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lecture_05

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Multi-qubit systems

Three questions

• Alice |ψ⟩, Bob |φ⟩


• Question 1: What is the joint 4-dimensional state? Tensor product
• Question 2: How will the joint state change if Bob applies unitary U to his
qubit?

• Question 3: What is the readout if Alice measures her qubit?


CNOT gate
A 4-dimensional unitary transformation

• Joint state α00|00⟩ + α01|01⟩ + α10|10⟩ + α11|11⟩


Control qubit
Alice

Target qubit
Bob +

• If the control qubit is 0, do nothing; if the control qubit is 1, apply NOT to


target qubit.

• In other words, |00⟩ ↦ |00⟩, |01⟩ ↦ |01⟩, |10⟩ ↦ |11⟩, |11⟩ ↦ |10⟩
CNOT gate
A 4-dimensional unitary transformation

• If the control qubit is 0, do nothing; if the control qubit is 1, apply NOT to


target qubit.

• In other words, |00⟩ ↦ |00⟩, |01⟩ ↦ |01⟩, |10⟩ ↦ |11⟩, |11⟩ ↦ |10⟩
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
CNOT =
• 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
• CNOT(α00|00⟩ + α01|01⟩ + α10|10⟩ + α11|11⟩) = α00|00⟩ + α01|01⟩ + α10|11⟩ + α11|10⟩
Hadamard followed by CNOT
What’s the joint state?

Alice |0⟩ H

Bob |0⟩ +
Bell state / EPR pair
Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen

1 1
|00⟩ + |11⟩
• 2 2
• De nition Joint state is unentangled if it is of the form |ψ⟩ ⊗ |φ⟩. It is entangled if it is
not unentangled.

• Are the following joint states entangled?


• |0⟩ ⊗ |0⟩ (unentangled)
• | + ⟩ ⊗ |0⟩ (unentangled)
• EPR (entangled, proof by contradiction)
fi
Multi-qubit systems
Three questions

• Alice |ψ⟩, Bob |φ⟩


• Question 1: What is the joint 4-dimensional state? Tensor product
• Question 2: How will the joint state change if Bob applies unitary U to his
qubit?

• Question 3: What is the readout if Alice measures her qubit?


Transform partially
• Alice and Bob share an EPR pair
• Bob applies NOT to his photon
1 1
New state = |01⟩ + |10⟩
• 2 2
• Alice applies H to her photon
1 1
New state = | + ⟩ ⊗ |1⟩ + | − ⟩ ⊗ |0⟩
• 2 2
In general…
Joint state under partial transformation

• α00|00⟩ + α01|01⟩ + α10|10⟩ + α11|11⟩

[r s]
p q
• Apply U = to the second qubit

• Overall transformation I ⊗ U
• More generally, if U is applied to the rst qubit, and then V to second qubit,
then the overall transformation is (I ⊗ V)(U ⊗ I) = U ⊗ V.

• If V is applied to second qubit, and then U is applied to the rst qubit, then the
overall transformation is the same.
fi
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Universal gates for quantum circuits
The power of CNOT

• Classical computation: NAND and NOR gates are universal for classical
circuits
n n
• Quantum computation: every 2 × 2 unitary transformation on n qubits can
be implemented by a quantum circuit of 1-qubit unitary gates and CNOTs
Multi-qubit systems
Three questions

• Alice |ψ⟩, Bob |φ⟩


• Question 1: What is the joint 4-dimensional state? Tensor product
• Question 2: How will the joint state change if Bob applies unitary U to his
qubit?

• Question 3: What is the readout if Alice measures her qubit?


Measurement
Applied partially

• |φ⟩ = α00|00⟩ + α01|01⟩ + α10|10⟩ + α11|11⟩


2
• If a measurement is carried out on both qubits, then the readout is |00⟩ with probability |α00| ,
2 2 2
|01⟩ with probability |α01| , |10⟩ with probability |α10| , and |11⟩ with probability |α11| .
• If a measurement is carried out on the rst qubit, then the readout is |0⟩ with probability
2 2 2 2
p0 = |α00| + |α01| , and |1⟩ with probability p1 = |α10| + |α11|

• If the readout is |0⟩, then the joint state collapses to |0⟩ ⊗ (α00|0⟩ + α01|1⟩)/ p0

• If the readout is |1⟩, then the joint state collapses to |1⟩ ⊗ (α10|0⟩ + α11|1⟩)/ p1
• The joint state is unentangled after the measurement.
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Measurement
Applied partially

• Example 1
• Alice and Bob share an EPR pair.
• What happens if Alice measures her qubit in the |0⟩, |1⟩ basis?
• Example 2
• Alice and Bob share an EPR pair.
• What happens if Alice measures her qubit in the | + ⟩, | − ⟩ basis?
• Example 3
• 3-qubit system: |φ⟩ = α000|000⟩ + α001|001⟩ + … + α111|111⟩
• What happens if we measure the rst two qubits?
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Mixed states
Probability distribution over quantum states

• The “state” after Alice’s measurement is a probability distribution over quantum states, called
a mixed state.

• We have seen mixed states for 1-qubit system.


• |φ⟩ = α00|00⟩ + α01|01⟩ + α10|10⟩ + α11|11⟩
• How to express the “state” of |φ⟩ after a measurement is carried out on the rst qubit?
• The mixed state is
2 2
• |0⟩ ⊗ (α00|0⟩ + α01|1⟩)/ p0 with probability p0 = |α00| + |α01|
2 2
• |1⟩ ⊗ (α10|0⟩ + α11|1⟩)/ p1 with probability p1 = |α10| + |α11|

fi

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