Screening:

 It is a method of separating particles according to their size.

 The undersize particles or fine passes through the opening and
oversize particle or tails do not.
 A single screen can make a single separation into two fraction. These
are called un-sized fraction.
 Size Fraction: Series of screens that are used to determine the upper
and lower limit are called Size Fraction.
 Industrial screens are made from woven wire, silk or plastic cloth.
 Standard screen range is 4 inch mesh to 200 inch mesh.
Screening Equipment
Coarse particles dropped easily through a large opening in stationary
surface but fine particles screen surface must be agitated in some way like
shaking, gyrating and vibrating electrically or mechanically.
o Stationary Screen or Grizzlies:
 A grizzlies is a grip of parallel metal bara set in stationary inclined
frame.
 Very Coarse feed falls on the upper end of grid. A large chunks rolls
and slide to tails discharged.
 Small lumps falls through a separate collector. Spacing between bar is
2-8 inch.
o Gyrating Screen:
 In this type of screening, two screen one above the other are held in a
casing inclined at an angle of 16° to 30° with the horizontal.

o Filtration:
 Removal of solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through a
filter medium on which the solid are deposited.
Types:
 Those filters which separate large amount of solid as a cake is called
cake filtration.
 Those filters which remove amount of solid to produce clean gas or
liquid such as beverages are called Clarifying filters.
 In this type of filter high velocity of feed suspension moving parallel to
medium resist the formation of cake.
o Cake Filters:
 Used for solid liquid filtration
o Discontinuous Pressure Filters:
 It is a type of filtration device that pressurized air or gas to force
liquid through a filter medium leaving behind solid particles.
o Filter Press:
 Consist of a series of plates sandwiched together with cloth in
between.
 Slurry is pumped between the plates and a pressure of 3-10 ATM is
applied.
 The liquid is forced through the filter medium leaving the solid
particles (cake) behind on plate
o Shell and Leave Filter Press:
 It consist of a cylindrical vessel with no of vertical leaves inside.
 Leaves are covered with a filter medium such as cloth
 The slurry is pumped into the vessel. The clarified liquid exit the vessel
leaving solid behind on leaves.
 The solids are removed by backwashing.
o Automatic Belt Filters:
 It is type of continues filtration device. It uses a porous belt to
separate solids from liquids.
 They work on feeding the slurry into moving belt supported by the
series of rollers.
 The belt is covered with filter cloth on which liquid passes through it
and solid retains and discharges as a cake.
o Discontinuous Vacuum Filters:
 A type of device that uses vacuum to draw liquid through a filter
medium leaving solid on filter medium as cake. They are batch
operated filters.
o Continuous Vacuum Filters:
 It uses vacuum to separate solids from liquid. They are continues in
operation and the most common type is Rotary drum filter.
  Rotary Drum Filters: (Important)
Rotary vacuum drum filters consist of a rotating drum that is partially
submerged in a slurry (of Solids and liquid). The drum is covered by a filter
medium, such as a cloth or screen. As the Drum rotates, the slurry is picked
up and a layer of solids forms on the filter medium. The Vacuum draws the
liquid through the filter medium, leaving the solids behind which is then
Sprayed from water continuously by wash sprays. The solids are then
discharged from the filter medium by a scraper or a horizontal knife called
doctor blade.
Precoat Filters:
 Precoat filters is a rotary-drum filter modified for filtering small
amount of fine or gelatinous solids ordinarily plug a filter cloth.
 A layer of porous material, such as diatomaceous earth is deposited
on the filter medium.
 The liquid is sucked through vacuum from filter medium leaving
behind solids.
 These solids are then discharged through knife as a cake.
Horizontal Belt Filters:
 Horizontal belt filters are a type of vacuum filter that is used to
separate solids from liquids in a continuous process.
 They are used where low cake moisture is desired, such as in the
mining, Chemical, and wastewater treatment industries.
 Horizontal belt filters typically consist of a conveyor belt (which moves
by a motor driven roller) that is covered in a filter cloth.
 The slurry is fed onto the belt and the vacuum draws the liquid
through the filter cloth, leaving the solids behind on the belt.
 The solids are then washed and discharged from the end of the belt.
 They can be equipped with multiple washing stages to
 Achieve very low cake moisture contents.
o Centrifugal filters:
 They are mechanical separation devices that use centrifugal force to
affect the separation of particles.
 Slurry is fed to a rotating basket having a slotted or perforated wall
covered with a filter medium such as canvas or metal cloth. Pressure
resulting from the centrifugal action forces the liquor through the
filter medium leaving behind solids as cake.
o Filter Media:
 The filter medium requirements are (1) it must retain solids to be
filtered and give clean filtrate (2) it must not plug or blind (3) it must
be resistant chemically and strong physically to withstand the process
condition (4) it must permit cake formed to discharge cleanly.(5) it
shouldn’t be important.
o Clarifying filters:
 It removes small amount of solids or liquid droplets from either liquids
or gases.
 The particles are trapped inside filter medium.
 Clarification is differs from screening in that pores in the filter medium
are larger, sometime much then the particle to be removed.
o Liquid Clarification:
 Liquid clarifier are important in polishing material such as beverages,
pharmaceutical products, lubricants, fuel oil etc.
 A pack of disc fir clarifying filters are used, the disc are made up of
asbestos and cellulose fibers.
 The assembly is sealed into pressure case. Usually operating at a
gauge pressure of less the 345 kPa.
 Liquid flows inward through the disc and into a central manifold with
central discharge.
o Gas Cleaning:
1) PAD Filters:
 Air is cleaned by passing it through pads of cellulite pulp, glass fiber,
metal screening, cotton.
 PAD may be dry or coated with a viscous oil for holding dust.
 For light PADS are disposable. For heavy duty they are used by rinsed
or recoating with oil.
 Used in food processing, fertilizers and pharmaceutical.
2) Bag Filters or Bag house:
 Air or gas containing particulate matter is drawn into the baghouse
through an inlet duct.
 The air or gas then passes through a series of filter bags, which are
typically made of fabric.
 As the air or gas passes through the bags, the particulate matter is
trapped on the surface of the bags.
 The trapped particulate matter forms a layer called a dust cake on the
surface of the bags.
 The dust cake helps to capture more particulate matter and also
increases the efficiency of the filter.