‫سواالت آزمون پایاوی بر اساس توضیحات اساتیذ محترم و بخش " وحوه تذریس دروس" در‬

.‫بخش " امور آموزش " سایت مرکسزبان عموما شامل بخش های زیر می باشذ‬
:‫ عمومی و تخصصی را معرفی می ومایذ‬، ‫ ومووه سواالتی از درسهای مختلف پیش ویاز‬،‫ایه آزمون‬

Sample Test for different levels

Pronunciation

Directions for questions 1-20. Select the one item -- a, b, c, or d -- which has
the same vowel sound as the numbered word, and mark your answer sheet.

1. beat a. bit b. eight c. bite d. seed

2. no a. now b. know c. dorm d. not
3. some a. calm b. book c. so d. but
4. pen a. any b. eight c. sir d. be
5. four a. more b. road c. house d. far
6. ship a. white b. sheep c. shell d. with
7. late a. treat b. hate c. nap d. bite
8. lit a. smell b. meat c. fruit d. live
9. soap a. saw b. word c. hold d. shoe
10. there a. the b. raise c. hair d. fur
11. cute a. few b. shot c. put d. cub
12. kite a. bay b. bought c. height d. since
13. wear a. hair b. wait c. cell d. turn
14. kill a. eat b. build c. calm d. child
15. whose a. worse b. worm c. should d. pool
16. here a. fear b. air c. purse d. where
17. turn a. shelf b. deer c. search d. north
18. fork a. come b. hot c. soap d. door
19. home a. town b. our c. both d. born
20. down a. doll b. done c. brunch d. south

Directions for questions 1- 9. Choose the one item -- a, b, c, or d -- which has the
same primary stress as the numbered word and mark your answer sheet.

1. story a. person b. invite c. between d. hotel

2. already a. visitor b. Islamic c. cigarette d. overcome
3. invitation a. conditional b. Iranian c. unusual d. radiation
4. happily a. apparent b. southwestern c. terrible d. afternoon
5. sixty a. window b. sixteen c. confirm d. himself
6. red roses a. typewriters b. night classes c. tall houses d. washing machines
7. yesterday a. violate b. nobody c. Egyptian d. anytime
8. tomorrow a. northeastern b. repairman c. afternoon d. united
9. thermometer a. generation b. engineering c. society d. geographical

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Vocabulary and Grammar

Directions for questions 1- 66. Select the one item -- a, b, c, or d -- which completes
each sentence most appropriately and mark your answer sheet.

1. They couldn’t open the hospital on schedule because they couldn’t afford to
employ a/an _________ supply of trained nurses.

a. abundant b. adequate c. widespread d. efficient

2. Aspirin has _________ effects on some people.

a. original b. secondary c. complicated d. adverse

3. We can now ___________ some medical equipment in the country.

a. manufacture b. discover c. convert d. propose

4. Paying attention to ____________ differences helps psychologists to treat

patients much better.

a. personal b. mental c. private d. individual

5. The physician recommended _________ injections to prevent the risk of

reoccurrence of the disease.

a. extra b. preservative c. further d. booster

6. Nothing can ____________ anybody to learn something but their will or need.

a. encourage b. reassure c. stop d. affect

7. At the beginning of his lecture, Dr. Yalda thanked his students for their
___________ to his project.

a. cooperation b. activities c. assistance d. contribution

8. Brain damages are sometimes ________ with measles.

a. identified b. associated c. established d. relieved

9. This instrument is so ________ that it can record even minute changes in the
temperature.

a. helpful b. sensitive c. flexible d. evident

10. His father’s ___________ boosted his confidence in passing his tests.

a. arrangement b. behavior c. development d. encouragement

11. The new product ______________ the treatment of acute influenza.

a. ignores b. depicts c. facilitates d. stimulates

12. His being worried about the problem ___________ his headache.

a. aggravated b. relieved c. depressed d. complicated

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13. After twenty years of not having studied chemistry, his knowledge has become
___________.

a. minute b. remote c. rusty d. halting

14. The surgeon gave no __________ on what he did during the operation.

a. prescriptions b. comments c. definitions d. canons

15. Stone Age is a _________ period in human history.

a. fatigued b. durable c. remote d. slight

16. He had a heart attack because his vessels were ________ with fat.

a. converted b. clogged c. harbored d. warded

17. His speech made a strong ________ on people.

a. impression b. explanation c. expression d. demonstration

18. The doctor gave the patient some medicine to __________ his pain.

a. release b. relieve c. recover d. replenish

19. The cat ________ its muscles and suddenly jumped on the hot tin roof.

a. amputated b. recoiled c. recuperated d. sprained

20. He was driving at such a terrific speed that he couldn’t avoid hitting the other
car. ―Terrific‖ means ________.

a. extreme b. exciting c. specific d. speculative

21. The Salk vaccine has virtually ___________ the threat of polio.

a. contaminated b. eradicated c. rehabilitated d. vaccinated

22. The more emotional a nurse is, the _______ she can help the patients.

a. least b. best c. less d. worse

23. Children not __________ against smallpox are at risk of acquiring the disease.

a. immunity b. immunized c. immunization d. immune

24. A bad cold caused me __________ in bed for three days last month.

a. stay b. stayed c. to stay d. staying

25. Children can develop their world knowledge _____________ reading books.

a. in b. from c. with d. through

26. After recovery from his operation, Pat didn’t feel _________ anymore because
the operation was a success.

a. depress b. depressive c. depressed d. depression

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27. In order to reduce your fever, you may put a ________ towel on your forehead.

a. moistening b. moisten c. moistened d. moisture

28. The problem was solved by Mr. Irani, _________ first noticed the complications
of the disease.

a. who b. whom c. that d. whose

29. It is now obvious ________ there can be no life without oxygen.

a. when b. where c. that d. which

30. The more you exercise, the more ________ you will do your job.

a. effect b. effectiveness c. effective d. effectively

31. The city is planning to __________ the old narrow roads.

a. wide b. widen c. widened d. widening

32. Choose the correctly punctuated phrase:

Dr. Jabal ___________ reassured him that the operation would be easy.

a. , the famous surgeon,

b. , the famous surgeon
c. the famous surgeon
d. the famous surgeon,

33. The problem was described by the lecturer _________ first.

a. spoke b. who spoke c. who we speak d. speaks

34. They sent him to an isolated island ________ he had never been before.

a. that b. which c. when d. where

35. His parents advised him _________ his time much.

a. wastes b. not wasting c. not to waste d. not waste

36. The broken leg should remain in plaster _________ the fracture is healed.

a. until b. when c. if d. while

37. We couldn’t confirm his ___________ because it was dark.

a. identity b. identical c. identification d. identify

38. The new physician followed the right _________ and cured the disease.

a. process b. procedure c. program d. progression

39. The cleaning of all glassware is simplified by __________ it in tap water

immediately after use.

a. rubbing b. brushing c. rinsing d. cleansing

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40. When working with highly flammable chemicals in the laboratory, adequate
___________ should be taken.

a. cautions b. precautions c. reactions d. devices

41. Test tubes are available in a variety of sizes and ____________.

a. volumes b. forms c. shapes d. levels

42. Micropipettes can be ______________ for 0.5 ml or less.

a. calibrated b. measured c. balanced d. divided

43. Many laboratory reagents are made from blood ____________.

a. parts b. types c. specimens d. components

44. A temperature of 170oC for 90 minutes ___________ all microorganisms.

a. maintains b. destroys c. removes d. defeats

45. The volumetric flask is used for making measurements which require _________.

a. care b. attention c. accuracy d. clarity

46. Pipettes are used in laboratory work to measure and ___________ liquids.

a. suck b. direct c. conduct d. transfer

47. In a bacteriology lab, all organisms must be handled as if they could ______
disease.

a. give b. deliver c. present d. cause

48. The pH is an expression of the ____________ of acidity or alkalinity of a

solution.

a. proportion b. volume c. degree d. angle

49. Boiling water can generally be used to sterilize _________ dishes and
bedding.

a. contaminated b. sanitary c. colored d. dirty

50. We can now ___________ some medical equipment in the country.

a. manufacture b. discover c. convert d. propose

51. Paying attention to ____________ differences helps psychologists to treat

patients much better.

a. personal b. mental c. private d. individual

52. The physician recommended _________ injections to prevent the risk of

reoccurrence of the disease.

a. extra b. preservative c. further d. booster

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53. Nothing can ____________ anybody to learn something but their will or need.

a. encourage b. reassure c. stop d. affect

54. At the beginning of his lecture, Dr. Yalda thanked his students for their
___________ to his project.

a. cooperation b. activities c. assistance d. contribution

55. Brain damages are sometimes ________ with measles.

a. identified b. associated c. established d. relieved

56. This instrument is so ________ that it can record even minute changes in the
temperature.

a. helpful b. sensitive c. flexible d. evident

57. His father’s ___________ boosted his confidence in passing his tests.

a. arrangement b. behavior c. development d. encouragement

58. The new product ______________ the treatment of acute influenza.

a. ignores b. depicts c. facilitates d. stimulates

59. His being worried about the problem ___________ his headache.

a. aggravated b. relieved c. depressed d. complicated

60. After twenty years of not having studied chemistry, his knowledge has become
___________.

a. minute b. remote c. rusty d. halting

61. The surgeon gave no __________ on what he did during the operation.

a. prescriptions b. comments c. definitions d. canons

62. Stone Age is a _________ period in human history.

a. fatigued b. durable c. remote d. slight

63. He had a heart attack because his vessels were ________ with fat.

a. converted b. clogged c. harbored d. warded

64. His speech made a strong ________ on people.

a. impression b. explanation c. expression d. demonstration

65. The doctor gave the patient some medicine to __________ his pain.

a. release b. relieve c. recover d. replenish

66. The cat ________ its muscles and suddenly jumped on the hot tin roof.

a. amputated b. recoiled c. recuperated d. sprained

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Paraphrasing

Directions for questions 1 - 6. Select the one item -- a, b, c, or d – which comes

closest to or best completes the meaning of the numbered sentence and mark your
answer sheet.

1. Workaholics are as addicted to their work as some people are to drugs or

alcohol.

a. Workaholics are addicted to drugs as some people are.

b. Working is the same as using drugs for workaholics.
c. Alcohol is the same as work for some people.
d. Addicted people work as workaholics.

2. The first company that can correctly identify a new trend and do something with
it has a competitive edge over other companies. In other words, this company
______________.

a. cannot benefit the new trend before others

b. has an advantage over other companies
c. can advertise after other companies do
d. cannot compete with other companies

3. Many of the ―small boats‖ seem to be ―leaking‖ – have holes in them – and so
are going down instead of up at the time of a tide. The gap between rich and
poor – the economic difference between them – is wider than it was in the past.
In other words, in good economic times _______________.

a. the rising tide lifts all the boats

b. poor countries are as wealthy as rich ones
c. poor countries are in trouble more than the rich ones
d. the rising tide is more beneficial to the poor than the rich countries

4. sixty percent of the new students these days prefer the sensing style. This
means that they prefer a practice-to-theory method of learning.

a. More than half of the students prefer experiencing first.

b. Sensing style of learning emphasizes learning theories.
c. This method of learning is based on creating new ideas.
d. More than half of the students are interested in knowing about ideas.

5. At special centers, people exchange the trash for fresh produce – such as
potatoes and oranges – or for bus tickets. At these centers, people ___________.

a. should buy tickets before they enter

b. can buy fruits and vegetables at a lower price
c. can get free fruits and vegetables for bringing bags of trash
d. should carry potatoes, oranges and bus tickets in bags of trash

6. In marketing, a successful advertisement persuades consumers that a product

works well; their belief causes them to use the product in such a way that it
does work well. In other words, consumers __________.

a. do not believe in advertisements

b. believe in the advertisements but do not buy the products
c. do some actions whose result is what has been advertised
d. are encouraged to stay away from doing what has been advertised

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Terminology

Directions for question 1- 20. Select the one item—a,b,c, or d—which describes the
term most meaningfully and mark your answer sheet.

1. Hallucination is a ____________.
a. false perception with no basis in reality
b. state of elation and excessive happiness
c. series of involuntary muscle contractions
d. gradual irreversible loss of intellectual function

2. Stomatoplasty is the ______________.

a. suture of the lips

b. surgical repair of the mouth
c. partial repair of the stomach
d. removal of half of the stomach

3. Analgesia refers to _____________.

a. a lack of muscle tone

b. an intestinal disorder
c. the absence of pain
d. the inability to sleep

4. Glossorrhaphy is the _____________.

a. suturing of the tongue
b. softening of the glomerulus
c. surgical fixation of the colon
d. radiograph of the renal pelvis

5. Anesthetics is to _____________.

a. alleviate pain
b. induce relaxation and sleep
c. reduce or eliminate sensation
d. relieve symptoms of psychoses

6. Paracentesis is described as the _____________.

a. surgical excision of polyps

b. puncture of a cavity for fluid removal
c. rupture or protrusion of a part from its normal location
d. removal of a portion of tissue for pathologic examination

7. The term aneurysm applies to ______________.

a. difficult or labored breathing
b. profuse or excessive sweating
c. obstruction of blood vessel by a clot
d. ballooning with eventual bursting of a blood vessel

8. ESWL is ____________.
a. the process of insertion of a medium in a direction against the usual flow
b. the use of shock waves of ultrasound from the outside of the body
c. an x-ray using fluorescent to visualize structures in motion
d. an ultrasound imaging technique of urinary tract

9. The term enuresis refers to _____________.

a. a painful urination
b. urination or micturition
c. the involuntary discharge of urine
d. a condition of deficient urine production

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10. Hemosiderosis is a condition involving _____________.
a. a decrease in the number of all cells of blood
b. the deposition of magnesium into the salivary gland
c. the inability to use available iron to manufacture hemoglobin
d. deposition of iron-containing pigments in the liver and spleen

11. Arthrocentesis refers to ______________.

a. fusion of a joint
b. puncture of a joint
c. crushing of a nerve
d. crushing of a vessel

12. Ad lib means ______________.

a. as desired
b. at bedtime
c. after meals
d. long-acting

13. Dysentery is a/an _____________.

a. type of mild depression

b. painful defecation process
c. defect in speech articulation
d. inflammatory intestinal disorder

14. Auscultation is the process of _______________.

a. administration of a drug
b. classifying malignant tumors
c. determining the cause of a disease
d. listening for the sounds within the chest

15. Diaphoresis refers to _____________.

a. bluish discoloration of the skin

b. excessive sweating
c. an area of necrosis
d. difficult breathing

16. Phlebectasia is the ___________.

a. dilatation of a vein
b. incision of an artery
c. formation of a vessel
d. diseased blood vessel

17. Instillation is the ___________.

a. topical administration of a drug

b. administration through the respiratory system
c. dropping or pouring of liquid slowly into a cavity
d. application of a medication to the surface of the skin

18. Acrokinesia is ____________.

a. a cramp in the leg

b. a cramp in the muscles
c. the excess motion of the extremities
d. the excess motion of fingers and toes

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19. Suppository is a _____________.

a. semisolid emulsion used topically

b. medicated tablet dissolved in the mouth
c. drug substance inserted into a body opening
d. substance inside a container dissolvable in the stomach

20. Anisocytosis is _____________.

a. a decrease in the number of basophiles

b. the presence of red blood cells of unequal size
c. the presence of large, irregularly shaped RBCs
d. an abnormal reduction in the number of all cell types

Directions for questions 1- 11. Look at each prefix/suffix and the given term and
select the best meaning for it. Then mark your answer sheet.

1. –ptosis nephroptosis

a. rising b. reduction c. dropping d. dryness

2. –rrhaphy herniorrhapphy

a. suture b. rupture c. repaire d. dilation

3. pyr/o- pyretic

a. flow b. condition c. pelvis d. fever

4. _ geusia parageusia
a. sensation b. pain c. sense of taste d. sense of smell

5. erg- synergistic
a. destruction of b. working together c. giving off d. pertaining to

6. -odynia mastodynia
a. enlargement b. within c. deficiency d. pain

7. py/o- empyema

a. discharge b. excretion c. pus d. secretion

8. -tripsy lithotripsy

a. crushing b. accumulation c. loosening d. separation

9. myc/o- mycosis

a. small b. fungus c. softening d. spread

10. –stasis menostasis

a. changing b. insufficient c. through d. stoppage

11. pachy- pachyemia

a. thickness b. slowness c. dryness d. hardness

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Cloze Test

Directions for questions 1- 15. For each numbered blank, choose the one item
-- a, b, c, or d -- which best completes the meaning of the sentence and the text. Then
mark your answer sheet.

A “mildly” retarded individual shows slow development. A mildly retarded child is capable
of being educated within limits. As adults, with proper training, they can work in competitive
employment. They are able to live (1) lives. Mild mental retardation is shown by an IQ of (2)
fifty-two and sixty-seven.
It should be (3) that there are other ways of classifying mental (4) and other IQ levels are
used for these same (5).
The trend today is to encourage families to keep retarded (6) at home unless their
presence (7) insurmountable difficulties for the parents or the (8) and sisters--or unless an
institution can do (9) for the retarded persons than can be done in their home.
The retarded (10) needs more medical check-ups and advice than the (11) person, since
he may be more (12) to infections. He also may feed poorly, have (13) motor coordination,
be underweight or overweight, lack normal (14), or be hard-of-hearing, and have speech and
language problems.
If he has multiple (15), he requires more medical care than the average.
The retarded individual should be provided with as much education or training as he can
profitably use. Plans begin with early training in the home and in preschool groups. They
continue with special classes for the retarded in public or private schools and job-training for
suitable employment.

1. a. inadequate b. independent c. qualified d. alone

2. a. from b. among c. between d. through
3. a. noting b. to note c. note d. noted
4. a. degeneration b. deterioration c. deficiency d. retardation
5. a. considerations b. formations c. classifications d. functions
6. a. groups b. members c. teams d. assistants
7. a. creates b. keeps c. alleviates d. provokes
8. a. family b. brothers c. people d. relatives
9. a. less b. more c. most d. much
10. a. creature b. character c. patient d. individual
11. a. normal b. ordinary c. average d. conscious
12. a. potential b. probable c. susceptible d. trained
13. a. good b. slow c. active d. poor
14. a. posture b. hearing c. eyesight d. reaction
15. a. handicaps b. retardation c. lesions d. deficiencies

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 The majority of clinical laboratory determinations are done on whole blood, plasma, or
serum. Many of these analyses are (1) in the hematology or chemistry laboratories, but (2)
other areas of the laboratory also (3) venous blood for testing.
Most venous blood (4) are drawn from fasting patients. Most fasting blood is (5) in the
morning before breakfast. This (6) that the food from the previous meals has been (7)
digested and absorbed and any excess has been (8). Food intake, medication, activity, and
time of day can (9) influence the laboratory results for blood specimens. Some of these (10)
are rarely taken into account by the persons (11) the laboratory results. The fasting state is
one fact that is (12) noted, however, especially for glucose, triglyceride, and phosphorus
determinations. Through numerous (13), it has been found that the average meals have (14)
significant effect on the concentration of most blood constituents, with certain (15). Blood
collected directly after a meal is (16) as a postprandial specimen. Food intake significantly
(17) blood glucose and triglycerides, giving a falsely high (18), and phosphorus, giving a
falsely low result. (19) it is the most efficient time of day to draw specimens (20) the
laboratory, most of the blood collecting is done early in the morning, and for this reason,
most of the patients are in the fasting state (having had no food or liquid other than water for
8 to 12 hours).

1. a. done b. made c. determined d. experimented

2. a. the b. all c. few d. many
3. a. recommend b. request c. require d. collect
4. a. components b. specimens c. examples d. types
5. a. drew b. draw c. drawn d. drawing
6. a. means b. allows c. shows d. involves
7. a. absolutely b. completely c. finally d. easily
8. a. discharged b. stored c. saved d. used
9. a. sometimes b. rarely c. also d. all
10. a. facts b. results c. actions d. things
11. a. describing b. explaining c. interpreting d. reading
12. a. occasionally b. personally c. gradually d. carefully
13. a. tests b. studies c. discussions d. conclusions
14. a. some b. any c. not d. no
15. a. exceptions b. instances c. differences d. cases
16. a. taken b. named c. defined d. described
17. a. balances b. produces c. affects d. reduces
18. a. number b. result c. volume d. output
19. a. Although b. Because c. Then d. So
20. a. for b. to c. in d. by

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Reading Comprehension

Directions for questions 1-5. Read each passage carefully and by selecting the one
item -- a, b, c, or d -- appropriately complete the statements which follow. Then mark
your answer sheet.

Measles can be dangerous because of the complications that can follow it. These
include bronchopneumonia, middle-ear infection, and encephalitis. The encephalitis that
occurs in about one out of every one thousand cases of measles often causes permanent
brain damage, resulting in mental retardation.
The only protection against this disease is immunization. Although infants usually have
temporary immunity transferred to them by their mothers who have had the disease, this
immunity gradually disappears after a baby becomes six to nine months old. All children
should be vaccinated when they are twelve months old.

1. Most probably, one of the severe complications of measles is _______.

a. encephalitis
b. brain disturbance
c. bronchopneumonia
d. middle-ear infection

2. The passage suggests that all children should be vaccinated _________.

a. at most before their first birthday

b. within the first six months of their lives
c. before they are affected by the disease
d. if their mothers have not been affected by the disease

3. Mothers who have been infected by measles _________ their children.

a. do not have to vaccinate

b. transfer some acute diseases to
c. may transfer whole-life immunity to
d. may temporarily transfer immunity to

4. The passage implies that the immunity is ___________.

a. permanent for children

b. transferred to all children
c. transferable to all children
d. for a short time for all children

5. The best title for the passage can be ―_____________‖.

a. Acquired Immunity
b. Mother and Infant Diseases
c. Diagnosis and Prevention of Measles
d. Measles Complications and Immunization

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The body requires a source of energy to maintain the normal processes of life and to meet
the demands of activity and growth. Calorie requirements depend mainly on body size, basal
metabolic rate, activity, age, sex, and environmental temperature. Clinical diseases
associated with calorie deficiency are marasmus in children and cachexia in adults. A 70-kg.
male requires approximately 70 calories per hour under basal conditions and up to 600
calories per hour for very heavy muscular work, so that activity levels largely determine gain
or loss of weight on a given diet. Carbohydrate and protein furnish about 4 calories per
gram, alcohol about 7 and fat about 9. The report of the FAO Expert Committee on Calorie
Requirements provides more detailed information.

1. For the body to grow efficiently, it needs ___________.

a. delicious foods
b. 70kg of calories
c. potential capacity
d. a good source of energy

2. The type of activity, age and the body size usually determine ________.

a. basal conditions
b. protein conditions
c. calorie requirements
d. the types of food consumed

3. Cachexia is a problem the source of which most probably is ________.

a. lack of sufficient calorie

b. calorie deficiency in childhood
c. the right function of digestive system
d. the imbalance of body weight and growth

4. The amount of calories the body needs during heavy muscular work is ________.

a. 600 calories per hour

b. 4 calories per gram per hour
c. the same as the body weight
d. nearly eight times the subject’s weight

5. The text refers those who want to know more about the problem to ________.

a. the FAO report

b. other magazines
c. books on nutrition
d. textbooks of clinical disease

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 In primitive societies, sick people had to rely on medicine men and witch doctors.
Some people still rely on them. It was believed that a person was sick because he had been
attacked by evil spirits. The witch doctor’s job was to drive off these spirits.
His technique involved a combination of three methods, the first of which was religious.
He chanted magic words and used good luck charms which he thought had power over the
evil spirits that supposedly had entered the victim’s body. Secondly, he deliberately fed the
patient with an unpleasant and disgusting mixture to make the spirits so uncomfortable that
they would gladly run away and so enable the patient to get well. The third method was to
give the patient medicines prepared from certain plants and herbs that were similar in shape
or texture to the various organs of the body. This was the only method that had any value.
Modern scientific study has shown that some of these remedies had real usefulness in
curing sickness, or at least in relieving pain, but not for the reasons advanced by the witch
doctor.

1. Primitive people believed that sick people __________.

a. were evil spirits

b. should be eradicated
c. had been attacked by a virus
d. had been attacked by evil spirits

2. Magic spells and good luck charms ________.

a. were signs of bad fortune

b. actually drove out evil spirits
c. were a part of the religious procedure of healing
d. made evil spirits powerless against certain herbs

3. When primitive people were cured, it was actually a result of _________.

a. the departure of evil spirits from the body

b. reasons unknown to the witch doctor
c. the witch doctor’s magic prayers
d. the great skill of the witch doctor

4. Many primitive remedies _________.

a. relieved pain
b. remained unpleasant
c. entered the victim’s body
d. were the devil’s inventions

5. Primitive medicines were prepared from ___________.

a. good luck charms

b. organs of the body
c. plants or herbs shaped like body organs
d. plants or herbs available to the witch doctor

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 Laboratory safety is a concern for all personnel. Injuries affect the morale and threaten
the emotional and physical health of the individual involved and his or her coworkers. Injuries
are expensive in terms of lost work days and wages, damaged equipment, and medical
treatment. An injured person may be absent for an indefinite period of time and often cannot
work at peak efficiency on return. Preventive measures as practiced in the laboratory are
essential to the well-being of employees. Such measures include annual safety reviews,
disaster drills, and general consciousness raising by employees of maintaining a safe work
environment. Although inexperience may cause some accidents, others may be a result of
ignoring known risks, haste, carelessness, fatigue, or mental preoccupation (failure to focus
attention or concentrate on what is at hand). Appropriate orientation to safety rules, frequent
review of these rules, and management’s insistence on providing clear guidelines and a safe
work environment will diminish unnecessary exposures to health and safety risks. Each
laboratory must assume responsibility to develop biological exposure and chemical exposure
plans (response action procedures) for the protection of employees.

1. Lab safety is important as injuries in the lab __________.

a. could be valuable
b. damage glassware
c. threaten all personnel
d. are often overpriced

2. It is important to practice safety rules in the lab to _________.

a. lessen problems
b. drill disaster every now and then
c. get a better pay from the employer
d. ensure the well-being of your coworkers

3. Accidents are often the result of ___________.

a. distraction and recklessness

b. obsession and concentration
c. maintaining a safe work environment
d. working with inexperienced technicians

4. Lab workers should be trained to __________ in case of accidents.

a. behave in a preplanned way

b. expose themselves to biological risks
c. make assumptions about chemical reactions
d. provide guidelines for inexperienced coworkers

5. Annual safety reviews aim at ___________ for lab workers.

a. developing exposure risks

b. providing appropriate orientation
c. diminishing unnecessary dangers
d. failing to focus attention on what is at hand

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Temporomandibular disorders is a collective term embracing all the problems relating to the
TMJ and related musculoskeletal structures. Many therapies have been advocated for
treating TMD. A therapy that is commonly provided is an occlusal orthotic, also called a
dental or occlusal appliance or a splint. Occlusal splint/occlusal device/orthotic: “Any
removable artificial occlusal surface used for diagnosis or therapy affecting the relationship
of the mandible to the maxillae. It may be used for occlusal stabilization, for treatment of
TMJ disorders, or to prevent wear of dentition.” The appliance can be made to cover the
occlusal surfaces of maxillary or mandibular teeth and can be fabricated from many different
materials, giving it a hard, soft, or intermediate feel. Occlusal orthotics is beneficial for
masticatory muscle pain, TMJ pain, TMJ noises, restricted jaw mobility, and TMJ dislocation.
Splint therapy is considered an adjunct to pharmacologic therapy and most appropriate when
nocturnal parafunctional activities can be identified. Typically, a flat-plane maxillary occlusal
splint designed for bilateral contact of all teeth is fabricated. Such splints are thought to
unload the joint by disarticulating the dentition and increasing the vertical dimension of
occlusion. By unloading the joint, there will be a reduction in both synovitis and masticatory
muscle activity. Therefore, the result is a reduction in symptoms. These appliances may also
change condylar position and the existing occlusal relationship, thereby reducing abnormal
muscle activity and spasm. Most occlusal splints have one primary function that is to alter an
occlusion so they do not interfere with complete seating of the condyles in centric relation.

1. Which title best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

a. Temporomandibular Disorders
b. Occlusal Splint
c. Pharmacologic Therapy
d. TMJ Problems

2. The word ―It‖ in line 6 refers to _________.

a. Temporomandibular disorders
b. Treating TMD
c. Occlusal splint
d. The relationship of the mandible to the maxillae

3. All of the following can be inferred from the passage, EXCEPT ________.

a. pharmacologic therapy can be replaced by splint therapy

b. flat-plane maxillary occlusal splints reduce the symptoms
c. flat-plane maxillary occlusal splints unload the joint
d. splint is the other name for occlusal orthotic

4. The word ―wear‖ in line 7 is closest in meaning to __________.

a. clothes
b. damage
c. shape
d. coating

5. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a function of splints?

a. Unloading the joints.

b. Changing condylar position.
c. Decreasing spasm.
d. Improving masticatory muscle activity.

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Plaque removal by way of a daily home care regimen has long been emphasized by the
dental professionals and is considered as an important element of oral health. Currently,
many products are designed and promoted to achieve improved oral health. The most
common being the use of toothbrushes, rinses, floss, and dentifrices. Throughout the ages,
dentifrices have been used as a major oral cleansing device. It had been used in ancient
Greek and Roman civilizations as a powder formulation for esthetics, removing objectionable
odors from the mouth, strengthening the teeth, relieving the dental pain and as a
prophylactic paste. The use of dentifrices containing anti-plaque agents has been found to
be effective in preventing periodontal diseases. Today, toothpastes represent the most
commonly manufactured product intended to be used, along with the toothbrush, to prevent
the accumulation, removal, and the metabolic activities of dental plaque. Realizing the
importance of dentifrices in oral health care, toothpaste quality has been improvised on a
regular basis by refining, substituting, and reformulating the toothpaste ingredients. The
effectiveness and functionality of toothpaste is enhanced by adding a variety of safe and
compatible ingredients that may reduce demineralization, interfere with bacterial adhesion,
provide antibacterial action, prevent the formation of supragingival calculus, promote
remineralization, and reduce dentinal hypersensitivity. With the evolution in the composition
of various toothpastes, the cost of the product also increases. Currently, many oral health
care products with varying costs are marketed and sold over the counter. The high risk
population in lower social strata and rural areas in developing countries such as India will
most often rely on products of lower cost, irrespective of the potential benefits of high cost
dentifrices.

1. What would be the best topic for this passage?

a. Plaque removal.
b. Dentifrices.
c. Periodontal diseases.
d. Cost of toothpaste.

2. The word ―prophylactic‖ in line 8 could best be replaced by which of the following?

a. Preventive
b. Protective
c. Productive
d. Predictive

3. The paragraph preceding this passage would most likely concern _________.

a. home care regimen

b. health care in developing countries
c. plaque removal
d. oral health

4. Which of the following CANNOT be inferred from the passage?

a. The price of toothpaste determines how effective it is

b. New oral health products are more beneficial than the old ones
c. All toothpastes are effective no matter the price
d. People in the developing countries are not careful about their health

5. The effectiveness and functionality of toothpaste can be enhanced by ________.

a. antibacterial action
b. bacterial adhesion
c. improving dental sensitivity
d. reducing remineralization

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 Pharmacists have a tremendous opportunity and important duty to reduce the
potentially significant consequences of preventable medication-related morbidity and
mortality. Counseling is one tool that pharmacists can use to reduce or prevent medication-
related problems. Through counseling, pharmacists have the potential to improve patient
compliance with medication regimens, decrease hospital admissions due to adverse
medication events, improve the cost effectiveness of the medication therapy, and improve
the quality of their patients’ lives.
The purpose of this statement by the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists
(ASCP) is to identify the pharmacist’s responsibility for counseling geriatric patients and their
caregivers. ASCP supports pharmacist counseling of all geriatric patients and caregivers. Its
position is as follows: pharmacists should counsel all geriatric patients to the extent possible,
considering their special needs; pharmacists have a duty to assess indication, efficacy,
safety and outcomes of medication therapy as part of the counseling process and ensure
patients understanding of medication regimens; pharmacists should collaborate with other
appropriate interdisciplinary team members to determine what specific information and
counseling are required in each patient care situation.
Consequences of medication-related problems include increased physician visits,
additional visits to allied health care professional, additional medication, additional laboratory
tests, increased hospitalization, additional treatment of new medical problems, and
increased morbidity and mortality.

1. According to the passage, geriatric patients _____________.

a. are to be cared for by pharmacists

b. should solely rely on caregivers advice
c. require counseling because of physical limitations
d. are at a greater risk of medication-related problems

2. Medication-related problems can lead to _____________.

a. greater patient-pharmacist interaction

b. an increased death-rate in the elderly
c. greater need for nursing facilities
d. a higher rate of medication use

3. Counseling provides an opportunity ____________.

a. to improve the probability of positive therapeutic outcomes

b. for pharmacists to reduce the cost of medication
c. for pharmacists to meet other professionals
d. to encourage non-compliance

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The market for deodorants is worth about 210 m pounds and is continuing to grow. This
growth has been encouraged by a dramatic change in consumer attitudes towards personal
hygiene. Deodorants are now considered as important as a toothbrush and a vital part of the
daily hygiene routine.
When looking at putting a roll-on pack together, there are a number of choices on
offer, questions to be asked and decisions to be made. For example, what shape should the
bottle be: oval or round; should it be glass or plastic, transparent, colored or solid? Should it
be labeled, printed or a sleeve applied? Roll-ons, both glass and plastic must have the right
"feel" so that they fit easily into the hand, and provide a surface which can be gripped firmly.
Round and oval bottles often have sculptured faces which offer an attractive surface for
decoration.
The bottle needs to be striking and establish a positive product identity as there is
often no carton and the roll-ons stand alone on the shelf. Therefore, graphics are important,
and a large branding area helps. The decoration has to be durable and able to carry crucial
information throughout the working life of the product. The heavy viscous liquid in most roll-
ons is not particularly attractive so a decision has to be made whether to go for a
transparent, colored or solid bottle.

1. All of the following are considered in roll-on packaging EXCEPT for the
____________.

a. carton
b. bottle shape
c. package design
d. transparency and/or opaqueness

2. The passage mainly discusses the considerations for ____________.

a. the decorative aspect of roll-ons

b. package development for roll-ons
c. composition of a roll-on deodorant
d. incorporation of roll-ons in our daily hygiene routine

3. It can be inferred from the passage that _____________.

a. the cost of roll-ons is on the rise

b. a lot of thought goes into roll-on packaging
c. consumers have almost used 210 million pounds of roll-ons
d. consumers pay as much for roll-ons as they would for toothbrush

4. Roll-ons must be designed such that _____________.

a. they would attract consumers

b. they would discourage personal hygiene
c. the viscous content could become visible
d. the printed information could readily come off

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