DC DC Converter

AC Vs DC
 Nikola Tesla invented has made many break through in

production, transmission and application of electric power.
He invented the first alternating current (AC) motor and

developed AC generation and transmission technology
 In 1880 famous battle between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison

regarding which type of electric current should become universal
in United State
 Edison prefer DC current as he is having patent as he was

profiting from his patent.
College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Forerunners in Technical Education
AC Vs DC
 DC had a key drawback: It was difficult to convert the low
voltage f generated to high-voltage to transmit through
transmission lines carry electricity long distances.
 hence DC system would require many smaller power plants
built close to users.
 Tesla's alternating current (AC) system fixed this problem.

Using transformers, the voltages could be raised and lowered,
making it possible to have power plants many miles from
wherever power was being used

AC Vs DC
 AC dominated ever since
Transmission lines become all AC
Home and offices were wired on Ac line (230 volts, 50 Hz in

India)
All application become AC
All R & D focus on AC [ R & D on DC virtually stop]

AC Vs DC
Why we are talking about DC?

AC Vs DC
 As one can realize that home loads has been slowly moving
towards DC - DC?
Fans AC Fans *BLDC

Fans
At full 72 W 30W
speed
At Speed 1 60 W 9W
*Brush Less DC Motor

 All electronic devices work on low Voltage DC
TV (LED/LCD), laptops, cell phones, speaker phone, tablets,

speaker
Even refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines are now

using BLDC motor or Switch Reluctance Motor (SRM)
DC powered DC appliances are energy efficient and almost

consumption down by 50%

 Environment issues – Thermal power plants, nuclear power
plant, Gas based power plant, Diesel generators
 CO2 footprint
 Renewable energy - Solar Power, wind energy
 Cost of Solar Energy
 Solar power is DC power
 Electric Vehicle – EVs is four times as energy efficient as ICE,

has 50 times less moving parts. ICE efficiency 22% to 23% Vs
EV motor energy efficiency of 90%.

 Only 4 percent increase in power consumption even 50 percent
automobiles are converted into EV Battery storage – Li-ion
batteries – Battery cost is following
 Lot of innovations happening in storage electric power
 Chilled water storage for few days mismatch
 Innovation in hydrogen usage for energy
 Lot of research on SOLOR cell materials, efficiency increase,

flexibility of solar panels.

DC-DC Converters
 DC to DC converter is a category of power converters
 it is an electric circuit which converts a source of direct current
(DC) from one voltage level to another
 Storing the input energy temporarily and then releasing that
energy to the output at a different voltage.
The storage may be in either magnetic field storage
components (inductors, transformers) or electric field storage
components (capacitors).
 DC – DC switching converters

DC-DC Converter
 DC/DC converters can be designed to transfer power in only

one direction, from the input to the output.
However, almost all DC/DC converter topologies can be made

bi-directional.
 A bi-directional converter can move power in either direction,

which is useful in applications requiring regenerative braking.

DC-DC Converter
Major Components associated with dc-dc converter.
1. MOSFET / IGBT as a Switching device

V_out
2. Inductor DC-DC
converter
3. Capacitor
4. Controller
PWM
Vctrl
Controller
V_ref
V_ramp
Fig. Block schematic of dc-dc converter with controller

Power flow in DC –DC Converters
The amount of power flow between the input and the output
can be controlled by adjusting the duty cycle (ratio of on/off
time of the switch).
Duty cycle control is done to control the output voltage, the

input current, the output current, or to maintain a constant
power.

Issues associated with DC –DC
Converters
 DC-DC converters include complexity.
 electronic noise and which leads to electromagnetic noise
which
lead to interference for other circuits.
 high cost for some topologies.

DC-DC Converters Important
Parameters
 Switching frequency
 Component size
 Output ripple
 Control algorithm
 Constant output with change in load
 Efficiency : Particularly for low load
 Reliable and light weight

Classification of DC-DC Converters
 Isolated
 Non isolated
 Soft switching dc-dc converters – Zero voltage

switching,
Zero current switching
 Unidirectional
 Bi-directional

Non –isolated converters
 Buck Converter
 Boost Converter
 Buck-boost Converter
 Cuk conveter
 SEPIC conveter

Buck Converter
The average voltage is less than the input voltage
It is also called step down converter
C R
Vin D
Fig 1. Circuit diagram of Buck converter

Buck Converter
Two modes
Mode I – Switch / MOSFET is ON at t=0
Input current, which rises, flows through inductor L, filter
capacitor C and Load resistor R
C R
Vin D

Buck Converter
Two modes
Mode II – Switch / MOSFET is OFF
It begin when MOSFET is switched off at t=t1. The free
wheeling diode D conducts due to energy stored in the
inductor, the current continue to flow through L,C, Load and
L
diode
Q
C R
Vin D

Buck Converter
• Also known as step down converter
• Vout < Vin
Mode I:
• Q ON, D OFF
• VL=VS – VO, IL increase
Mode II:
• Q OFF, D ON
• VL=-VO, IL decreases
L
C R
Vin D

Buck Converter
• Voltage Gain
• Current Ripple
d- duty cycle
• Voltage Ripple Vo – Output voltage

Vg – Input Voltage
• Input Current Io – Output current

Ts – Switch period 1/fs

Buck Converter
Important characteristics of Buck converter

• The gain is less than unity
• The gain is independent of the switching frequency
• The output voltage ripple percentage is independent of the load on the

Converter

Buck Converter
Important characteristics of Buck converter

• The output ripple has a second order roll-off with the switching frequency
• The ideal efficiency is unity. When the non - idealities are considered the
efficiency degrades
• The input current is discontinuous and pulsating. It will therefore be

necessary to have an input filter with buck converter, if the source is not
capable of supplying such pulsating current

Boost Converter
• Also known as step up converter
• VOUT > VIN
Mode I:
• Q ON, D OFF, IL increase, inductor charges
• Capacitor supplies energy to load
Vin
Q
Fig 3. Circuit diagram of Boost converter

Boost Converter
• Also known as step up converter
• VOUT > VIN
Mode II:
• Q OFF, D ON, IL decreases
• VIN, L & C supplies energy to load
Vin
Q
Fig 3. Circuit diagram of Boost converter

Boost Converter
• Voltage Gain
• Current Ripple
d- duty cycle
• Voltage Ripple Vo – Output voltage

• Input Current Io – Output current


Boost Converter
Important Characteristics of Boost converter

• The gain is more than unity (hence boost converter)
• The output voltage ripple percentage is dependent on the load on the

converter.

Boost Converter
Important Characteristics of Boost converter
• The output ripple has a first order roll-off with the switching frequency.
• The input current is continuous. Therefore the boost converter is less

sensitive to the dynamic impedance of the source compared to the buck
converter.

Buck Boost Converter
• Also known as step up – step down

converter
• Mode I: Q ON, D OFF
• L charge, Vo increasing
•
Fig . Steady state waveforms of Buck-

Fig 5. Circuit diagram of Buck-Boost converter Boost converter

• Also known as step up – step down

converter
• Mode II: Q OFF, D ON
• L discharge, Vo decreasing
Fig . Steady state waveforms of Buck-

Fig 5. Circuit diagram of Buck-Boost converter Boost converter

• Voltage Gain
• Current Ripple
d- duty cycle
Vo – Output voltage
• Voltage Ripple
Io – Output current
• Input Current

Important characteristics of Buck- Boost converter

• The gain may be set below or above unity (hence buck-boost converter)
• The output polarity is opposite to that of the input polarity

Important characteristics of Buck- Boost converter
• The output voltage ripple percentage is dependent on the load on the

converter
• The input current is discontinuous and pulsating. It will therefore be

necessary to have an input filter also with buck-boost converter, if the
source is not capable of supplying such pulsating current

Problem
• The buck converter has an input voltage of 12 V. The required average

output voltage is 5 V at R = 500 ohm and peak to peak output ripple
voltage of 20mV. The switching frequency is 25KHz. If the peak to peak
ripple current of inductor is limited to 0.8 A.
Determine
1. The duty Cycle
2. The inductor L
3. The filter capacitor C

Problem
• The boost converter has an input voltage of 5 V. The required average

output voltage is 15 V, average load current is 0.5 A. The switching
frequency is 25KHz. If L is 150 µH and C is 220 µF.
Determine
1. The duty Cycle
2. The ripple current of inductor
3. The ripple voltage of filter capacitor

Problem
• The buck boost converter has an input voltage of 12 V. The duty cycle is
0.25 and switching frequency of 25. If L is 150 µH and C is 220 µF. The
average load current is 1.25 A
Determine
1. The average output voltage
2. The peak to peak out put voltage ripple ΔVc
3. The peak to peak ripplie current ΔI


DC DC Converter

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AC Vs DC

 Nikola Tesla invented has made many break through in

He invented the first alternating current (AC) motor and

 In 1880 famous battle between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison

 Edison prefer DC current as he is having patent as he was

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

 Tesla's alternating current (AC) system fixed this problem.

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Transmission lines become all AC

Home and offices were wired on Ac line (230 volts, 50 Hz in

All application become AC

All R & D focus on AC [ R & D on DC virtually stop]

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Why we are talking about DC?

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Fans AC Fans *BLDC

*Brush Less DC Motor

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

 All electronic devices work on low Voltage DC

TV (LED/LCD), laptops, cell phones, speaker phone, tablets,

Even refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines are now

DC powered DC appliances are energy efficient and almost

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

 Renewable energy - Solar Power, wind energy

 Cost of Solar Energy

 Solar power is DC power

 Electric Vehicle – EVs is four times as energy efficient as ICE,

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

 Lot of innovations happening in storage electric power

 Chilled water storage for few days mismatch

 Innovation in hydrogen usage for energy

 Lot of research on SOLOR cell materials, efficiency increase,

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

 DC/DC converters can be designed to transfer power in only

However, almost all DC/DC converter topologies can be made

 A bi-directional converter can move power in either direction,

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Major Components associated with dc-dc converter.

1. MOSFET / IGBT as a Switching device

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Duty cycle control is done to control the output voltage, the

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

 Constant output with change in load

 Efficiency : Particularly for low load

 Reliable and light weight

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

 Soft switching dc-dc converters – Zero voltage

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Fig 1. Circuit diagram of Buck converter

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Fig 1. Circuit diagram of Buck converter

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Fig 1. Circuit diagram of Buck converter

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

Fig 1. Circuit diagram of Buck converter

College of Engineering Pune (COEP)

• Voltage Ripple Vo – Output voltage