In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the
force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, Fs = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring. The law is named after 17th-century British physicist Robert Hooke. He first stated the law in 1676 as a Latin anagram. He published the solution of his anagram in 1678[3] as: ut tensio, sic vis ("as the extension, so the force" or "the extension is proportional to the force").
Hooke states in the 1678 work that he was aware of the law since 1660. Hooke's equation holds (to some extent) in many other situations where an elastic body is deformed, such as wind blowing on a tall building, and a musician plucking a string of a guitar. An elastic body or material for which this equation can be assumed is said to be linear-elastic or Hookean.
Hooke's law is only a first-order linear approximation to the real
response of springs and other elastic bodies to applied forces. It must eventually fail once the forces exceed some limit, since no material can be compressed beyond a certain minimum size, or stretched beyond a maximum size, without some permanent deformation or change of state. Many materials will noticeably deviate from Hooke's law well before those elastic limits are reached. On the other hand, Hooke's law is an accurate approximation for most solid bodies, as long as the forces and deformations are small enough. For this reason, Hooke's law is extensively used in all branches of science and engineering, and is the foundation of many disciplines such as seismology, molecular mechanics and acoustics. It is also the fundamental principle behind the spring scale, the manometer, the galvanometer, and the balance wheel of the mechanical clock.
The modern theory of elasticity generalizes Hooke's law to say that
the strain (deformation) of an elastic object or material is proportional to the stress applied to it. However, since general stresses and strains may have multiple independent components, the "proportionality factor" may no longer be just a single real number, but rather a linear map (a tensor) that can be represented by a matrix of real numbers.
In this general form, Hooke's law makes it possible to deduce the
relation between strain and stress for complex objects in terms of intrinsic properties of the materials they are made of. For example, one can deduce that a homogeneous rod with uniform cross section will behave like a simple spring when stretched, with a stiffness k directly proportional to its cross-section area and inversely proportional to its length. Hooke's law: the force is proportional to the extension What is Hooke’s Law?
Stress and strain take different forms in
different situations. Generally, for small deformations, the stress and strain are proportional to each other, and this is known as Hooke’s Law.
Hooke’s law states that the strain of the
material is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of that material.
When the elastic materials are stretched, the
atoms and molecules deform until stress is applied, and when the stress is removed, they return to their initial state. Hooke’s Law Experiment
Consider a spring with load application, as shown in the
figure.
The figure shows the stable condition of the spring when no load is applied, the condition of the spring when elongated to an amount x under the load of 1 N, the condition of the spring elongated to 2x under the influence of load 2 N.
Depending on the material, different springs will have different
spring constants, which can be calculated. The figure shows us three instances, the stable condition of the spring, the spring elongated to an amount x under a load of 1 N, and the spring elongated to 2x under a load of 2 N.
If we substitute these values in the Hooke’s law equation, we get the
spring constant for the material in consideration. Hooke’s Law Graph
From the origin till the proportional limit nearing yield
strength, the straight line implies that the material follows Hooke’s law. Beyond the elastic limit between proportional limit and yield strength, the material loses its elasticity and exhibits plasticity. The area under the curve from origin to the proportional limit falls under the elastic range. The area under the curve from a proportional limit to the rupture/fracture point falls under the plastic range. The material’s ultimate strength is defined based on the maximum ordinate value given by the stress-strain curve (from origin to rupture). The value provides the rupture with strength at a point of rupture. Hooke’s Law Applications
The applications of Hooke’s law are as given below:
Most commonly, in everyday life, Hooke’s Law is applied in springs because of their elasticity. They are used not only in the Engineering field but also used in the field of Medical Science. It is used in breathing (lungs), skin, spring beds, diving boards and car suspension systems. It is used as a fundamental principle behind the manometer, spring scale and balance wheel of the clock. It is also used as the foundation for seismology, acoustics and molecular mechanics.
Hooke’s Law Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Hooke’s law are as follows:
Hooke’s law is applied only in the elastic region. Hooke’s law gives accurate results only for solid bodies if the forces and deformations are small. Hooke’s Law is not a universal law. While we have learnt in-depth about Hooke’s law, let us also understand the subsequent terms which can be used inside the mechanical properties of solids. Let us quickly go through them. Hooke’s Law Equation in Terms of Stress and Strain For Linear Springs Mathematically, Hooke’s law states that the applied force F equals a constant k, into the displacement or change in length x, or F = kx. The value of k depends not only on the kind of elastic material under consideration but also on its dimensions and shape. All materials exhibit some degree of elasticity. Due to this elastic property, an excellent concept of restoring force comes into the picture. We can measure this elasticity property in the form of a restoring force. This restoring force opposes the deformation force and tries to maintain the original dimensions of the material. Now, consider the elasticity in only one dimension. To verify Hook’s law on this spring-mass system, we need to find the relation between the restoring force and stretch (elongation) for a spring. As we know, the restoring force is proportional to the magnitude of the deformation. This restoring force can be written mathematically as, F = – kx. This expression for Hooke’s law is also known as the spring constant formula. Here, F is restoring force. x represents the magnitude of the distortion or displacement from equilibrium as exhibited in the stretching of a spring or rubber band. k is the proportionality constant, also known as the spring constant. Note – Here, the direction of the force is in the direction opposite that of the displacement, so consider minus sign. CONCLUSTION
What is the conclusion of the
Hooke's Law?
The results of the experiment show that there
is a linear relationship between the force exerted on the spring and the amount of stretch or compression in the spring. This means that if you double the force exerted on the spring, you will double the amount of stretch or compression in the spring.
