Lect.2 Semiconductor Devices_2dcb030fe90e456edd0448cac4e10633

Semiconductor devices
Chapter one
Basic of Semiconductor Physics
Chapter Learning Objectives
At the end of the chapter one student should be able to :
• Understand the atomic structure
• Define the term semiconductor.
• Describe the differences between conductors, semiconductors
and insulators in terms of atomic energy levels.
• Analyze the energy band theory
• Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor
• Definition of doping
• Describe the differences between P material and N material.
• Knowing Optical properties of semiconductor
Out line
• 1.1 Atomic Structure
• 1.2 Semiconductor material
• 1.3 Energy Bands
• 1.4 Intrinsic semiconductor
• 1.5 Extrinsic semiconductor
• 1.6 P-type and n-type semiconductor
• 1.7 Electron Mobility
• 1.8 Density of States
• 1.9 Conductivity
• 1.10 The Fermi-Dirac Function
• 1.11 Optical Properties of Semiconductor
• 1.12 Application of semiconductor materials
1.1 Atomic Structure
• Protons- positively charged find in nucleus

• Neutron- neutral found in nucleus
• Electrons- negatively charged found in electron cloud
1.2 Semiconductors
Semiconductors are a group of materials having

conductivities between those of metals and
insulators. Semiconductors can be classified into
two general groups the elemental and compound
Semiconductors. The elemental Semiconductor
materials, found in group IV of the periodic table,
while the most compound semiconductor materials
are formed from special combinations of group II
and group VI elements, and can also be formed
from combinations of group III and V
Semiconductors
Semiconductors
Semiconductors can be classified as either intrinsic or

extrinsic, depending upon their purity. They can also
be classified as single crystalline, polycrystalline or
amorphous based upon their structure. In addition,
semiconductors are called n-type or p-type, based
upon whether the majority of the carriers are electrons
or holes.
Semiconductors
The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor can be

changed by doping it. Doping is the process of adding
impurities to a semiconductor to increase the
concentration of charge carriers, thereby improving its
conductivity. A semiconductor is said to be extrinsic if it
has excess electrons or holes due to either ionized donor
impurities or ionized acceptor impurities, respectively. An
insulator semiconductor is one in which free electrons in
the conduction band or free holes in the valence band are
created purely by thermal excitation across the band gap.
When a semiconductor is highly doped, such that the
Fermi level lies within the conduction or the valence
bands, the semiconductor is said to be degenerate.
Semiconductors
Semiconductor materials are always the focus in

material science due to their outstanding electronic
and optical properties and extensively potential
application in various devices including light-emitting
diodes single electron transistors and field-effect
thin-film transistors In principle, the electronic and
optical properties of semiconductor materials are
tunable by varying their shapes and sizes so it is one
of the desired goals in material science to realize
precise control of the morphology of semiconductor
materials.
1.2 Semiconductor material
• Semiconductors are materials which have a
conductivity between conductors and
nonconductors or insulators .
• Semiconductors can be classified in to two

general groups the elemental and compound
simiconductor.it can be pure elements, which
belong to group IV, or compounds are formed
from special combinations of group III and V .
• the semiconductor such as SI and Ge with four
electrons in their outermost orbit are called
Intrinsic or Pure semiconductor.
• When an atom losses or gain an electron its

converted in to a charged ion (positive and
negative ions). This process of loosing or gaining
electrons, is called ionization.
1.3 Energy Bands
• The energy band formed due to emerging of
energy levels associated with the valence electrons
is called valance band
• The energy band formed due to emerging of
energy levels associated with the free electrons is
called conduction band
• The energy gap Eg which is separating conduction
and valence band is called forbidden gap.
• Eg =0.66 eV for Ge , Eg =1.12eV for Si , Eg =1.42eV
for GaAs
• Conductors valence electrons are less than 4
electrons while Semiconductor materials have
4 valence electrons and Insulators valence
electrons are more than 4 electrons.
• Each energy is associated with the electron
are measured in eV.
• 1 eV = 1.6×10-19 (c) × 1 (V) = 1.6×10-19 j
1.4 Intrinsic semiconductor
An intrinsic semiconductor is undoped semiconductor. the
number of free electrons in the conduction band is equal to
the number of holes in the valence bond. Its electrical
conductivity is low. Its electrical conductivity depends
on temperature only.
1.5 Extrinsic semiconductor
An extrinsic semiconductor is a semiconductor doped by a
specific impurity which is able to deeply modify its electrical
properties, making it suitable for electronic applications (diodes,
transistors, etc.) or optoelectronic applications (light emitters
and detectors).
• Doping semiconductor are called extrinsic
semiconductor
• The process of adding impurities in to
semiconductor is called doping
• The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor
can be changing by doping it, its conductivity
increase due to increasing the concentration
of the charge carriers
1.6 P-type and n-type semiconductor
• When trivalent impurity atom such as boron is
added to intrinsic semiconductor it forms three
covalent bands fourth band is not completed due
to deficiency of one electron it accepts one
electron.
• Pentavalent impurity atom such as phosphorus
added to intrinsic semiconductor it forms four
covalent bands the fifth valence remain loosely
electron (donates one free electron)
• In p- type semiconductor, holes are majority carriers
while electrons are minority charge carriers.
• In n-type semiconductor, free electrons are majority
charge carriers while holes are minority charge carriers.
1.7 Electron Mobility
1.8 Density of States
1.9 Conductivity
1.10 The Fermi-Dirac Function
1.11 Optical Properties of Semiconductor
Optical properties
• Applications such as:
• - Emission: Light emitting diode (LED) and
Laser Diode(LD)
• - Absorption: Filtering, Sunglass
1.12 Application of semiconductor
materials
• Diode
• Solar cells
• Transistor
• Integrated circuit (IC)

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Semiconductor devices

• Protons- positively charged find in nucleus

Semiconductors are a group of materials having

Semiconductors can be classified as either intrinsic or

The electrical conductivity of a semiconductor can be

Semiconductor materials are always the focus in

• Semiconductors can be classified in to two

• When an atom losses or gain an electron its

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