MODES ............................................................................................................................. 423
GRIP EDITING OPTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 424
Stretch Mode ....................................................................................................................................................................... 424
Move Mode .......................................................................................................................................................................... 425
Rotate Mode ........................................................................................................................................................................ 425
Scale Mode ........................................................................................................................................................................... 426
Mirror Mode ........................................................................................................................................................................ 426
Grip Editing Options ......................................................................................................................................................... 426
Base point ................................................................................................................................................................... 426
Copy ............................................................................................................................................................................. 427
Undo ............................................................................................................................................................................. 427
Reference .................................................................................................................................................................... 427
eXit ............................................................................................................................................................................... 427
Table of Contents xxvii
Other Grip Editing Commands ...................................................................................................................................... 427

Grips Editing Polyline Segments .................................................................................................................... 428
RIGHT-CLICK MOVE/COPY/INSERT ............................................................................. 429
DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY ............................................................................................ 430

TUTORIAL: DIRECT DISTANCE ENTRY .............................................................................................. 430
TRACKING .......................................................................................................................... 431

TUTORIAL: TRACKING ............................................................................................................................ 431
OSNAP WITH OBJECT TRACKING ...................................................................................................... 432
M2P ........................................................................................................................................ 435

TUTORIAL: M2P .......................................................................................................................................... 435
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 436
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 447

xxviii
UNIT IV — TEXT AND DIMENSIONS ............................................................... 451
10 Placing and Editing Text .................................... 453

TEXT IN DRAWINGS ....................................................................................................... 454
FONTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 454
TEXT ..................................................................................................................................... 455

TUTORIAL: PLACING LINES OF TEXT ................................................................................................ 455
PLACING TEXT ALL OVER DRAWINGS ............................................................................................. 457
PLACING TEXT: ADDITIONAL METHODS ....................................................................................... 457
Justify ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 457
Align .............................................................................................................................................................................. 459
Fit .................................................................................................................................................................................. 459
Style ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 460
Height .................................................................................................................................................................................... 460
Determining Text Height ......................................................................................................................................... 460
Rotation Angle ..................................................................................................................................................................... 461
Control Codes .................................................................................................................................................................... 462
ASCII Characters ...................................................................................................................................................... 463
DTextEd ................................................................................................................................................................................ 463
TEXT SHORTCUT MENU ........................................................................................................................ 463
Always Display as WYSIWYG ......................................................................................................................................... 464
Opaque Background .......................................................................................................................................................... 464
Check Spelling ..................................................................................................................................................................... 464
Check Spelling Options and Dictionaries .................................................................................................................... 464
Text Highlight Color .......................................................................................................................................................... 465
Insert Field ........................................................................................................................................................................... 465
Update Field ............................................................................................................................................................... 465
Convert Field to Text ............................................................................................................................................... 465
Find and Replace ................................................................................................................................................................. 465
Select All ............................................................................................................................................................................... 465
Change Case ........................................................................................................................................................................ 466
MTEXT ................................................................................................................................. 466

TUTORIAL: PLACING PARAGRAPH TEXT ......................................................................................... 466
RIBBON MTEXT TAB ................................................................................................................................. 467
Style Panel ............................................................................................................................................................................ 467
Annotative Property ................................................................................................................................................. 468
Text Height ................................................................................................................................................................. 468
Formatting Panel ................................................................................................................................................................. 468
Bold, Italic, Underline, and Overline ..................................................................................................................... 468
UPPER and lower Case ..................................................................................................................................................... 469
Font ............................................................................................................................................................................... 469
Table of Contents xxix
Color ............................................................................................................................................................................ 469

Background Mask ...................................................................................................................................................... 469
Oblique Angle, Tracking, and Width Factor ......................................................................................................... 470
Paragraph Panel ................................................................................................................................................................... 470
Justification .................................................................................................................................................................. 470
Popular Justifications ................................................................................................................................................ 470
Combine Paragraphs ................................................................................................................................................ 470
Bullets ........................................................................................................................................................................... 471
Line Spacing ................................................................................................................................................................ 472
Paragraph Options .................................................................................................................................................... 472
Insert Panel .......................................................................................................................................................................... 472
Columns ...................................................................................................................................................................... 472
Insert Fields ................................................................................................................................................................ 473
Insert Symbols ........................................................................................................................................................... 473
Spell Check Panel ............................................................................................................................................................... 473
Spell Check ................................................................................................................................................................. 473
Tools Panel ........................................................................................................................................................................... 473
Find and Replace ........................................................................................................................................................ 473
Import Text ................................................................................................................................................................. 474
AutoCAPS ................................................................................................................................................................... 474
Options Panel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 474
Toggle Ruler ................................................................................................................................................................ 474
Undo and Redo .......................................................................................................................................................... 474
More ............................................................................................................................................................................. 475
Close Panel .......................................................................................................................................................................... 475
MORE OPTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 475
Character Set ............................................................................................................................................................. 475
Remove Formatting .................................................................................................................................................. 475
Editor Settings ............................................................................................................................................................ 475
MTEXT SHORTCUT MENU .................................................................................................................... 476
Paste Special ............................................................................................................................................................... 476
Insert Field .................................................................................................................................................................. 477
Symbol ......................................................................................................................................................................... 477
Stack ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 478
MTEXT TEXT ENTRY AREA .................................................................................................................... 480
First Line Indent .................................................................................................................................................................. 480
Paragraph Indent ................................................................................................................................................................. 480
Tabs ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 480
Set Mtext Width and Set Mtext Height ............................................................................................................... 480
PLACING PARAGRAPH TEXT: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................ 481
Height .................................................................................................................................................................................... 481
Justify ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 481
Linespacing ........................................................................................................................................................................... 481
Rotation ................................................................................................................................................................................ 482
xxx
Style ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 482

Width .................................................................................................................................................................................... 482
Columns ............................................................................................................................................................................... 482
TEXTTOFRONT ......................................................................................................................................... 482
STYLE ................................................................................................................................... 483

TUTORIAL: DEFINING TEXT STYLES ................................................................................................... 483
USING TEXT STYLES ................................................................................................................................. 487
Styles Panel .......................................................................................................................................................................... 487
DEFINING STYLES: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................................. 487
FontAlt .................................................................................................................................................................................. 487
TextFill ................................................................................................................................................................................... 488
TextQlty ................................................................................................................................................................................ 488
QLEADER ............................................................................................................................. 488

TUTORIAL: PLACING LEADERS ............................................................................................................ 489
PLACING LEADERS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................................ 490
Annotation Type ........................................................................................................................................................ 491
MText Options ........................................................................................................................................................... 491
Annotation Reuse ..................................................................................................................................................... 492
Leader Line ................................................................................................................................................................. 492
Number of Points ..................................................................................................................................................... 492
Arrowhead .................................................................................................................................................................. 492
Angle Constraints ..................................................................................................................................................... 493
Multiline Text Attachment ....................................................................................................................................... 493
MLEADER ............................................................................................................................. 494

TUTORIAL: DRAWING MULTILINE LEADERS WITH TEXT (MLEADER) .................................. 494
MLeader Command Options .......................................................................................................................................... 495
TUTORIAL: ADDING LEADERS TO MLEADERS (MLEADEREDIT) ............................................... 495
TUTORIAL: DRAWING MLEADERS WITH BUBBLES (MLEADERSTYLE) ................................... 497
TUTORIAL: COLLECTING BUBBLES INTO ONE MLEADER (MLEADERCOLLECT) ............. 498
MLeaderCollect Options .................................................................................................................................................. 499
TUTORIAL: ALIGNING MLEADERS (MLEADERALIGN) .................................................................. 500
MLeaderAlign Options ...................................................................................................................................................... 501
TEXTEDIT ..................................................................................................................... 502

TUTORIAL: EDITING TEXT ..................................................................................................................... 502
Single-line Text Editor ........................................................................................................................................................ 502
Multiline and Leader Text Editor ..................................................................................................................................... 502
Attribute Text Editor ......................................................................................................................................................... 503
Enhanced Attribute Editor ............................................................................................................................................... 503
EDITING TEXT: ADDITIONAL METHODS ......................................................................................... 503
Table of Contents xxxi
SPELL .................................................................................................................................... 504

TUTORIAL: CHECKING SPELLING ....................................................................................................... 504
FIND ...................................................................................................................................... 505

TUTORIAL: FINDING TEXT .................................................................................................................... 505
SCALETEXT AND JUSTIFYTEXT .................................................................................. 506

TUTORIAL: RESIZING TEXT ................................................................................................................... 506
TUTORIAL: REJUSTIFYING TEXT .......................................................................................................... 507
ANNOTATION SCALING ................................................................................................ 507

TUTORIAL: AUTOMATICALLY SCALING TEXT ................................................................................ 507
ANNOTATION SCALING: ADDITIONAL METHODS .................................................................... 510
ObjectScale .......................................................................................................................................................................... 511
SelectionAnnoDisplay and XFadeCtl ............................................................................................................................. 512
AnnoUpdate ........................................................................................................................................................................ 513
AnnoReset ........................................................................................................................................................................... 513
AnnotativeDwg ................................................................................................................................................................... 515
DimAnno .............................................................................................................................................................................. 515
MsLtScale .............................................................................................................................................................................. 515
SaveFidelity ........................................................................................................................................................................... 515
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 517

Creating an Annotative Text Style .................................................................................................................................. 520
Controlling Annotation Visibility ..................................................................................................................................... 521
Resetting and Updating Annotative Text ....................................................................................................................... 521
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 523
11 Placing Dimensions ........................................... 527

INTRODUCTION TO DIMENSIONS ............................................................................. 528
THE PARTS OF DIMENSIONS ................................................................................................................. 528
Dimension Lines ................................................................................................................................................................. 528
Extension Lines ................................................................................................................................................................... 529
Arrowheads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 530
Dimension Text ................................................................................................................................................................... 530
Tolerance Text ............................................................................................................................................................ 531
Limits Text ................................................................................................................................................................... 531
Alternate Units .......................................................................................................................................................... 532
DIMENSIONING OBJECTS ...................................................................................................................... 532
Lines and Polyline Segments ............................................................................................................................................ 532
Arcs, Circles, and Polyarcs ................................................................................................................................................ 532
Wedges and Cylinders ...................................................................................................................................................... 533
xxxii
Cones and Pyramids .......................................................................................................................................................... 534

Holes ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 534
Vertices ................................................................................................................................................................................. 535
Single Points ......................................................................................................................................................................... 535
Chamfers and Tapers ......................................................................................................................................................... 535
DIMENSION MODES ................................................................................................................................. 536
Dimension Variables and Styles ....................................................................................................................................... 537
Dimension Standards ......................................................................................................................................................... 537
Object Snaps ........................................................................................................................................................................ 537
DIMLINEAR ......................................................................................................................... 538

TUTORIAL: PLACING DIMENSIONS HORIZONTALLY .................................................................. 538
TUTORIAL: PLACING DIMENSIONS VERTICALLY AND ROTATED ............................................ 540
Dimensioning Objects ....................................................................................................................................................... 541
TUTORIAL: DIMENSIONING OBJECTS ............................................................................................... 541
LINEAR DIMENSIONS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ............................................................................ 542
MText ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 542
Special Symbols .......................................................................................................................................................... 543
Text ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 543
Angle ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 543
Horizontal, Vertical and Rotated ..................................................................................................................................... 543
DIMALIGNED ...................................................................................................................... 544

PLACING ALIGNED DIMENSIONS ...................................................................................................... 545
DIMBASELINE AND DIMCONTINUE ........................................................................... 545

TUTORIAL: PLACING ADDITIONAL DIMENSIONS FROM A BASELINE ................................. 545
TUTORIAL: CONTINUING DIMENSIONS ........................................................................................ 546
QDIM ..................................................................................................................................... 547

TUTORIAL: QUICK CONTINUOUS DIMENSIONS ......................................................................... 547
QUICK DIMENSIONS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ........................................................................... 548
Continuous .......................................................................................................................................................................... 548
Staggered .............................................................................................................................................................................. 548
Baseline ................................................................................................................................................................................. 548
Ordinate ............................................................................................................................................................................... 549
Radius .................................................................................................................................................................................... 549
Diameter .............................................................................................................................................................................. 549
datumPoint ........................................................................................................................................................................... 550
Edit ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 550
seTtings ................................................................................................................................................................................. 550
DIMRADIUS AND DIMDIAMETER ................................................................................. 550

TUTORIAL: PLACING RADIAL DIMENSIONS ................................................................................... 551
DIMJOGGED ................................................................................................................................................ 552
TUTORIAL: PLACING JOGGED RADIAL DIMENSIONS ................................................................. 553
Table of Contents xxxiii
DIMARC ........................................................................................................................................................ 553

TUTORIAL: PLACING ARC LENGTH DIMENSIONS ....................................................................... 553
ARC LENGTH DIMENSIONS: ADDITIONAL METHODS .............................................................. 554
Partial .................................................................................................................................................................................... 554
Leader ................................................................................................................................................................................... 554
DIMCENTER ................................................................................................................................................. 554
TUTORIAL: PLACING CENTER MARKS .............................................................................................. 554
DimCen ................................................................................................................................................................................ 555
DIMANGULAR .................................................................................................................... 556

TUTORIAL: PLACING ANGULAR DIMENSIONS .............................................................................. 556
Quadrant .............................................................................................................................................................................. 557
TUTORIAL: DIMENSIONING .................................................................................................................. 558
TUTORIAL: ANNOTATIVE DIMENSIONING ..................................................................................... 560
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 563
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 576
12 Editing Dimensions ........................................... 579

AIDIMFLIPARROW ............................................................................................................ 580
TUTORIAL: FLIPPING ARROWHEADS ................................................................................................. 580
DIMJOGLINE ....................................................................................................................... 580

TUTORIAL: JOGGING DIMENSION LINES......................................................................................... 581
DIMBREAK ........................................................................................................................... 581

TUTORIAL: BREAKING DIMENSION AND EXTENSION LINES .................................................. 582
DIMSPACE ........................................................................................................................... 582

TUTORIAL: EVENLY SPACING DIMENSIONS .................................................................................... 582
DIMEDIT, DIMTEDIT AND DDEDIT ............................................................................. 584

TUTORIAL: OBLIQUING EXTENSION LINES ................................................................................... 584
REPOSITIONING DIMENSION TEXT ................................................................................................. 585
EDITING DIMENSION TEXT .................................................................................................................. 586
DIMINSPECT ...................................................................................................................... 587

TUTORIAL: ADDING INSPECTION TEXT TO DIMENSIONS ...................................................... 588
AIDIM AND AI_DIM ........................................................................................................... 589

AIDIMPREC ................................................................................................................................................... 589
CHANGING DISPLAY PRECISION ....................................................................................................... 590
xxxiv
AIDIMTEXTMOVE ...................................................................................................................................... 591

MOVING DIMENSION TEXT .................................................................................................................. 591
Ai_Dim_TextCenter ......................................................................................................................................................... 592
Ai_Dim_TextHome ........................................................................................................................................................... 592
Ai_Dim_TextAbove ........................................................................................................................................................... 592
DIMENSION VARIABLES AND STYLES ....................................................................... 592

CONTROLLING DIMVARS ...................................................................................................................... 593
SOURCES OF DIMSTYLES ........................................................................................................................ 593
Dimstyles from Other Sources ....................................................................................................................................... 593
DIMSTYLE ........................................................................................................................... 594

WORKING WITH DIMENSION STYLES .............................................................................................. 594
NEW — CREATING NEW DIMSTYLES ............................................................................................... 595
MODIFY — MODIFYING DIMSTYLES ................................................................................................. 596
LINES TAB ...................................................................................................................................................... 596
Dimension Lines ................................................................................................................................................................. 597
Color ............................................................................................................................................................................ 597
Linetype ....................................................................................................................................................................... 597
Lineweight ................................................................................................................................................................... 597
Extend Beyond Ticks ................................................................................................................................................ 597
Baseline Spacing ......................................................................................................................................................... 597
Suppress ...................................................................................................................................................................... 597
Extension Lines ................................................................................................................................................................... 598
Color, Linetype, and Lineweight ............................................................................................................................. 598
Suppress ...................................................................................................................................................................... 598
Additional Options ................................................................................................................................................... 598
SYMBOLS AND ARROWS ........................................................................................................................ 598
Arrowheads ......................................................................................................................................................................... 598
First, Second, and Leader ......................................................................................................................................... 598
Second and Leader ................................................................................................................................................... 599
Arrow Size .................................................................................................................................................................. 599
TUTORIAL: CREATING CUSTOM ARROWHEADS .......................................................................... 599
Center Marks for Circles ................................................................................................................................................. 600
Dimension Break ................................................................................................................................................................ 601
Arc Length Symbol ............................................................................................................................................................. 601
Radius Dimension Jog ........................................................................................................................................................ 601
Linear Jog Dimension ........................................................................................................................................................ 602
TEXT .............................................................................................................................................................. 602
Text Appearance ................................................................................................................................................................. 602
Text Style ..................................................................................................................................................................... 602
Text Color .................................................................................................................................................................. 602
Fill Color ..................................................................................................................................................................... 602
Text Height ................................................................................................................................................................. 602
Table of Contents xxxv
Fraction Height Scale ............................................................................................................................................... 603

Draw Frame Around Text ........................................................................................................................................ 603
Text Placement .................................................................................................................................................................... 603
Vertical ......................................................................................................................................................................... 603
Horizontal ................................................................................................................................................................... 603
View Direction ................................................................................................................................................... 603
Offset From Dim Line .............................................................................................................................................. 603
Text Alignment .................................................................................................................................................................... 603
FIT ................................................................................................................................................................... 604
Fit Options ........................................................................................................................................................................... 604
Text Placement .................................................................................................................................................................... 604
Scale for Dimension Features ......................................................................................................................................... 605
Fine Tuning ............................................................................................................................................................................ 605
PRIMARY UNITS .......................................................................................................................................... 605
Linear Dimensions ............................................................................................................................................................. 606
Units Format .............................................................................................................................................................. 606
Precision ...................................................................................................................................................................... 606
Fraction Format ......................................................................................................................................................... 606
Decimal Separator .................................................................................................................................................... 606
Round Off ................................................................................................................................................................... 606
Prefix and Suffix ......................................................................................................................................................... 606
Measurement Scale ............................................................................................................................................................ 606
Scale Factor ................................................................................................................................................................ 606
Apply to Layout Dimensions Only ........................................................................................................................ 606
Zero Suppression ............................................................................................................................................................... 606
Leading and Trailing ................................................................................................................................................... 607
Sub-units .............................................................................................................................................................. 607
0 Feet and 0 Inches ................................................................................................................................................... 607
Angular Dimensions .......................................................................................................................................................... 607
Units Format .............................................................................................................................................................. 607
Precision ...................................................................................................................................................................... 607
Zero Suppression ...................................................................................................................................................... 607
ALTERNATE UNITS .................................................................................................................................... 607
Alternate Units ................................................................................................................................................................... 608
Placement ............................................................................................................................................................................. 608
TOLERANCES .............................................................................................................................................. 609
Tolerance Format ............................................................................................................................................................... 609
Method ......................................................................................................................................................................... 609
Precision ...................................................................................................................................................................... 609
Upper Value and Lower Value ................................................................................................................................. 610
Scaling for Height ...................................................................................................................................................... 610
Vertical Position ......................................................................................................................................................... 610
Tolerance Alignment .......................................................................................................................................................... 610
xxxvi

Alternate Unit Tolerance .................................................................................................................................................. 610
SETTING THE CURRENT DIMSTYLE ................................................................................................... 610
Renaming and Deleting Dimstyles ................................................................................................................................. 611
MODIFYING AND OVERRIDING DIMSTYLES .................................................................................. 611
TUTORIAL: GLOBAL RETROACTIVE DIMSTYLE CHANGES ........................................................ 612
TUTORIAL: GLOBAL TEMPORARY DIMSTYLE CHANGES ........................................................... 612
STYLE OVERRIDES, DIMOVERRIDE, AND PROPERTIES ......................................... 613

TUTORIAL: LOCAL DIMSTYLE CHANGES ........................................................................................ 613
TUTORIAL: LOCAL DIMVAR OVERRIDES .......................................................................................... 614
Clearing Local Overrides ................................................................................................................................................. 615
PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................................................. 615
DRAWORDER FOR DIMENSIONS ................................................................................ 615
GRIPS EDITING .................................................................................................................. 615

TUTORIAL: EDITING DIMENSIONS THROUGH OBJECTS ........................................................... 615
GRIPS EDITING OPTIONS ...................................................................................................................... 616
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 617
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 619
13 Applying Dimensional Constraints ................. 623

DIMCONSTRAINT ..................................................................................................... 624
ABOUT DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................... 624
Types of Dimensional Constraints ................................................................................................................................. 626
TUTORIAL: PLACING DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS ................................................................. 626
TUTORIAL: LINKING DIMENSIONAL CONSTRAINTS .................................................................. 629
DELCONSTRAINT ...................................................................................................... 630

TUTORIAL: ERASING CONSTRAINTS ................................................................................................ 630
PARAMETERS .............................................................................................................. 630

TUTORIAL: EDITING PARAMETER VALUES ....................................................................................... 631
PARAMETERS MANAGER: ADDITIONAL METHODS .................................................................... 632
Dialog Box ............................................................................................................................................................................ 632
Toolbar Buttons .................................................................................................................................................................. 632
Headers ................................................................................................................................................................................. 632
Shortcut Menu .................................................................................................................................................................... 632
Table of Contents xxxvii
CONSTRAINTSETTINGS .......................................................................................... 634

Dimensional Tab .................................................................................................................................................................. 634
CONSTRAINTS SETTINGS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................... 635
DynConstraintDisplay ............................................................................................................................................... 635
DimConstraintIcon .................................................................................................................................................... 635
DynConstraintMode ................................................................................................................................................. 635
ConstraintNameFormat ........................................................................................................................................... 636
ConstraintRelax .......................................................................................................................................................... 636
ConstraintSolveMode ............................................................................................................................................... 636
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 637
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 638
14 Using Geometric Constraints ......................... 641

ABOUT GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS ......................................................................... 642
AUTOCONSTRAIN ............................................................................................................................ 643
TUTORIAL: CONSTRAINING GEOMETRY AUTOMATICALLY .................................................... 643
TUTORIAL: MODIFYING GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS ............................................................... 646
GEOMCONSTRAINT .................................................................................................. 647

TUTORIAL: APPLYING CONSTRAINTS MANUALLY ....................................................................... 647
Geometric Constraint Catalog ....................................................................................................................................... 649
Coincident ................................................................................................................................................................. 649
COLinear ................................................................................................................................................................... 650
CONcentric .............................................................................................................................................................. 650
Equal ............................................................................................................................................................................ 650
Fix ................................................................................................................................................................................ 650
Horizontal .................................................................................................................................................................. 651
PArallel ......................................................................................................................................................................... 651
Perpendicular ............................................................................................................................................................ 651
SMooth ........................................................................................................................................................................ 651
Symmetric ................................................................................................................................................................... 652
Tangent ......................................................................................................................................................................... 652
Vertical ......................................................................................................................................................................... 652
CONSTRAINTSETTINGS ......................................................................................... 653

Geometric Tab ..................................................................................................................................................................... 653
AutoConstrain Tab ............................................................................................................................................................. 654
CONSTRAINTS SETTINGS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ................................................................... 654
ConstraintBarDisplay ................................................................................................................................................ 654
xxxviii
CBarTransparency ...................................................................................................................................................... 654

ConstraintRelax .......................................................................................................................................................... 655
ConstraintSolveMode ............................................................................................................................................... 655
ConstraintBarMode ................................................................................................................................................... 655
TUTORIAL: COMBINING DIMENSIONAL AND GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINTS ..................... 655
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 659
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 661
15 Reporting on Drawings..................................... 663

ID ........................................................................................................................................... 664
TUTORIAL: REPORTING POINT COORDINATES ........................................................................... 664
LastPoint and @ ................................................................................................................................................................. 664
MEASUREGEOM .......................................................................................................... 665

TUTORIAL: REPORTING DISTANCE AND ANGLE MEASUREMENTS ....................................... 665
Angle Measurement ........................................................................................................................................................... 666
TUTORIAL: REPORTING AREAS AND PERIMETERS ........................................................................ 667
Adding and Subtracting Areas .......................................................................................................................................... 668
TUTORIAL: REPORTING VOLUMES ...................................................................................................... 670
Volumes of 3D Objects .................................................................................................................................................... 670
MASSPROP ......................................................................................................................... 671

TUTORIAL: REPORTING INFORMATION ABOUT REGIONS ...................................................... 671
Finding the Center ............................................................................................................................................................. 672
LIST ....................................................................................................................................... 673

TUTORIAL: REPORTING INFORMATION ABOUT OBJECTS ....................................................... 673
PROPERTIES .................................................................................................................................................. 674
TABLE ................................................................................................................................... 675

BASIC TUTORIAL: PLACING TABLES .................................................................................................... 676
ADVANCED TUTORIALS: INSERTING TABLES .................................................................................. 678
Insertion Behavior ..................................................................................................................................................... 678
Column & Row Settings .......................................................................................................................................... 678
Table and Cell Styles ................................................................................................................................................. 678
Set Cell Styles ............................................................................................................................................................ 679
Data Source ................................................................................................................................................................ 679
Preview ........................................................................................................................................................................ 679
EDITING TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... 679
TablEdit Command ............................................................................................................................................................. 680
TableToolbar System Variable .......................................................................................................................................... 680
Table of Contents xxxix
TInsert Command .............................................................................................................................................................. 681

Properties Command ........................................................................................................................................................ 682
Grips Editing ........................................................................................................................................................................ 683
Managing Cell Content ..................................................................................................................................................... 683
TableExport Command ..................................................................................................................................................... 683
TABLESTYLE ...................................................................................................................... 685

BASIC TUTORIAL: CREATING TABLE STYLES ................................................................................... 685
DWGPROPS ........................................................................................................................ 688

TUTORIAL: REPORTING INFORMATION ABOUT DRAWINGS ................................................. 688
'SETVAR ............................................................................................................................... 690

TUTORIAL: LISTING SYSTEM VARIABLES ........................................................................................... 690
'TIME ..................................................................................................................................... 691

TUTORIAL: REPORTING ON TIME ....................................................................................................... 691
REPORTING ON TIME: ADDITIONAL METHODS ........................................................................... 692
Display ................................................................................................................................................................................... 692
ON, OFF, and Reset ........................................................................................................................................................... 692
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 693
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 699

xl
UNIT V — 3D MODELING ................................................................................... 701
16 Introduction to 3D Solid Modeling ................. 703

HISTORY OF 3D IN AUTOCAD ...................................................................................... 704
PARTS OF 3D SOLID MODELS ...................................................................................... 705
TUTORIAL: PREPARING TO MODEL IN THREE DIMENSIONS ............................. 706

TUTORIAL: DRAWING SOLID PRIMITIVES ........................................................................................ 709
TUTORIAL: MODIFYING 3D MODELS ................................................................................................ 711
TUTORIAL: CREATING HOLES .............................................................................................................. 712
REVOLVED MODELS ......................................................................................................... 714

TUTORIAL: REVOLVING OBJECTS ....................................................................................................... 715
UNDERSTANDING THE UCS ........................................................................................ 717

WORLD COORDINATE SYSTEM (WCS) ........................................................................................... 717
User-defined Coordinate Systems (UCS) ..................................................................................................................... 718
UCS Icons ................................................................................................................................................................... 718
TUTORIAL: CHANGING FROM WCS TO UCS ................................................................................. 719
TUTORIAL: USING DYNAMIC UCS ...................................................................................................... 721
JOINING SOLID MODELS ............................................................................................... 724

TUTORIAL: UNIONING SOLIDS ........................................................................................................... 724
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 726

3D SOLID MODEL PRIMITIVES .............................................................................................................. 726
OTHER SOLIDS OPERATIONS ............................................................................................................... 729
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 731
17 Introduction to 3D Mesh Modeling ................. 733

PARTS OF 3D MESH MODELS ....................................................................................... 734
MULTIPLYING MESHES ............................................................................................................................. 734
Increasing Smoothness ...................................................................................................................................................... 735
Manipulating Mesh Models ............................................................................................................................................... 736
Creating and Editing 3D Mesh Models .......................................................................................................................... 737
TUTORIAL: CREATING 3D MESH PRIMITIVES ( MESH) ........................................................... 737
Setting Tessellation Lines .................................................................................................................................................. 739
MeshOptions ...................................................................................................................................................... 739
MESHSMOOTHMORE AND MESHSMOOTHLESS ............................................................. 740
Table of Contents xli
TUTORIAL: SMOOTHING MESH MODELS ........................................................................................ 740

MOVING, ROTATING, AND SCALING MESH FACES, EDGES, AND VERTICES ......................... 742
TUTORIAL: MOVING FACES ................................................................................................................... 742
MESHCREASE AND MESHUNCREASE .................................................................................. 744
TUTORIAL: ADDING CREASES ............................................................................................................. 744
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 747

3D SURFACE MODEL PRIMITIVES ......................................................................................................... 747
OTHER MESH OPERATIONS .................................................................................................................. 749
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 752
18 Additional 3D Techniques ................................. 753

2D EDITING COMMANDS THAT WORK IN 3D ......................................................... 754
2D COMMANDS THAT DON’T WORK .............................................................................................. 754
AutoCAD LT ....................................................................................................................................................................... 754
EDGESURF .......................................................................................................................... 755

TUTORIAL: MESHING BETWEEN FOUR EDGES .............................................................................. 755
DRAWING SURFACES: ADDITIONAL METHODS ........................................................................... 757
RULESURF ........................................................................................................................... 758

Defining Starting Points .................................................................................................................................................... 758
TABSURF ............................................................................................................................. 759
REVSURF .............................................................................................................................. 760
SWEEP AND EXTRUDE ................................................................................................... 761

TUTORIAL: SWEEPING OBJECTS INTO SOLIDS .............................................................................. 762
UNION .................................................................................................................................. 764

TUTORIAL: JOINING 3D MESHES ......................................................................................................... 764
Smoothed Conversion ...................................................................................................................................................... 766
SUBTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 767

TUTORIAL: SUBTRACTING SOLIDS .................................................................................................... 767
INTERSECT ......................................................................................................................... 768

TUTORIAL: INTERSECTING SOLIDS .................................................................................................... 768
INTERFERE .......................................................................................................................... 769

TUTORIAL: CHECKING INTERFERENCE BETWEEN SOLIDS ..................................................... 769
xlii
CHAMFER ............................................................................................................................ 771

TUTORIAL: CHAMFERING OBJECTS ................................................................................................... 771
Chamfering Meshes ............................................................................................................................................................ 773
Fillet ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 773
TUTORIAL: CHAMFERING AND FILLETING 3D OBJECTS ........................................................... 773
MASSPROP .......................................................................................................................... 775

TUTORIAL: REPORTING PROPERTIES ................................................................................................. 775
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 777

ADDING BEVELS TO SOLIDS’ EDGES .................................................................................................. 780
ADDING COUNTERSINKS ..................................................................................................................... 782
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 784

Table of Contents xliii
UNIT VII — PLOTTING DRAWINGS ................................................................ 785
19 Working with Layouts ...................................... 787

ABOUT LAYOUTS ............................................................................................................. 788
Exploring Layouts ............................................................................................................................................................... 789
“Hiding” Layout Tabs .......................................................................................................................................................... 791
TUTORIAL: WORKING WITH LAYOUTS ............................................................................................ 792
Hiding Viewport Borders .................................................................................................................................................. 795
Viewport Border Properties ........................................................................................................................................... 795
Viewport Content Properties ......................................................................................................................................... 795
Other Viewport Commands ............................................................................................................................................ 795
Switching from Paper to Model Mode .......................................................................................................................... 796
SCALING MODELS IN VIEWPORTS ...................................................................................................... 797
VP Scale ................................................................................................................................................................................. 797
Zoom XP .............................................................................................................................................................................. 798
SELECTIVELY DISPLAYING DETAILS IN VIEWPORTS ...................................................................... 799
Freezing Layers .................................................................................................................................................................... 799
Overriding Layer Properties ............................................................................................................................................ 800
VpOverrideMode — Toggling Properties Overrides ........................................................................................ 802
Reverting Properties to ByLayer ........................................................................................................................... 802
INSERTING TITLE BLOCKS ..................................................................................................................... 803
USING TILEMODE ...................................................................................................................................... 804
VPMAX AND VPMIN ........................................................................................................ 805

TUTORIAL: MAXIMIZING AND MINIMIZING VIEWPORTS .......................................................... 805
QVLAYOUT ......................................................................................................................... 807

TUTORIAL: SWITCHING LAYOUTS THROUGH QUICK VIEWS ................................................. 807
'SPACETRANS .................................................................................................................... 808

TUTORIAL: DETERMINING TEXT HEIGHT IN LAYOUTS ............................................................. 808
PSLTSCALE ......................................................................................................................... 810

TUTORIAL: MAKING LINETYPE SCALES UNIFORM ....................................................................... 810
LAYOUTWIZARD .............................................................................................................. 812

TUTORIAL: MANAGING LAYOUTS ...................................................................................................... 812
LAYOUT ............................................................................................................................... 818

TUTORIAL: MANAGING LAYOUTS ...................................................................................................... 818
VIEWPORTS ........................................................................................................................ 820

TUTORIAL: CREATING RECTANGULAR VIEWPORTS ................................................................... 820
-VPORTS AND VPCLIP .................................................................................................... 822

TUTORIAL: CREATING POLYGONAL VIEWPORTS ........................................................................ 822
TUTORIAL: CREATING VIEWPORTS FROM OBJECTS .................................................................... 823
xliv
VPCLIP ............................................................................................................................................................ 824
EXPORTLAYOUT ............................................................................................................... 825
EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 827
CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 831
20 Plotting Drawings ............................................. 835

ALL ABOUT PLOTTERS AND PRINTERS ................................................................... 836
SYSTEM PRINTERS ..................................................................................................................................... 836
Nontraditional Printers ..................................................................................................................................................... 836
LOCAL AND NETWORK PRINTER CONNECTIONS ................................................................... 837
Differences Between Local and Network Printers .................................................................................................... 837
ABOUT DEVICE DRIVERS ....................................................................................................................... 837
Drivers Today ....................................................................................................................................................................... 838
PREVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 839

TUTORIAL: PREVIEWING PLOTS .......................................................................................................... 839
PREVIEWING PLOTS: ADDITIONAL METHODS .............................................................................. 840
Controlling the Preview Image ....................................................................................................................................... 840
PLOT ..................................................................................................................................... 841

TUTORIAL: PLOTTING DRAWINGS .................................................................................................... 841
Select a Plotter/Printer ..................................................................................................................................................... 843
Plot to File ............................................................................................................................................................................ 843
Select the Paper Size ......................................................................................................................................................... 844
Select the Plot Area ........................................................................................................................................................... 844
Plot Offset ............................................................................................................................................................................ 845
Number of Copies ............................................................................................................................................................. 845
Plot Scale .............................................................................................................................................................................. 845
Preview the Plot .................................................................................................................................................................. 846
Partial Preview ........................................................................................................................................................... 846
Full Preview ................................................................................................................................................................. 846
Save the Settings ................................................................................................................................................................. 846
Plot the Drawing ................................................................................................................................................................ 847
VIEWPLOTDETAILS ................................................................................................................................... 848
PLOTTING DRAWINGS: ADDITIONAL METHODS ....................................................................... 849
Select a Plot Style Table ..................................................................................................................................................... 849
Select Viewport Shade Options ...................................................................................................................................... 850
Shade Plot Options ................................................................................................................................................... 850
Quality and DPI Options ......................................................................................................................................... 851
Plot Options ........................................................................................................................................................................ 852
Plot in Background .................................................................................................................................................... 852
Plot Object Lineweights and Plot with Plot Styles ........................................................................................... 852
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
with an old grandam, deaf and quite blind, who could do nothing for
her own support, but sat all day in a wicker chair by the lattice or the
stove, according as the season was hot or cold, and mumbled a little
inarticulately over her worn wooden beads.
Her employers allowed Lili to bring these boxes to decorate at home,
and she painted at them almost from dawn to night. She swept, she
washed, she stewed, she fried, she dusted; she did all the
housework of her two little rooms; she tended the old woman in all
ways; and she did all these things with such cleanliness and
deftness that the attics were wholesome as a palace; and though her
pay was very small, she yet found means and time to have her linen
spotless and make her pots and pans shine like silver and gold, and
to give a grace to all the place, with the song of a happy bird and the
fragrance of flowers that blossomed their best and their sweetest for
her sake, when they would fain have withered to the root and died in
their vain longing for the pure breath of the fields and the cool of a
green woodland world.
It was a little, simple, hard life, no doubt,—a life one would have said
scarce worth all the trouble it took to get bread enough to keep it
going,—a hard life, coloring always the same eternal little prints all
day long, no matter how sweet the summer day might be, or how hot
the tired eyes.
A hard life, with all the wondrous, glorious, wasteful, splendid life of
the beautiful city around it in so terrible a contrast; with the roll of the
carriages day and night on the stones beneath, and the pattering of
the innumerable feet below, all hurrying to some pleasure, and every
moment some burst of music or some chime of bells or some ripple
of laughter on the air. A hard life, sitting one’s self in a little dusky
garret in the roof, and straining one’s sight for two sous an hour, and
listening to an old woman’s childish mutterings and reproaches, and
having always to shake the head in refusal of the neighbors’
invitations to a day in the woods or a sail on the river. A hard life, no
doubt, when one is young and a woman, and has soft, shining eyes
and a red, curling mouth.
And yet Lili was content.
Content, because she was a French girl; because she had always
been poor, and thought two sous an hour riches; because she loved
the helpless old creature whose senses had all died while her body
lived on; because she was an artist at heart, and saw beautiful things
round her even when she scoured her brasses and washed down
her bare floor.
Content, because with it all she managed to gather a certain
“sweetness and light” into her youth of toil; and when she could give
herself a few hours’ holiday, and could go beyond the barriers, and
roam a little in the wooded places, and come home with a knot of
primroses or a plume of lilac in her hands, she was glad and grateful
as though she had been given gold and gems.
Ah! In the lives of you who have wealth and leisure we, the flowers,
are but one thing among many: we have a thousand rivals in your
porcelains, your jewels, your luxuries, your intaglios, your mosaics,
all your treasures of art, all your baubles of fancy. But in the lives of
the poor we are alone: we are all the art, all the treasure, all the
grace, all the beauty of outline, all the purity of hue, that they
possess: often we are all their innocence and all their religion too.
Why do you not set yourselves to make us more abundant in those
joyless homes, in those sunless windows?
Now this street of hers was very narrow: it was full of old houses,
that nodded their heads close together as they talked, like your old
crones over their fireside gossip.
I could, from my place in the window, see right into the opposite
garret window. It had nothing of my nation in it, save a poor colorless
stone-wort, who got a dismal living in the gutter of the roof, yet who
too, in his humble way, did good and had his friends, and paid the
sun and the dew for calling him into being. For on that rainpipe the
little dusty, thirsty sparrows would rest and bathe and plume
themselves, and bury their beaks in the pale stone-crop, and twitter
with one another joyfully, and make believe that they were in some
green and amber meadow in the country in the cowslip time.
I did not care much for the stone-crop or the sparrows; but in the
third summer of my captivity there with Lili the garret casement
opposite stood always open, as ours did, and I could watch its tenant
night and day as I chose.
He had an interest for me.
He was handsome, and about thirty years old; with a sad and noble
face, and dark eyes full of dreams, and cheeks terribly hollow, and
clothes terribly threadbare.
He thought no eyes were on him when my lattice looked dark, for his
garret, like ours, was so high that no glance from the street ever
went to it. Indeed, when does a crowd ever pause to look at a garret,
unless by chance a man have hanged himself out of its window?
That in thousands of garrets men may be dying by inches for lack of
bread, lack of hope, lack of justice, is not enough to draw any eyes
upward to them from the pavement.
He thought himself unseen, and I watched him many a long hour of
the summer night when I sighed at my square open pane in the hot,
sulphurous mists of the street, and tried to see the stars and could
not. For, between me and the one small breadth of sky which alone
the innumerable roofs left visible, a vintner had hung out a huge
gilded imperial crown as a sign on his roof-tree; and the crown, with
its sham gold turning black in the shadow, hung between me and the
planets.
I knew that there must be many human souls in a like plight with
myself, with the light of heaven blocked from them by a gilded
tyranny; and yet I sighed and sighed and sighed, thinking of the
white, pure stars of Provence throbbing in her violet skies.
A rose is hardly wiser than a poet, you see; neither rose nor poet will
be comforted, and be content to dwell in darkness because a crown
of tinsel swings on high.
Well, not seeing the stars as I strove to do, I took refuge in sorrow for
my neighbor. It is well for your poet when he turns to a like resource.
Too often I hear he takes, instead, to the wine-cellar which yawns
under the crown that he curses.
My neighbor, I soon saw, was poorer even than we were. He was a
painter, and he painted beautiful things. But his canvases and the
necessaries of his art were nearly all that his empty attic had in it;
and when, after working many hours with a wretched glimmer of oil,
he would come to his lattice and lean out, and try, as I had tried, to
see the stars, and fail, as I had failed, I saw that he was haggard,
pallid, and weary unto death with two dire diseases,—hunger and
ambition.
He could not see the stars because of the crown, but in time, in
those long midsummer nights, he came to see a little glow-worm
amongst my blossoms, which in a manner, perhaps, did nearly as
well.
He came to notice Lili at her work. Often she had to sit up half the
night to get enough coloring done to make up the due amount of
labor; and she sat at her little deal table, with her little feeble lamp,
with her beautiful hair coiled up in a great knot and her pretty head
drooping so wearily—as we do in the long days of drought—but
never once looking off, nor giving way to rebellion or fatigue, though
from the whole city without there came one ceaseless sound, like the
sound of an endless sea; which truly it was—the sea of pleasure.
Not for want of coaxings, not for want of tempters, various and
subtle, and dangers often and perilously sweet, did Lili sit there in
her solitude earning two sous an hour with straining sight and aching
nerves that the old paralytic creature within might have bed and
board without alms. Lili had been sore beset in a thousand ways, for
she was very fair to see; but she was proud and she was innocent,
and she kept her courage and her honor; yea, though you smile—
though she dwelt under an attic roof, and that roof a roof of Paris.
My neighbor, in the old gabled window over the way, leaning above
his stone-wort, saw her one night thus at work by her lamp, with the
silver ear-rings, that were her sole heirloom and her sole wealth,
drooped against the soft hues and curves of her graceful throat.
And when he had looked once, he looked every night, and found her
there; and I, who could see straight into his chamber, saw that he
went and made a picture of it all—of me, and the bird in the cage,
and the little old dusky lamp, and Lili with her silver ear-rings and her
pretty, drooping head.
Every day he worked at the picture, and every night he put his light
out and came and sat in the dark square of his lattice, and gazed
across the street through my leaves and my blossoms at my
mistress. Lili knew nothing of this watch which he kept on her; she
had put up a little blind of white network, and she fancied that it kept
out every eye when it was up; and often she took even that away,
because she had not the heart to deprive me of the few faint breezes
which the sultry weather gave us.
She never saw him in his dark hole in the old gable there, and I
never betrayed him—not I. Roses have been the flowers of silence
ever since the world began. Are we not the flowers of love?
“Who is he?” I asked of my gossip the vine. The vine had lived fifty
years in the street, and knew the stories and sorrows of all the
human bees in the hive.
“He is called René Claude,” said the vine. “He is a man of genius. He
is very poor.”
“You use synonyms,” murmured the old balsam, who heard.
“He is an artist,” the vine continued. “He is young. He comes from
the south. His people are guides in the Pyrenees. He is a dreamer of
dreams. He has taught himself many things. He has eloquence too.
There is a little club at the back of the house which I climb over. I
throw a tendril or two in at the crevices and listen. The shutters are
closed. It is forbidden by law for men to meet so. There René speaks
by the hour, superbly. Such a rush of words, such a glance, such a
voice, like the roll of musketry in anger, like the sigh of music in
sadness! Though I am old, it makes the little sap there is left in me
thrill and grow warm. He paints beautiful things too; so the two
swallows say who build under his eaves; but I suppose it is not of
much use: no one believes in him, and he almost starves. He is
young yet, and feels the strength in him, and still strives to do great
things for the world that does not care a jot whether he lives or dies.
He will go on so a little longer. Then he will end like me. I used to try
and bring forth the best grapes I could, though they had shut me
away from any sun to ripen them and any dews to cleanse the dust
from them. But no one cared. No one gave me a drop of water to still
my thirst, nor pushed away a brick to give me a ray more of light. So
I ceased to try and produce for their good; and I only took just so
much trouble as would keep life in me myself. It will be the same with
this man.”
I, being young and a rose, the flower loved of the poets, thought the
vine was a cynic, as many of you human creatures grow to be in the
years of your age when the leaves of your life fall sere. I watched
René long and often. He was handsome, he suffered much; and
when the night was far spent he would come to his hole in the gable
and gaze with tender, dreaming eyes past my pale foliage to the face
of Lili. I grew to care for him, and I disbelieved the prophecy of the
vine; and I promised myself that one summer or another, near or far,
the swallows, when they came from the tawny African world to build
in the eaves of the city, would find their old friend flown and living no
more in a garret, but in some art-palace where men knew his fame.
So I dreamed—I, a little white rose, exiled in the passage of a city,
seeing the pale moonlight reflected on the gray walls and the dark
windows, and trying to cheat myself by a thousand fancies into the
faith that I once more blossomed in the old, sweet, leafy garden-
ways in Provence.
One night—the hottest night of the year—Lili came to my side by the
open lattice. It was very late; her work was done for the night. She
stood a moment, with her lips rested softly on me, looking down on
the pavement that glistened like silver in the sleeping rays of the
moon.
For the first time she saw the painter René watching her from his
niche in the gable, with eyes that glowed and yet were dim.
I think women foresee with certain prescience when they will be
loved. She drew the lattice quickly to, and blew the lamp out: she
kissed me in the darkness. Because her heart was glad or sorry?
Both, perhaps.
Love makes one selfish. For the first time she left my lattice closed
all through the oppressive hours until daybreak.
“Whenever a woman sees anything out of her window that makes
her eager to look again, she always shuts the shutter. Why, I
wonder?” said the balsam to me.
“That she may peep unsuspected through a chink,” said the vine
round the corner, who could overhear.
It was profane of the vine, and in regard to Lili untrue. She did not
know very well, I dare say, why she withdrew herself on that sudden
impulse, as the pimpernel shuts itself up at the touch of a raindrop.
But she did not stay to look through a crevice; she went straight to
her little narrow bed, and told her beads and prayed, and slept till the
cock crew in a stable near and the summer daybreak came.
She might have been in a chamber all mirror and velvet and azure
and gold in any one of the ten thousand places of pleasure, and
been leaning over gilded balconies under the lime leaves, tossing up
little paper balloons in the air for gay wagers of love and wine and
jewels. Pleasure had asked her more than once to come down from
her attic and go with its crowds; for she was fair of feature and lithe
of limb, though only a work-girl of Paris. And she would not, but slept
here under the eaves, as the swallows did.
“We have not seen enough, little rose, you and I,” she would say to
me with a smile and a sigh. “But it is better to be a little pale, and live
a little in the dark, and be a little cramped in a garret window, than to
live grand in the sun for a moment, and the next to be tossed away
in a gutter. And one can be so happy anyhow—almost anyhow!—
when one is young. If I could only see a very little piece more of the
sky, and get every Sunday out to the dear woods, and live one floor
lower, so that the winters were not quite so cold and the summers
not quite so hot, and find a little more time to go to mass in the
cathedral, and be able to buy a pretty blue-and-white home of
porcelain for you, I should ask nothing more of the blessed Mary—
nothing more upon earth.”
She had had the same simple bead-roll of innocent wishes ever
since the first hour that she had raised me from the dust of the
street; and it would, I doubt not, have remained her only one all the
years of her life, till she should have glided down into a serene and
cheerful old age of poverty and labor under that very same roof,
without the blessed Mary ever deigning to harken or answer. Would
have done so if the painter René could have seen the stars, and so
had not been driven to look instead at the glow-worm through my
leaves.
But after that night on which she shut to the lattice so suddenly, I
think the bead-roll lengthened—lengthened, though for some time
the addition to it was written on her heart in a mystical language
which she did not try to translate even to herself—I suppose fearing
its meaning.
René made approaches to his neighbor’s friendship soon after that
night. He was but an art student, the son of a poor mountaineer, and
with scarce a thing he could call his own except an easel of deal, a
few plaster casts, and a bed of straw. She was but a working-girl,
born of Breton peasants, and owning as her sole treasures two silver
ear-rings and a white rose.
But for all that, no courtship could have been more reverential on the
one side or fuller of modest grace on the other if the scene of it had
been a palace of princes or a château of the nobles.
He spoke very little.
The vine had said that at the club round the corner he was very
eloquent, with all the impassioned and fierce eloquence common to
men of the south. But with Lili he was almost mute. The vine, who
knew human nature well—as vines always do, since their juices
unlock the secret thoughts of men and bring to daylight their darkest
passions—the vine said that such silence in one by nature eloquent
showed the force of his love and its delicacy.
This may be so: I hardly know. My lover the wind, when he is
amorous, is loud; but then it is true his loves are not often very
constant.
René chiefly wooed her by gentle service. He brought her little lovely
wild flowers, for which he ransacked the woods of St. Germains and
Meudon. He carried the billets of her firewood up the seven long,
twisting, dirty flights of stairs. He fought for her with the wicked old
porteress at the door downstairs. He played to her in the gray of the
evening on a quaint, simple flute, a relic of his boyhood, the sad,
wild, touching airs of his own southern mountains—played at his
open window while the lamps burned through the dusk, till the
people listened at their doors and casements and gathered in groups
in the passage below, and said to one another, “How clever he is!—
and he starves.”
He did starve very often, or at least he had to teach himself to keep
down hunger with a morsel of black chaff-bread and a stray roll of
tobacco. And yet I could see that he had become happy.
Lili never asked him within her door. All the words they exchanged
were from their open lattices, with the space of the roadway between
them.
I heard every syllable they spoke, and they were on the one side
most innocent and on the other most reverential. Ay, though you may
not believe it—you who know the people of Paris from the travesties
of theatres and the slanders of salons.
And all this time secretly he worked on at her portrait. He worked out
of my sight and hers, in the inner part of his garret, but the swallows
saw and told me. There are never any secrets between birds and
flowers.
We used to live in Paradise together, and we love one another as
exiles do; and we hold in our cups the raindrops to slake the thirst of
the birds, and the birds in return bring to us from many lands and
over many waters tidings of those lost ones who have been torn from
us to strike the roots of our race in far-off soils and under distant
suns.
Late in the summer of the year, one wonderful fête-day, Lili did for
once get out to the woods, the old kindly green woods of Vincennes.
A neighbor on a lower floor, a woman who made poor, scentless,
senseless, miserable imitations of all my race in paper, sat with the
old bedridden grandmother while Lili took her holiday—so rare in her
life, though she was one of the motes in the bright champagne of the
dancing air of Paris. I missed her sorely on each of those few sparse
days of her absence, but for her I rejoiced.
“Je reste: tu ’t’en vas,” says the rose to the butterfly in the poem; and
I said so in my thoughts to her.
She went to the broad level grass, to the golden fields of the
sunshine, to the sound of the bees murmuring over the wild purple
thyme, to the sight of the great snowy clouds slowly sailing over the
sweet blue freedom of heaven—to all the things of my birthright and
my deathless remembrance—all that no woman can love as a rose
can love them.
But I was not jealous; nay, not though she had cramped me in a little
earth-bound cell of clay. I envied wistfully indeed, as I envied the
swallows their wings which cleft the air, asking no man’s leave for
their liberty. But I would not have maimed a swallow’s pinion had I
had the power, and I would not have abridged an hour of Lili’s
freedom. Flowers are like your poets: they give ungrudgingly, and,
like all lavish givers, are seldom recompensed in kind.
We cast all our world of blossom, all our treasury of fragrance, at the
feet of the one we love; and then, having spent ourselves in that too
abundant sacrifice, you cry, “A yellow, faded thing!—to the dust-hole
with it!” and root us up violently and fling us to rot with the refuse and
offal; not remembering the days when our burden of beauty made
sunlight in your darkest places, and brought the odors of a lost
paradise to breathe over your bed of fever.
Well, there is one consolation. Just so likewise do you deal with your
human wonder-flower of genius.
Lili went for her day in the green midsummer world—she and a little
blithe, happy-hearted group of young work-people—and I stayed in
the garret window, hot and thirsty, and drooping and pale, choked by
the dust that drifted up from the pavement, and hearing little all day
long save the quarrels of the sparrows and the whir of the engine
wheels in a baking-house close at hand.
For it was some great day or other, when all Paris was out en fête,
and every one was away from his or her home, except such people
as the old bedridden woman and the cripple who watched her. So, at
least, the white roof-pigeons told me, who flew where they listed, and
saw the whole splendid city beneath them—saw all its glistening of
arms and its sheen of palace roofs, all its gilded domes and its white,
wide squares, all its crowds, many-hued as a field of tulips, and its
flashing eagles golden as the sun.
When I had been alone two hours, and whilst the old building was
silent and empty, there came across the street from his own
dwelling-place the artist René, with a parcel beneath his arm.
He came up the stairs with a light, noiseless step, and pushed open
the door of our attic. He paused on the threshold a moment, with the
sort of reverent, hushed look on his face that I had seen on the faces
of one or two swarthy, bearded, scarred soldiers as they paused
before the picinas at the door of the little chapel which stood in my
sight on the other side of our street.
Then he entered, placed that which he carried on a wooden chair
fronting the light, uncovered it, and went quietly out again, without
the women in the inner closet hearing him.
What he had brought was the canvas I had seen grow under his
hand, the painting of me and the lamp and Lili. I do not doubt how he
had done it; it was surely the little attic window, homely and true in
likeness, and yet he had glorified us all, and so framed in my leaves
and my white flowers, the low oil flame and the fair head of my
mistress, that there was that in the little picture which made me
tremble and yet be glad. On a slender slip of paper attached to it
there was written, “Il n’y a pas de nuit sans étoile.”
Of him I saw no more. The picture kept me silent company all the
day.
At evening Lili came. It was late. She brought with her a sweet, cool
perfume of dewy mosses and fresh leaves and strawberry plants—
sweet as honey. She came in with a dark, dreamy brilliance in her
eyes and long coils of foliage in her hands.
She brought to the canary chickweed and a leaf of lettuce. She
kissed me and laid wet mosses on my parching roots, and fanned
me with the breath of her fresh lips. She took to the old women
within a huge cabbage leaf full of cherries, having, I doubt not, gone
herself without in order to bring the ruddy fruit to them.
She had been happy, but she was very quiet. To those who love the
country as she and I did, and, thus loving it, have to dwell in cities,
there is as much of pain, perhaps, as of pleasure in a fleeting
glimpse of the lost heaven.
She was tired, and sat for a while, and did not see the painting, for it
was dusk. She only saw it when she rose and turned to light the
lamp; then, with a little shrill cry, she fell on her knees before it in her
wonder and her awe, and laughed and sobbed a little, and then was
still again, looking at this likeness of herself.
The written words took her long to spell out, for she could scarcely
read, but when she had mastered them, her head sank on her breast
with a flush and a smile, like the glow of the dawn over Provence, I
thought.
She knew whence it came, no doubt, though there were many artists
and students of art in that street.
But then there was only one who had watched her night after night
as men watched the stars of old to read their fates in the heavens.
Lili was only a young ouvrière, she was only a girl of the people: she
had quick emotions and innocent impulses; she had led her life
straightly because it was her nature, as it is of the lilies—her
namesakes, my cousins—to grow straight to the light, pure and
spotless. But she was of the populace; she was frank, fearless, and
strong, despite all her dreams. She was glad, and she sought not to
hide it. With a gracious impulse of gratitude she turned to the lattice
and leaned past me, and looked for my neighbor.
He was there in the gloom; he strove not to be seen, but a stray ray
from a lamp at the vintner’s gleamed on his handsome dark face,
lean and pallid and yearning and sad, but full of force and of soul like
a head of Rembrandt’s. Lili stretched her hands to him with a noble,
candid gesture and a sweet, tremulous laugh: “What you have given
me!—it is you?—it is you?”
“Mademoiselle forgives?” he murmured, leaning as far out as the
gable would permit. The street was still deserted, and very quiet. The
theatres were all open to the people that night free, and bursts of
music from many quarters rolled in through the sultry darkness.
Lili colored over all her fair, pale face, even as I have seen my
sisters’ white breasts glow to a wondrous, wavering warmth as the
sun of the west kissed them. She drew her breath with a quick sigh.
She did not answer him in words, but with a sudden movement of
exquisite eloquence she broke from me my fairest and my last-born
blossom and threw it from her lattice into his.
Then, as he caught it, she closed the lattice with a swift, trembling
hand, and left the chamber dark, and fled to the little sleeping-closet
where her crucifix and her mother’s rosary hung together above her
bed.
As for me, I was left bereaved and bleeding. The dew which waters
the growth of your human love is usually the tears or blood of some
martyred life.
I loved Lili.
I prayed, as my torn stem quivered and my fairest begotten sank to
her death in the night and the silence, that I might be the first and the
last to suffer from the human love born that night.
I, a rose—Love’s flower.
PART SECOND.
Now, before that summer was gone, these two were betrothed to
one another, and my little fair dead daughter, all faded and scentless
though her half-opened leaves were, remained always on René’s
heart as a tender and treasured relic.
They were betrothed, I say—not wedded, for they were so terribly
poor.
Many a day he, I think, had not so much as a crust to eat; and there
passed many weeks when the works on his canvas stood unfinished
because he had not wherewithal to buy the oils and the colors to
finish them.
René was frightfully poor, indeed; but then, being an artist and a
poet, and the lover of a fair and noble woman, and a dreamer of
dreams, and a man God-gifted, he was no longer wretched. For the
life of a painter is beautiful when he is still young, and loves truly,
and has a genius in him stronger than all calamity, and hears a voice
in which he believes say always in his ear: “Fear nothing. Men must
believe as I do in thee, one day. And meanwhile we can wait!” And a
painter in Paris, even though he starve on a few sous a day, can
have so much that is lovely and full of picturesque charm in his daily
pursuits: the long, wondrous galleries full of the arts he adores; the
“réalité de l’idéal” around him in that perfect world; the slow, sweet,
studious hours in the calm wherein all that is great in humanity alone
survives; the trance—half adoration, half aspiration, at once desire
and despair—before the face of the Mona Lisa; then, without, the
streets so glad and so gay in the sweet, living sunshine; the quiver of
green leaves among gilded balconies; the groups at every turn about
the doors; the glow of color in market-place and peopled square; the
quaint gray piles in old historic ways; the stones, from every one of
which some voice from the imperishable Past cries out; the green,
silent woods, the little leafy villages, the winding waters garden-girt;
the forest heights, with the city gleaming and golden in the plain;—all
these are his. With these—and youth—who shall dare say he is not
rich—ay, though his board be empty and his cup be dry?
I had not loved Paris—I, a little imprisoned rose, caged in a clay pot,
and seeing nothing but the sky-line of the roofs. But I grew to love it,
hearing from René and from Lili of all the poetry and gladness that
Paris made possible in their young and burdened lives, and which
could have been thus possible in no other city of the earth.
City of Pleasure you have called her, and with truth; but why not also
City of the Poor? for that city, like herself, has remembered the poor
in her pleasure, and given to them, no less than to the richest, the
treasure of her laughing sunlight, of her melodious music, of her
gracious hues, of her million flowers, of her shady leaves, of her
divine ideals.
O world! when you let Paris die you will let your last youth die with
her! Your rich will mourn a paradise deserted, but your poor will have
need to weep with tears of blood for the ruin of the sole Eden whose
sunlight sought them in their shadow, whose music found them in
their loneliness, whose glad green ways were open to their tired feet,
whose radiance smiled the sorrow from their aching eyes, and in
whose wildest errors and whose vainest dreams their woes and
needs were unforgotten.
Well, this little, humble love-idyl, which grew into being in an attic,
had a tender grace of its own; and I watched it with tenderness, and
it seemed to me fresh as the dews of the morning in the midst of the
hot, stifling world.
They could not marry: he had nothing but famine for his wedding-gift,
and all the little that she made was taken for the food and wine of the
bedridden old grandam in that religious execution of a filial duty
which is so habitual in the French family-life that no one dreams
counting it as a virtue.

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Printed in the United States of America

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. LIII

UNIT I — SETTING UP DRAWINGS ................................................................................ 1

UNIT II — DRAFTING ESSENTIALS ............................................................................. 127

UNIT III — EDITING DRAWINGS ................................................................................. 297

UNIT IV — TEXT AND DIMENSIONS ........................................................................... 451

UNIT V — 3D MODELING ............................................................................................... 701

UNIT VII — PLOTTING DRAWINGS ............................................................................ 785

INDEX ................................................................................................................................................................... 1077

AUTOCAD OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. LXII

The icon indicates the command is new to AutoCAD 2010.

WHAT’S NEW IN AUTOCAD 2010 ...................................................................... LXIII

USING THIS BOOK ........................................................................................................ LXVI

ONLINE COMPANION ............................................................................................... LXVIII

WE WANT TO HEAR FROM YOU! .............................................................................. LXIX

UNIT I — SETTING UP DRAWINGS .....................................................................1

1 Quick Tour of AutoCAD 2010 ................................ 3

EXITING AUTOCAD ........................................................................................................... 21

COPYING CYLINDERS ............................................................................................................................... 37

CHAPTER REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 40

2 Understanding CAD Concepts ............................ 43

TOURING THE USER INTERFACE .................................................................................. 44

ENTERING COMMANDS ................................................................................................... 52

Dynamic Dimensions ................................................................................................................................................. 56

THE DRAFT-EDIT-PLOT CYCLE....................................................................................... 67

SCREEN POINTING ............................................................................................................ 70

COORDINATE SYSTEMS ................................................................................................... 71

Cylindrical Coordinates ...................................................................................................................................................... 75

CHAPTER REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 85

CHANGING SCREEN COLORS ...................................................................................... 105

UNITS ................................................................................................................................... 108

SAVE AND SAVEAS ........................................................................................................... 112

QSAVE .................................................................................................................................. 118

QUIT ..................................................................................................................................... 121

EXERCISES .......................................................................................................................... 122

CHAPTER REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 124

UNIT II — DRAFTING ESSENTIALS ................................................................. 127

4 Drawing Basic Objects ....................................... 129

RECTANG ............................................................................................................................ 134

POLYGON ............................................................................................................................ 140

CIRCLE ................................................................................................................................. 143

ARC ....................................................................................................................................... 146

START, END, DIRECTION ......................................................................................................................... 150

DONUT ................................................................................................................................ 151

PLINE .................................................................................................................................... 152