Solution Final Exam Winter 2016 MATH 203

Salik Bahar

November 28, 2016

#1

a)

log2 (x2 − 4) − 2 log2 (x + 2) = −1

log2 (x2 − 4) − log2 (x + 2)2 = −1 (since n log a = log an )
!
x2 − 4
log2 = −1
(x + 2)2

x2 − 4
= 2−1 (Exponentiate by 2 on both sides since 2log2 a = a)
(x + 2)2

(x + 2)(x − 2)
= 2−1
(x + 2)2
x−2 1
=
x+2 2

2(x − 2) = x + 2
2x − 4 = x + 2
2x − x = 4 + 2
x=6

2·3x
b) To compute the inverse of f (x) = 4+3x , change y for x and x for y then solve for

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y
2 · 3y
x=
4 + 3y
x(4 + 3 ) = 2 · 3y
y

4x + x · 3y = 2 · 3y
4x = 2 · 3y − x · 3y
4x = 3y (2 − x)
4x
= 3y
2−x
 4x 
ln = ln (3y ) (Take the logarithm on both sides)
2−x
 4x 
ln = y ln (3)
2 − x
4x
ln 2−x
=y
ln 3

Therefore,  
4x
ln 2−x
f −1 (x) =
ln 3
Observe that the domain of f , x can take all real numbers since the denominator of f will
never be equal to zero. Then

Domainf = (−∞, ∞) = Rangef −1

Now for the domain of f −1 , see that there a restriction on x for the numerator of f −1 .
 4x 
ln = ln 4x − ln (2 − x)
2−x

We know that logarithmic functions can only take positive values, so the first term above
x > 0, and for the second term 2 > x > 0. Therefore,

Domainf −1 = (0, 2)

#2

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a) Note that 
x+2 x ≥ −2
|x + 2| =
−(x + 2) x < −2
If we first take the left hand limit, we get

|x + 2| −(x + 2)
lim = lim
x→−2− x2 − x − 6 x→−2− x2 − x − 6
(x + 2)
= lim −
x→−2 − (x + 2)(x − 3)
1
= lim − = 1/5
x→−2 − (x − 3)

On the other hand, the limit from the right is

|x + 2| (x + 2)
lim = lim
x→−2+ x2 2
− x − 6 x→−2+ x − x − 6
(x + 2)
= lim
x→−2 + (x + 2)(x − 3)
1
= lim = −1/5
x→−2 (x − 3)
+

Since the limits from the right and from the left don’t coincide

|x + 2| |x + 2|
lim 6= lim
x→−2− x2 2
− x − 6 x→−2+ x − x − 6

therefore the limit does not exist.

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b)
√
x−1 x−1 3 + x2 + 8
lim √ = lim √ · √
x→1 3 − x2 + 8 x→1 3 − x2 + 8 3 + x2 + 8

√
(x − 1)(3 + x2 + 8)
= lim
x→1 9 − x2 − 8
√
(x − 1)(3 + x2 + 8)
= lim
x→1 1 − x2
√
(x − 1)(3 + x2 + 8)
= lim
x→1 −(x2 − 1)

√
(x − 1)(3 + x2 + 8)
= lim −
x→1 (x − 1)(x + 1)

√
(3 + x2 + 8)
= lim −
x→1 (x + 1)

√
(3 + 1 + 8)
=− = −3 (plug in x = 1)
((1 + 1))

c)
√ √
x 1 + 9x4 x 1 + 9x4
= lim = lim
x→∞ (3 + 2x)(4x + x2 ) x→∞ 7x + 9x2 + 2x3

p p
x x4 ((1/x4 ) + 9) x · x2 (1/x4 ) + 9
= lim = lim
x→∞ 7x + 9x2 + 2x3 x→∞ 7x + 9x2 + 2x3

p p √
x3 (1/x4 ) + 9 (1/x4 ) + 9 9
= lim 3 = lim = = 3/2
x→∞ x (7/x2 ) + (9/x) + 2 x→∞ (7/x2 ) + (9/x) + 2 2

#3

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We see that the function is undefined when x = 2 since the denominator will be equal
to zero. Also you can verify that, as x approaches 2 from the left, f (x) goes to negative
infinity, and if x approaches 2 from the right, then f (x) goes to infinity. Therefore, x = 2
is a vertical asymptote of f .

For the horizontal asymptote,

3x+1 3x+1
lim = lim
x→∞ 3x − 9 x→∞ 3x − 32
3x 3
= lim x · (Factor out 3x from the numerator and denominator)
x→∞ 3 1 − 32−x
=3 (since the lim 32−x )
x→∞

and
3x+1 3x+1
lim x
= lim x =0 (since the lim 3x+1 = 0 and lim 3x = 0 )
x→−∞ 3 − 9 x→−∞ 3 − 32 x→−∞ x→−∞

Therefore, the horizontal asymptote of f are y = 3 and y = 0.

#4

a) Simplify f (x) first then derive

√
f (x) = x1/2 ( x − x−3/2 )e2x
= x1/2 (x1/2 − x−3/2 )e2x
= (x − x−1 )e2x

Now, we compute the derivative of f using product rule,

d d
f 0 (x) = [ (x − x−1 )]cdote2x + (x − x−1 )cdot[ e2x ]
dx ! dx
1
= 1 − (− 2 ) · e2x + (x − x−1 ) · (2e2x )
x
!
1
= 1 + 2 · e2x + (x − x−1 ) · (2e2x )
x

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b)
 
d x4
dx x+3 d u0
f 0 (x) = x4
(since ln u = )
dx u
x+3

3x4 +12x3
(x+3)2
= x4
x+3

3x4 + 12x3
=
x4 (x + 3)

c) Use Quotient Rule,

d d
(tan x − x) · arctan x − dx (tan x − x) · arctan x
f 0 (x) = dx
(tan x − x)2

1
(tan x − x) · 1+x2
− (sec2 x − 1) · arctan x
=
(tan x − x)2

d)

d 2
f 0 (x) = cos (x2 + cos (2x)x) · (x + cos (2x)x)
dx
d
= cos (x2 + cos (2x)x) · (2x + (cos (2x)x))
dx
= cos (x2 + cos (2x)x) · (2x + (−2 sin (2x))x + cos (2x) · (1))
= cos (x2 + cos (2x)x) · (2x − 2 sin (2x))x + cos (2x))

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e)
2
f (x) = (1 + 2x)x
2
ln (f (x)) = ln ((1 + 2x)x ) (Take the logarithm on both sides)

2
ln (f (x)) = x ln ((1 + 2x))
f 0 (x) 2
= 2x · ln ((1 + 2x)) + x2 · (By implicit differentiation on the left and Product Rule on the right)
f (x) 1 + 2x
f 0 (x) 2x2
= 2x · ln ((1 + 2x)) +
f (x) 1 + 2x
2x2
f 0 (x) = (2x · ln ((1 + 2x)) + ) · f (x)
1 + 2x
2x2 2
f 0 (x) = (2x · ln ((1 + 2x)) + ) · (1 + 2x)x
1 + 2x

#5

a) Replace (x, y) with (2, 1), then

p
xy + 2 3 + y 2 = x3 − 2
p
(2)(1) + 2 3 + (1)2 = (2)3 − 2
2 + 2(2) = 8 − 2
6=6

Therefore, the point (2, 1) belongs to the given curve. Next we find y 0 when x = 2 and
y = 1 and the equation of the tagent line l(x) at this point. By implicit differentiation,
p
xy + 2 3 + y 2 = x3 − 2
1 
(y + xy 0 ) + 2 (3 + y 2 )−1/2 · 2yy 0 = 3x2
2
1
1 + 2y 0 + √ · 2(1)y 0 = 3(2)2 (Replace (x, y) by (2, 1))
3 + 12
2y 0
1+ = 12
2
y 0 = 11

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Hence, the slope of the tangent line m = 11 and

l(x) = 11x + b

To solve for b (the y-intercept) just replace (x, l(x)) = (2, 1), since the tangent line passes
through that point.
1 = 11(2) + b ⇒ b = −21
p
Therefore the equation of the tangent line to the curve y + x 1 + y 2 + 2 = x2 at the point
(2, 0).
l(x) = 11x − 21

b) Let

x : ’distance between car A and it’s starting point’ at some time t in seconds
y : ’distance between ship B and it’s starting point’ at some time t in seconds
D : ’distance between ship A and B’ in t seconds

Then,

D 2 = x2 + y 2

dD dx dy dx dy
2D · = 2x + 2y ( = 12 and = 16)
dt dt dt dt dt
For t = 5, x = 60 and y = 80, then
p
D= 602 + 802 = 100

Therefore
dD 2 · (60) · 12 + 2 · (80) · 16
= = 20km/hr
dt 2(100)

c) Evaluating the limit directly, we see that

2
ex − 1 0
lim =
x→0 1 − cos(2x) 0

We have an indeterminate form of type ” 00 ”, so l’Hopital’s Rule applies, giving

2 2
ex − 1 2xex 0
lim = lim =
x→0 1 − cos(2x) x→0 2 sin (2x) 0

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Again we have the same indeterminate form, so we apply l’Hopital’s Rule a second time:
2 2
2ex + 4x2 ex 2
lim = = 1/2
x→0 4 cos (2x) 4

#6

a) Since f (x) = 3 + x + 3x2 − x3 is continuous on [0, 3] and differentiable on (0, 3) then by

MVT, there exist some c in [0, 3] such that

f (3) − f (0) 6−3

f 0 (c) = = =1
3−0 3
where f 0 (c) = 1 is the slope of the secant line joining (0, f (0)) and (3, f (3)).

b) The derivative of f (x)

f 0 (x) = 1 + 6x − 3x2
By MVT,

f 0 (c) = 1 + 6c − 3c2 = 1
6c − 3c2 = 0
2c − c2 = 0
c2 − 2c = 0
c2 − 2c + 1 = 1 (By completing the square)
2
(c − 1) = 1
c − 1 = ±1 (Square root both sides)
c=1±1

Therefore, c = 2 and c = 0. Note that both points lie on the interval [0, 3].

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a) Remember that the definition of derivative

f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h

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 √
Then, for f (x) = 2x + 1
p √
0 2(x + h) + 1 − 2x + 1
f (x) = lim
h→0 h

p √ p √
2(x + h) + 1 − 2x + 1 2(x + h) + 1 + 2x + 1
= lim ·p √ (By multiplying and dividing the conjugate of the numerator)
h→0 h 2(x + h) + 1 + 2x + 1

2(x + h) + 1 − 2x − 1 2h
= lim p √ = lim p √
h→0 h( 2(x + h) + 1 + 2x + 1) h→0 h( 2(x + h) + 1 + 2x + 1)

2 2 1
= lim p √ = √ =√
h→0 2(x + h) + 1 + 2x + 1 2 2x + 1) 2x + 1

b) Recall that the linearization of f at a is

L(x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a)

√
The linearization of f (x) = 2x + 1 at a = 4.
√ 1
L(x) = 9 + √ (x − 4)
9
x 4
= +3−
3 3
x 5
= +
3 3

c) Linearization claims that f (x) ≈ L(x) when x is near a. Then,

f (x) ≈ f (a) + f 0 (a)(x − a)

√ x 5
2x + 1 ≈ +
3 3
p 3 5 p √
2(3) + 1 ≈ + (since 2(3) + 1 = 7)
3 3
√ 8
7 ≈ ≈ 2.67
3
√
Note that the actual value of 30 ≈ 2.645 . . ., so the linear approximation is pretty strong.

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8

a) To find the absolute extrema of f (x) on a closed interval [0, 3], we use The Closed Interval Method.
First, we find the critical numbers of f in (a, b). Using Quotient Rule, the derivative of f
is
2 − 2x2
f 0 (x) =
(x2 + x + 1)2
Now set f 0 (x) = 0 and solve for x
2 − 2x2
=0
(x2 + x + 1)2
2 − 2x2 = 0
2 = 2x2
x = ±1

.
x = −1 is not in the interval (0, 3). Hence, our only critical number is x = 1, and
f (1) = 2/3.
Now we find the values of f at the endpoint of the interval [0, 3]. So f (0) = 0 and
f (3) = 6/13. Therefore, the absolute max is f (1) = 2/3 and absolute min is f (0) = 0.

b) Let x be half the length of the rectangle ( i.e, the distance between the origin and
the bottom tip of the rectangle, 0 ≤ x ≤ ∞) and y the width of the rectangle. Then the
area of the rectangle

A = 2xy
= 2x(12 − x2 )
= 24x − 2x3

Next, we’ll compute the derivative of A w.r.t x and apply the First Derivative Test for abs.
max/min values.

A0 = 24 − 6x2
24 − 6x2 = 0
x = ±2

Since 0 ≤ x ≤ ∞ then x = 2 is the only critical number for A. Also, A0 > 0 on the interval
(0, 2). Similarly, A0 < 0 on the interval (2, ∞). Therefore by the FD test, x = 2 is the

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absolute max value for A and the dimension for the largest area of rectangle inscribed in
the parabola are 2x = 4 and y = (12 − 22 ) = 8.

#9

a) Since there are no restrictions on x for f , then the domain of f are all real num-
bers.
Also, f (x) = f (−x) for all x ∈ R. Therefore f is an even function and is symmetric about
the y-axis.

b) The derivative of f (x) = 2x2 − x4

f 0 (x) = 4x − 4x3

Apply the increasing/decreasing test to check on which interval f is increasing and de-
creasing.

4x − 4x3 > 0
4x > 4x3 (since is always positive)
x > x3
1 > x2
x<1 x > −1

Since f 0 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ (−1, 1) then f is increasing on (−1, 1). Similarly, f 0 (x) < 0 for
all x in the intervals (−∞, −1) and (1, ∞) then f is decreasing on (−∞, −1) and (1, ∞)

Note that, f 0 changes sign from negative to positive at x = −1. Therefore by FD test,
f (−1) = 1 is the local minimum of f . Also, f 0 changes sign from positive to negative at
x = 1. Therefore by FD test, f (1) = 1 is the local maximum of f .

c) The second derivative of f

f 00 (x) = 4 − 12x2

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Now apply the Concavity test,

4 − 12x2 > 0
4 > 12x2
4
> x2
12
1
> x2
3
1 1
√ >x −√ < x (by square rooting both sides)
3 3
 
Therefore, f is concave upward on the interval − √1 , √1 .
3 3

4 − 12x2 < 0
4 < 12x2
4
< x2
12
1
< x2
3
1 1
√ <x −√ > x (by square rooting both sides)
3 3
   
Therefore, f is concave downward on the intervals − ∞, − √13 and √13 , ∞ .
   
You can verify that the point of inflections occur at f √13 = 5/9 and f − √13 = 5/9
since the change of concavity occur at those points.

d) Before sketching the curve, verify that the x-intercept is x = 0 and y-intercept is
y = 0. Also, there are no asymptotes.

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 1

0.56

−1 1

(Make sure to sketch the asymptotes (if any) as dashed lines and mark all the intercepts,
maximum and minimum points, and inflection points on your graph. )

2
d y
Bonus Question Note that dx 00 and y = f (u) = f (g(x)). Apply the chain rule
2 = y
to compute the first derivative of y is
df dg
y 0 = [f (g(x))]0 = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x) = f 0 (u) · u0 = ·
du dx

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Now apply the chain rule and product rule to get the second derivative.

y 00 = [f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x)]0

d 0 d 0
=[ (f (g(x)))] · g 0 (x) + f 0 (g(x)) · g (x) (starting with the product rule)
dx dx

= [f 00 (g(x)) · g 0 (x)] · g 0 (x) + f 0 (g(x)) · g 00 (x)

= f 00 (g(x)) · [g 0 (x)]2 + f 0 (g(x)) · g 00 (x)

= f 00 (u) · [g 0 (x)]2 + f 0 (u) · g 00 (x)

d2 f  dg 2 df d2 g
= · + ·
du2 dx du dx2

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