Systems Classification
Systems are classified into the following categories:
linear and Non-linear Systems
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
linear Time variant and linear Time invariant systems
Static and Dynamic Systems
Causal and Non-causal Systems
Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
Stable and Unstable Systems
linear and Non-linear Systems
A
system is said to be linear when it satisfies superposition and homogenate principles.
Consider two systems with inputs as x1(t), x2(t), and outputs as y1(t), y2(t) respectively.
Then, according to the superposition and homogenate principles,
T[a1 x1(t) + a2 X2(t)] = a1 T[x1(t)]+ a2 T[x2(t)]
.,T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 y1(t) + a2 Y2(t)
From the above expression,is clear that response of overall system is equal to response of
individual system.
Example:
(t) = x²(t)
Solution:
V1 (t) =T[x1(t)] = x1(t)
Systems Classification
Systems are classified into the following categories:
linear and Non-linear Systems
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
linear Time variant and linear Time invariant systems
Static and Dynamic Systems
Causal and Non-causal Systems
Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems
Stable and Unstable Systems
linear and Non-linear Systems
Asystem is said to be linear when it satisfies superposition and homogenate principles.
Consider two systems with inputs as x1(t), x2(t), and outputs as y1(t), y2(t) respectively.
Then, according to the superposition and homogenate principles,
T[a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)]= a1 T[x1(t)] + a2 T[x2(t)]
., T [a1 x1(t) + a2 x2(t)] = a1 y1(t) + a2 y2(t)
From the above expression, is clear that response of overall system is equal to response of
individual system.
Example:
(t) = x²(t)
Solution:
Y1 (t) = T[X1(t)]= x1(t)
V>(t) =T[x2(t)] =x22()
T[aj x1(t) + az x2(t)]= [aj x1(t) +az x2()]
Which is not equal to a1 y1(t) + a2 Y2(t). Hence the system is saidto be non linear.
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
Asystem is said to betime variant if its input and output characteristics vary with time.
Otherwise, the system is considered as time invariant.
The condition for time invariant system is:
y (n,t) = y(n-t)
The condition for time variant system is:
y (n, t) y(n-t)
Where y (n, t) = T[x(n-t)] = input change
y (n-t) = output change
Example:
y(n) = x(-n)
y(n, t) = T[x(n-t)] = x(-n-t)
y(n-t) = x(-(n-t)) = x(-n + t)
.". y(n, t)# y(n-t). Hence, the system is time variant.
linear Time variant (LTV) and linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems
If a system is both linear and time variant, then it is called linear time variant (LTV)
system.
If asystem is both linear and time Invariant then that system is called linear time
invariant (LTI) system.
Static and Dynamic Systems
memory-less wherea dynam sytemis o meit/ erfi,
ylmIs
y(t)= 2 x(t)
mple1: 21(0), Here, the output is only
system output s y(0)
pieent value t-0, the mermory less or static.
input, Hence the system is
upundent upon present
x(t-3)
Example 2: y(t) 2x(t) + 3
y(0) =2x(0) +3z(-3),
output is
t-0,the system mernory to get
lot present
value
for which
w the systern requires
Input
valuefor the present
Here x(-3)Is past system Is a dynamic system.
Hence, the
this output.
and Non-CausalSystems past inputs, and does
Causal depends upon present and
its output
to be causal If
Asystem is said future input.
not depend upon future inputs also.
system,the output depends upon
For non causal
+ 3 x(t-3)
Example 1: y(n) = 2 x(t) 3x(-2).
system output is y(1) = 2x(1) +
t=1, the
For present value past inputs. Hence, the
system is
present and
only depends upon
Here, the system output
causal.
x(t-3) + 6x(t + 3)
Example 2: y(n) = 2 x(t) + 3 Here, the
output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2) + 6x(4)
system system.
For present value t=1, the future input. Hence the system is non-causal
system output depends upon
Invertible and Non-Invertible systems
output.
invertible if the input of the system appears at the
Asystem is said to
y(t) = x()
x(t) ha(t)
hi(t) Invertible System
Y(S) = X(S) H1(S) H2(S)
= X(S) Since H2(S) = 1/( H1(S) )
H1(5) TmS)
.., Y(S)= X(S)
’ y(t) = x(t)
the system is invertible.
) x(t), then the system is said to be non-invertible.
Stable and Unstable Systems
The system is said to be stable only when the output is bounded for bounded input. For a
bounded input, if the output is unbounded in the system then it is said to be unstable.
Note: For abounded signal, amplitude is finite.
Example 1: y(t) =x(t)
Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input) then the output y(t) = u2(t) = u(t) =
bounded output.
Hence, the system is stable.
Example 2: y(t) = fz(t) dt
Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input) then the output y(t) =J u(t)dt =ramp
signal (unbounded because amplitude of ramp is not finite it goes to infinite when t ’
infinite).
Hence, the system is unstable.
