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Unit 4.1-2

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5 views16 pages

Unit 4.1-2

Uploaded by

rohith.rakshith18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial


intelligence (AI) that allows machines to learn
and improve from data without being explicitly
programmed
Types of Machine Learning

✓Supervised Machine Learning


✓Unsupervised Machine Learning
✓Semi-Supervised Machine Learning
✓Reinforcement Learning
Applications of Supervised Learning

✓ Image classification
✓ Natural language processing
✓ Speech recognition
✓ Recommendation systems
✓ Predictive analytics
✓ Medical diagnosis
✓ Fraud detection
✓ Autonomous vehicles
✓ Email spam detection
✓ Credit scoring
✓ Gaming
✓ Weather forecasting
✓ Sports analytics
There are two main categories of supervised
learning that are mentioned below:
Classification
✓ Deals with predicting categorical target
variables, which represent discrete classes or
labels.
✓ For instance, classifying emails as spam or not
spam, or predicting whether a patient has a high
risk of heart disease.
✓ Classification algorithms learn to map the
input features to one of the predefined classes.
Here are some classification algorithms:
✓Logistic Regression
✓Support Vector Machine
✓Random Forest
✓Decision Tree
✓K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
✓Naive Bayes
Regression
✓ Regression on the other hand, deals with
predicting continuous target variables, which
represent numerical values.
✓ For example, predicting the price of a house
based on its size, location, and amenities, or
forecasting the sales of a product.
✓ Regression algorithms learn to map the input
features to a continuous numerical value.
Here are some regression algorithms:

✓Linear Regression
✓Polynomial Regression
✓Ridge Regression
✓Lasso Regression
✓Decision tree
✓Random Forest
Linear regression
Linear regression is a type of supervised machine
learning algorithm that computes the linear
relationship between the dependent variable and
one or more independent features by fitting a
linear equation to observed data.
Types of Linear Regression
There are two main types of linear regression:
✓ Simple Linear Regression
✓ Multiple Linear Regression
Simple Linear Regression
This is the simplest form of linear regression, and it
involves only one independent variable and one
dependent variable.

The equation for simple linear regression is:


y=β0​+β1​X

where:
Y is the dependent variable
X is the independent variable
β0 is the intercept
β1 is the slope
Multiple Linear Regression
This involves more than one independent variable and
one dependent variable.

The equation for multiple linear regression is:


y=β0​+β1X+β2X+………βnX

where:
Y is the dependent variable
X1, X2, …, Xp are the independ
X1, X2, …, Xp are the independent variables
β0 is the intercept
β1, β2, …, βn are the slopes
least squares method
The least squares method is a form of mathematical
regression analysis used to determine the line of best
fit for a set of data, providing a visual demonstration
of the relationship between the data points.

Each point of data represents the relationship between


a known independent variable and an unknown
dependent variable.
Application:
For financial Analysts- stock’s share price and its
earnings per share (EPS).
Here Y is called a dependent or target variable and X is called
an independent variable also known as the predictor of Y
FORMULA TO CALCULATE LEAST SQUARE REGRESSION

The regression line under the Least Squares method is calculated


using the following formula

y = a + bx

OR

Y-intercept, ‘a’ is calculated using the following formula


EXAMPLE

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