STRENGTH OF MATERIAL I

RE 213
Lecture 4
Stress and Strain Notation in Multi-Planes/Dimensions
Analysis of 1-D stress on an inclined plane
Notation of stress in different planes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78K0pbvHzjM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yZNKGxe0H8
 NOTATION, SIGN CONVENTION AND MATRIX
REPRESENTATION
Design Stress Element: this is a useful way to represent stresses acting
at a point on a body. It Isolates a small element and shows stresses
acting on all faces. Dimensions are “infinitesimal”, but are drawn to a
large scale
Plane stress element in 2D

Plane stress element in 3-D

 NOTATION, SIGN CONVENTION AND MATRIX
REPRESENTATION
Part A: STRESS
• Consider a plane whose normal is the x-axis
• The stresses in this plane are
Normal stress
σ σ normal stress in x-direction
Shear stress
τ = shear stress in y-direction due to normal stress in x-direction
τ = shear stress in z-direction due to normal stress in x-direction
• Note: 1st subscript denotes the plane by its normal
2nd subscript denotes the direction of the shear stress
• Consider an element static cube located with reference to the x-y-z
coordinates
• By convention, Normal stress is positive: when a face is +ve and the outer
normal to it is in the +ve direction of the axis
• Shear stress is +ve only if its direction and the face on which it acts are
both either +ve or –ve, Otherwise negative.
Question: Now label the stresses on the cube shown below with reference to
the x-y-z axis shown in Figure 1
 3-D STRESS TENSOR
3-D STRESS TENSOR: Refers to a multidimensional array/matrix of nine stress
components
• The 3-D state of stress above can be represented in matrix form as
σ σ σ σ σ σ σ τ τ σ𝒙 τ𝒙𝒚 τ𝒙𝒛
σ =σ σ σ = σ σ σ = τ σ τ = τ𝒚𝒙 σ𝒚 τ𝒚𝒛
σ σ σ σ σ σ τ τ σ τ𝒛𝒙 τ𝒛𝒚 σ𝒛
There are 9 stresses : Since the element is in equilibrium it can easily be shown
that
τ = τ : τ = τ : τ = τ These are termed as complementary shear stress
Thus for 3-D we have only six independent stresses σ𝒙 , σ𝒚 σ𝒛 , τ𝒙𝒚 τ𝒙𝒛 and τ𝒚𝒛
Equilibrium condition
Part B: Strain
• Normal strains have got only one subscript similar to and
• Shear strain has got two subscripts. The 1st indicates the direction in
which the deforming plane lies and the 2nd direction towards which the
deforming plane tends to deform
• Shear strains are +ve when both the direction of the plane and the
direction of deformation are either both +ve or –ve , otherwise –ve

= Displacement vector: Ú=
• Through partial differential
= where i=x, y and z and j=x, y and z

Normal strain: = = similar to and

Shear strains e.g =

Class Example 4.1: The deformation of a block of material is expressed

by the displacement vector field U given as
Ú=[(3.5 +4.5x +(6x+7y)j+0k]x m construct strain matrix at a
point (x,y,z)=(2,1,2)
 Analysis of 1-D stress on an inclined plane

What is a plane?
Key concepts prior
• The planes with no shear stress are known as principal planes.
• Hence principal planes are the planes of zero shear stress. These
planes carry only normal stresses.
• The normal stresses, acting on a principal plane, are known as
principal stresses.
• The stresses were acting in a plane that was perpendicular to the
force's line of action. In many engineering scenarios, both direct
stresses (tensile or compressive) and shear stresses occur
simultaneously.
• In such cases, the resultant stress across any section will be a
combination of these effects.
• The stresses on the oblique section are determined by the following
methods :
1. Analytical method and
2. Graphical method.
 Part A: Analysis Method

• Consider the two-force member subjected to axial forces P and P’. If we pass a
section forming an angle with a normal plane
• Draw the free-body diagram of the portion of the member located to the left
of that section the equilibrium conditions of the free body show that the
distributed forces acting on the section must be equivalent to the force P
Computation Normal stress
Axial force on the plane: P cosθ
( )
Area AC = i.e θ = A/cosθ
cosθ
• Normal stress in plane θ = =
A/cosθ

From Cos 2 +1) =

• Stress in plane θ = ( ) Cos 2 +1)

𝟏
σ𝛉 = σ𝒙 (Cos 2 +1)…………….(1)
𝟐
Computation shear stress
• Shear force on the plane: -Psinθ (based on selected axis)
( )
• Area AC = i.e θ = A/cosθ
cosθ
• Shear stress in plane θ = =
A/cosθ

From 2 )=

• Shear stress in plane θ = ( ) 2 )

𝟏
τθ = 𝟐 𝒙
σ (Sin2 ) ……………(2)
Principal planes
• From computations it is clear that there is values of θ for which shear
stress is zero i.e. τθ = 0
• The planes on which the shear stress is zero is called principal planes
• And the normal stresses on these planes are called principal stress
• When for τθ = 0 Therefore sin2θ = 0
• From trigonometry this gives 2 values 2θ = 0 and 2θ = 180
• Hence two values of θ differ by 90. Thus, principal planes are two
planes at right angles to each other
Computations of angles
From sin and cos, functions recall for general formulae.
Sin : = nπ + α
Cos: = 2nπ α in computations or use graphical means
Principal stresses
• The normal stresses on the principal planes are called principal
stresses σ𝟏 and σ𝟐 where σ𝟏 > σ𝟐
• The practical importance of the principal stresses is that they are the
maximum and minimum values of the normal stresses at the point
• Thus for uniaxial stress the
Two principal stresses are σ𝟏 = σ𝒙 and σ𝒚 = σ𝟐

Maximum shear stress

σ𝒙 σ𝟏
• Maximum shear stress, τ = =
Class example 4.2
Rectangular bar of cross-sectional area 10000 mm2 is subjected to an
axial load of 20 kN. Determine the normal and shear stresses on a
section which is inclined at an angle of 30 0 with normal cross-
section of the bar.
Ans: 1.5MPa, -0.866MPa
Class example 4.3
Find the diameter of a circular bar which is subjected to an axial pull
of 160 kN, if the maximum allowable shear stress on any section is
65 N/ mm2
Ans: 39.58 mm
Class Example 4.4
A rectangular bar of cross-sectionat area of 11000 mm2 is
subjected to a tensile load P as shown . The permissible normal
and shear stresses on the oblique plane BC are given as 7 N/mm2
and 3.5 N/mm2 respectively. Determine the safe value of P
Ans: 88.913 kN.
Part B: Graphical method
• The circle used in the preceding section to derive the equations
relating to the transformation of plane stress was introduced by the
German engineer Otto Mohr (1835–1918) and is known as Mohr’s
circle for plane stress.
• This circle can be used to obtain an alternative method for the
solution of the problems considered .
• This method is based on simple geometric considerations and does
not require the use of specialized equations. While originally designed
for graphical solutions, a calculator may also be used
 What is Mohr’s circle
• Mohr's circle is a graphical method of finding normal, tangential and
resultant stresses on an oblique plane.
• Mohr’s circle for 1-D Stress
For pure normal and direct stress
𝟏 𝟏
σ𝛉 σ𝒙 = σ𝒙 Cos 2
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
τ𝛉 = σ𝒙 Sin2 square both sides then add up
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
σ𝛉 σ𝒙 τ𝛉 = σ𝒙
𝟐 𝟐

Compare to ( 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏
Hence Radius of circle = σ𝒙
𝟐
𝟏
Centre of circle = ( σ𝒙 ,0)
𝟐
Mohr’s circle critical points

• Points on the circle represents stress state on the plane as it moves

from 0-360˚
• Point A represents zero shear stress and maximum normal stress and
point O represents zero shear stress and minimum shear stress
• Any radius represents direction of normal stress on the plane
• Angles on MSC are twice the angle in the stress element If normal
rotates by 30 in MSC the rotation is 60 in the same direction
• The radius of MSC gives maximum shear stress on the plane
Class Example 4.5
A 40 mm round bar carries an axial pull of 160kN.
(a) Using the equations developed determine what planes will have a
shear stress of 20 MPa (ccw)
(b) Using equations determine the normal stresses on the planes
(c) Confirm that you get same results using free hand sketch of the
MSC as computational aid
Take longitudinal axis of the bar as x-axis
Ans: (a) -9.15,-80.85 (b) 124.1MPa,3.2MPa (c)
Class Example 5.6
It is observed that the stress in certain section plane of a loaded
structure in uniaxial stress in x direction are σ = 100MPa and τ = 60
MPa (cw). Freehand sketch the MSC and with aid determine the
following
(a) The principal stress in the structure
(b) The orientation of the given plane to the major principal plane
(c) The maximum shear stress and the orientation of its plane to the
given plane

Can you use equations for verification?

Solution
Mohr stress circle for pure shear
• Consider the case of pure shear then consider an oblique plane a-a
inclined at θ ccw from +ve y-axis as shown in figure , Following a similar
analysis

𝜽= 𝒙𝒚 (Sin2 ) 𝜽= 𝒙𝒚 (Cos2 )

• Consider squaring both sides and adding up

𝜽 + 𝜽 = 𝒙𝒚
Mohr stress circle for pure shear
• Compare 𝜽 + 𝜽 = 𝒙𝒚 and + = which represents circle of
the equation
 Note on equations and MSC usage:
• The formulae developed are taken in a counter-clockwise direction.
Therefore, shear is positive in a counterclockwise direction and negative
in a clockwise direction
• When drawing an MSC the value of shear is positive clockwise and
negative in counterclockwise
• When solving the angle of the plane or finding the orientation of the
plane. The angles value must be two since two planes are formed,
i.e, X and Y.
• In your circle label all σ𝟏 σ𝟐 , σƟ𝟏 and σƟ𝟐