1. A.).

Explain four (4) key issues to consider when choosing a design research
method
B) List and discuss two (2) tools that can be leverage during the
construction stages of a design.

1. Design Research Method and Tools

A. Key Issues to Consider When Choosing a Design Research Method:
➢ Research Objectives: The method should align with the objectives of the
study, whether exploring user needs, testing concepts, or evaluating design
effectiveness.
➢ Type of Data Needed: Consider if qualitative or quantitative data is
required. For example, interviews provide qualitative insights, while surveys
can yield quantitative data.
➢ Resource Availability: Assess available time, budget, and expertise. Some
methods, like ethnographic studies, are resource-intensive.
➢ User Context: The method should be appropriate for the context in which
the research will be conducted, ensuring that it captures relevant user
behaviors and needs.
B. Tools for Construction Stages of Design:
1. Wireframes: Visual representations of a design’s structure, used to outline the
layout and functionality of a product.
2. Prototyping Software: Tools like Sketch, Adobe XD, or Figma that allow
designers to create interactive prototypes to test and iterate on design concept

2. A) .What is Data cleansing?

b). Why is necessary to conduct data cleaning?
C .list and explain four (4) data gathering techniques in a design research
2. Data Cleansing and Gathering Techniques
A. What is Data Cleansing?
Data Cleansing is the process of identifying and correcting or removing errors
and inconsistencies in data to ensure its accuracy and reliability.
B. Why is Data Cleaning Necessary?
- Accuracy: Ensures that the data accurately reflects reality.
- Consistency: Resolves discrepancies in the data set.
- Usability: Enhances the quality and usability of data for analysis.
- Compliance: Meets regulatory and organizational standards.

C. Data Gathering Techniques in Design Research:

– Surveys: Collect structured responses from a large number of users.
– Interviews: Obtain in-depth insights through direct interaction with
participants.
– Observations: Study user behavior in natural settings.
– Focus Groups: Gather diverse perspectives through group discussions.

3. A). Differentiate between focus group and interview qualitative data

techniques
B). Elicit five (5) reasons why data gathering is vital in design research
3. Focus Group vs. Interview and Importance of Data Gathering
A. Difference Between Focus Group and Interview:
- Focus Group: A moderated discussion with a group of participants to explore
attitudes and perceptions about a topic.
- Interview: A one-on-one conversation to delve deeply into individual
experiences and opinions.

B. Reasons Why Data Gathering is Vital in Design Research:

• Appreciating user-system Interaction: Data helps us understand user
interaction with systems.
• Understanding the System: Systems/designs are understood more completely
through data.
• Discovering Requirements: Data provides a mechanism for eliciting user needs
and insights for customization
• Identifies User Needs: Helps understand user requirements and
preferences.
• Enhances Usability: Ensures the product meets user expectations and
improves user experience.

4. A) .What is prototyping in design research and why it important?

B). Mention and explain with examples any two types of prototyping in design
process.
Prototyping in Design Research
A. What is Prototyping and Why is it Important?
-• Prototype: Concreate manifestation of an idea that enables stakeholders
interact with a design. It is important for validating ideas, discovering issues early,
and gathering user feedback.

B. Types of Prototyping:
• Low-Fidelity Prototypes: Simple, often paper-based models or sketches
used to explore initial concepts (e.g., paper sketches, wireframes).
• High-Fidelity Prototypes: Detailed and interactive models that closely
resemble the final product (e.g., interactive digital prototypes).

5. A). State any four (4) differences between conceptual design and
concrete design
B).explain four (4) key to consider when developing a conceptual model
for a product design.
Conceptual vs. Concrete Design
A. Differences Between Conceptual Design and Concrete Design:
• Conceptual Design: Focuses on abstract ideas and overall functionality. It
includes high-level thinking and broad design goals.
• Concrete Design: Involves detailed specifications and practical
implementation, such as technical drawings and material choices.

B. Key Considerations for Developing a Conceptual Model:

– Considering the Interface Metaphors: Which Interface metaphors facilitate
user understanding of product? (Desktop metaphor, --documents, folders)
– Considering the Interaction Styles: Which Interaction style best support user
activities? (e.g., Menu Selection, direct manipulation, Command line,
Anthropomorphic etc.)
– Considering the Interface Styles: Do different Interface types provoke
alternative design insights/opinions?(e.g, GUI, Voice , Heptic, Gesture, Touch etc)
– Feasibility: Assess if the conceptual model can be realistically
implemented.

6. A). Briefly define and explain the process of thematic analysis in

research data analysis.
b.) List and explain four (4) key issues that are necessary to consider when
gathering data for a design
Thematic Analysis and Data Gathering Issues
A. Thematic Analysis:
- Thematic Analysis is a method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting
patterns (themes) within qualitative data. It involves coding data, searching for
themes, reviewing themes, and defining and naming themes.

B. Key Issues When Gathering Data for Design:

 – Data Relevance: Ensuring the data collected is directly relevant to the
design objectives.
– Participant Diversity: Including a representative sample of users to get
comprehensive insights.
– Bias Minimization: Reducing bias in data collection methods to ensure
accuracy.
– Ethical Considerations: Ensuring that data is collected and used ethically,
with informed consent.

7. A). What is Pilot Studies and why is it important to conduct pilot studies
in research?
B). what is Data Recording? Explain any three (3) Common Data
Recording Techniques you know.
Pilot Studies and Data Recording
A. What is a Pilot Study and Its Importance?
• Pilot Studies: A small trial or test study before the actual study to ensure if
methods and approach is feasible. During pilot studies, equipment, errors, duration
of data collection are all observed before the actual data collection begins. They
are important for identifying potential issues and improving the research design.

B. What is Data Recording?

- Data Recording is the process of capturing and documenting data during
research. Common techniques include:
– Audio Recording: Capturing verbal responses during interviews or
focus groups.
– Video Recording: Documenting non-verbal interactions and
environmental context.
– Field Notes: Writing detailed observations and reflections during data
collection.
 8. A). Define the term Interview and explain four (4) types of interviews
you know.
b) Explain the step by step Interviewing Transition.
Interview Definition and Types
A. Definition of Interview and Types:
- Interview: A method of data collection where questions are asked to gather
information from participants.
- Types of Interviews:
– Structured Interviews: Pre-determined questions asked in a fixed
order.
– Semi-Structured Interviews: A mix of predetermined questions and
open-ended queries.
– Unstructured Interviews: Flexible, with open-ended questions
allowing for in-depth exploration.
– Group Interviews: Conducted with multiple participants
simultaneously.

B. Interviewing Transition Steps:

Steps in Conducting an Interview Transition
Interview Transition:
Introduction, Goals, Ethics & Consent→ Warm-up→ Main Questions→ Cooling-
off→ Close Interview
1. Introduction, Goals, Ethics & Consent
- Introduction: Greet the interviewee and introduce yourself.
- Goals: Clearly state the purpose of the interview.
- Ethics & Consent: Explain confidentiality, obtain informed consent, and discuss
the right to withdraw.

2. Warm-up
- Objective: Make the interviewee feel comfortable.
- Actions: Start with simple, general questions to ease into the conversation.
3. Main Questions
- Objective: Gather detailed information.
- Actions: Ask the core questions related to the interview's purpose, including
follow-up questions to gain deeper insights.
4. Cooling-off
- Objective: Transition the interviewee to a more relaxed state.
- Actions: Pose less demanding questions, allowing the interviewee to reflect and
add any additional information.
5. Close Interview
- Objective: Conclude the interview positively.
- Actions: Summarize key points, thank the interviewee, explain next steps, and
provide contact information for any follow-up questions.

9. A) .State and explain and four (4) Aids/Tools in Data Analysis

b) Explain the term Construction in a design process.
c.) Differentiate between SDKs and IDEs in a design process.
d) Explain the term Props in an interview ?
9. Data Analysis Tools, Construction, SDKs vs. IDEs, and Props
A. Aids/Tools in Data Analysis:
• Statistical Software: Tools like SPSS or R for quantitative data analysis.
 • Qualitative Analysis Software: Tools like NVivo for coding and analyzing
qualitative data.
• Spreadsheet Software: Excel for organizing and analyzing data.
• Visualization Tools: Tools like Tableau for creating charts and graphs.

B. Construction in a Design Process:

- Construction involves the actual building or implementation of a design
solution based on the prototypes and plans.

C. SDKs vs. IDEs:

- SDK (Software Development Kit): A collection of tools and libraries for
developing software for a specific platform.
- IDE (Integrated Development Environment): A software application that
provides comprehensive facilities for software development, including code
editors, debuggers, and build automation tools.

D. Props in an Interview:
- Props refer to physical items used during interviews to aid discussion or
demonstrate concepts, such as mockups or models.

10. A). Why Study Human-Computer Interaction?

b). Explain triangulation is data gathering and its importance
c). Differentiate between Indirect and Direct Observations in the Field
Importance of Studying HCI and Triangulation
A. Why Study Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?
 - HCI helps in designing user-friendly interfaces and improving the interaction
between users and technology, enhancing usability and user satisfaction.

B. Triangulation in Data Gathering:

Triangulation: Curating or validating data through multiplele sources or
perspectives.
C. Indirect vs. Direct Observations:
- Indirect Observations: Involves observing artifacts or secondary data rather
than directly observing user behavior.
- Direct Observations: Involves watching users interact with a system or perform
tasks in real-time.

11. Discuss the following terms in reference to data gathering and analysis
in a design
a. Data
b. Sampling
c. Focus Group
d. Questionnaire
e. Thematic analysis
11. Terms in Data Gathering and Analysis
A. Data: Raw information collected from various sources that needs to be
processed and analyzed.
B. Sampling: The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger
population to gather data.
C. Focus Group: A group discussion guided by a moderator to gather diverse
perspectives on a topic.
D. Questionnaire: A tool consisting of a series of questions used to gather
information from respondents.
E. Thematic Analysis: A qualitative analysis method used to identify and interpret
patterns or themes within data.
 12 Discuss the following terms in reference to data gathering and analysis
in a design
– Check Boxes
– Ranges
– Likert Scales
– Semantic Differential Scales
– Remote Interviewing

12. Data Gathering Tools

A. Check Boxes: Simple options for respondents to select one or more choices.
B. Ranges: Numerical scales that allow respondents to indicate a range of values
or opinions.
C. Likert Scales: Measures attitudes by asking respondents to rate their level of
agreement with statements.
D. Semantic Differential Scales: Measures attitudes or perceptions by asking
respondents to rate a concept between two bipolar adjectives.
E. Remote Interviewing: Conducting interviews via digital platforms, allowing
for flexibility and reach.

13. a). Discuss the procedure in Planning and Conducting an

Interview
b) Explain Open-ended (Open) Questions with examples
c). Explain Closed-ended (Closed) Questions with examples
d) Define the term Physical computing and state any three
examples you know
13. Interview Procedure and Question Types
A. Procedure in Planning and Conducting an Interview:
• Define Objectives: Clearly outline the goals of the interview. What specific
information are you seeking?
• Prepare Questions: Develop a list of questions that align with your
objectives. Ensure they are clear and relevant.
• Select Participants: Choose individuals who can provide valuable insights
related to your research.
• Schedule the Interview: Arrange a convenient time and place for the
interview, ensuring it is conducive to a productive discussion.
• Conduct the Interview: Begin by introducing yourself and explaining the
purpose of the interview. Follow your prepared questions, but be flexible to
explore interesting responses.
• Record Responses: Use appropriate methods (e.g., audio recording, note-
taking) to capture responses accurately.
• Conclude and Follow Up: Summarize key points, thank the participants,
and inform them about the next steps, if any.

B. Open-ended (Open) Questions:

- Definition: Open-ended questions allow respondents to provide detailed and
unrestricted answers, offering richer insights.
- Examples:
- “Can you describe your experience with our new product?”
- “What challenges have you faced while using our service?”

C. Closed-ended (Closed) Questions:

- Definition: Closed-ended questions limit responses to predefined options,
making data easier to quantify and analyze.
- Examples:
 - “How satisfied are you with our product? (Very Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral,
Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied)”
- “Have you used our customer support service? (Yes/No)”

D. Physical Computing:
- Definition: Physical computing involves creating interactive systems that can
sense and respond to physical inputs using sensors and actuators.
- Examples:
• Arduino Projects: Custom electronic devices controlled by Arduino
boards.
• Interactive Art Installations: Art that responds to environmental stimuli
like light or motion.
• Wearable Technology: Devices like fitness trackers that monitor physical
activity and health metrics.

14 a) what is user Interface in a design process?

b). Discuss any five (5) types of user interfaces in a design
c.) what is the difference between Online questionnaires and PAPi?
14. User Interface and Types
A. What is a User Interface in a Design Process?
- User Interface (UI): The space where interactions between humans and
machines occur. It includes all the elements a user interacts with, such as screens,
buttons, and menus.

B. Types of User Interfaces:

• Graphical User Interface (GUI):Uses graphical elements like windows,
icons, and buttons (e.g., Windows, macOS).
• Command-Line Interface (CLI): Users interact via text commands (e.g.,
UNIX terminal).
 • Voice User Interface (VUI): Interaction through voice commands (e.g.,
Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant).
• Touch User Interface: Users interact via touch gestures (e.g., smartphones,
tablets).
• Natural Language User Interface: Allows interaction using natural
language (e.g., chatbots).

C. Difference Between Online Questionnaires and PAPi:

- Online Questionnaires: Digital forms accessed via the internet, allowing for
easy distribution and data collection (e.g., Google Forms, SurveyMonkey).
- PAPi (Pen and Paper Interviews): Traditional method of collecting data using
physical questionnaires filled out by respondents (e.g., paper surveys during field
research).
15 a).Discuss any the three (3) ways in which research design Findings
can be presented.
b). Discuss three approaches in which Basic Qualitative data
Analysis (Interaction Design) can be interpreted.
of Research Findings and Data Analysis Approaches
A. Ways to Present Research Findings:
• Reports: Comprehensive documents detailing research methods, findings,
and conclusions.
• Presentations: Visual and oral summaries of research findings, often using
slides.
• Infographics: Visual representations of data to highlight key points and
trends.

B. Approaches to Basic Qualitative Data Analysis:

• Thematic Analysis: Identifying and analyzing patterns or themes within
qualitative data.
• Content Analysis: Systematically analyzing the content of qualitative data
to quantify and interpret patterns.
 • Grounded Theory: Developing theories based on data collected through
qualitative research, focusing on patterns and themes.

16. Explain the following in terms of data Analysis:

i. Inductive
ii. Deductive
iii. Data Categorizing
iv. Thematic Analysis
v. Critical Incident Analysis

16. Terms in Data Analysis

i. Inductive:
- Definition: An approach where conclusions are drawn from specific
observations to generalize patterns or theories.
- Example: Observing multiple cases of user behavior to develop a theory about
user preferences.

ii. Deductive:
- Definition: An approach where conclusions are drawn from general principles
to specific instances or predictions.
- Example: Using a theoretical framework to predict user behavior and then
testing these predictions with data.

iii. Data Categorizing:

- Definition: The process of organizing data into groups or categories based on
shared characteristics.
 - Example: Categorizing interview responses into themes like "User Satisfaction"
or "Product Usability."

iv. Thematic Analysis:

- Definition: A qualitative analysis method used to identify and interpret patterns
or themes in qualitative data.
- Example: Analyzing interview transcripts to find recurring themes about user
experiences.

v. Critical Incident Analysis:

- Definition: Analyzing significant events or incidents to understand their impact
and implications.
- Example: Examining user complaints to identify critical issues affecting
product satisfaction.