Basic Signals

Signals and Systems

Prof. Jyotsna Bapat
Recap
• Signal Properties:
• Periodic vs aperiodic
• Power vs energy
• Causal vs noncausal
• Odd vs Even

• Signal Operations:
• Amplitude scaling
• Time Scaling
• Shifting
• Folding

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Periodicity
• What is the span of a Periodic signal ?

• Find whether the given signal is periodic and find fundamental

period :
1. 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 4𝜋𝑡
2. 𝑥 𝑡 = sin 6𝜋𝑡 + cos(5𝜋𝑡)
3. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 "!#
4. 𝑥 𝑛 = cos(!"
#
!)

5. 𝑥 𝑛 = sin(!"
#
$"
!) + cos( !)
%

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Problems
1. Find the even and odd components of 𝑒 !"

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Problems
1. Find the even and odd components of 𝑒 !"

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Show that the product of two even signals or of two odd signals
is an even signal and that the product of an even and an odd
signaI is an odd signal.

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Show that the product of two even signals or of two odd signals
is an even signal and that the product of an even and an odd
signaI is an odd signal.

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For each of the following signal determine if it is even or odd or
neither even nor odd

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Some Important Signals
• Complex exponential
x(t) = C eat

In general, both “C” and “a” are complex

Let’s examine the signal for the various values that “C” and
“a” can take

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Case (i) Both “C” and “a” are Real
• x(t) = C eat à Scaling factor is Real
à Exponent is also Real
• The signal becomes a Real-exponential
• If a > 0, then the signal increases exponentially
• If a < 0, then the signal decreases exponentially
• What will be the Signal value at a = 0?

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Case (i) Both “C” and “a” are Real

x(t) = C eat à Scaling factor is Real

à Exponent is also Real

Lets plot for some specific values :

C = 5, a = 0.5
C = -5, a = 1
C = 5, a = -0.5
C = -5, a = -1

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Plots

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Plots

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Plots

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Plots

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Case (ii) Let “a” be purely imaginary
x(t) = C eat
a = jw0

Then, x(t) = C eat = C ejw0t

x(t) = C [ cos(w0t) + j sin(w0t)]

x(t) is periodic with period 2p/w0

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Periodicity of cos(w0t)
• Let x(t) = cos(w0t)

• Then x(t + T0) = cos(w0 (t + T0))

x(t + T0) = cos(w0t + w0T0) = cos(w0t + 2p))

w0T0 = 2p

• Hence T0 = 2p/w0

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Role of “C”
• If “C” is Real, then the amplitude of the sinusoid is scaled by “C”
Say, C = 2, then the plot of 2sin(w0t)
• If “C” is Complex, then the phase of the sinusoid gets influenced

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Role of “C”
• Say, C = αejβ
• And we have already set, a = jw0

x(t) = C eat = αejβeat = αejβejw0t = αej(β+w0t)

• Hence, x(t) = α[cos(w0t + β) + j sin(w0t + β) ]

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Case (iii) Both “C” and “a” are complex

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Problem
• Given 𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 6𝜋𝑡 , find amplitude, frequency
and period.

What does “w” denote ?

What is its relation to frequency “f” ?

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Problems
• Find parameters of these signals, plot them

1) 𝑦 𝑡 = 12 𝑒 "$%! &
2) 𝑥 𝑡 = 7𝑒 '" 𝑒 "!&

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Discrete –time complex exponentials

• Recap : The Cts-time complex exponential , 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 ["#]

• Discrete-time complex exponential is defined as : 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝛼 #

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 Case (i) : C and α are Real
• If C and α are Real, then for
(i) |α| > 1
The sequence 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝛼 ! grows Exponentially
(ii) |α| < 1
The sequence 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝛼 ! decays Exponentially
(iii) α = 1, Then the sequence is Constant

If α is POSITIVE, all values have the same sign

If α is NEGATIVE, the sign of x[n] alternates

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Plots

(i) |α| > 1

The sequence (ii) |α| < 1
x[n] = Cαn grows The sequence
Exponentially x[n] = Cαn decays
Exponentially

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Plots

If α is NEGATIVE, the sign of x[n] What sequence is this ?

alternates

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Case (ii) : C is Real; Let “α = eβ” where β is purely imaginary

Since β is purely imaginary , β = 𝑗𝜔0

"(! #
Then 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶𝑒

i.e. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶[cos 𝜔0𝑛 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔0𝑛 ]

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Case (iii) : C is Complex; α is also complex

• Let 𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑒 ")
• Let 𝛼 = 𝛼 𝑒 "(!
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶 |𝛼|# {𝐶[cos 𝜔0𝑛 + 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜔0𝑛 + 𝜃 }

What are the different cases to consider ??

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Case (iii) : C is Complex; α is also complex

• Let 𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑒 ")
• Let 𝛼 = 𝛼 𝑒 "(!
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶 |𝛼|# {[cos 𝜔0𝑛 + 𝜃 + 𝑗 sin 𝜔0𝑛 + 𝜃 }

For |α| =1, we get pure sinusoids

For |α| < 1, we get decaying envelope

For |α| > 1, we get growing envelope

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Plots

For |α| > 1, we get growing For |α| < 1, we get decaying
envelope envelope

For |α| =1, we get pure

sinusoids

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 Do signal Properties change ?
Cts è Discrete-time
Consider x(t) = t
Properties : Monotonic Increasing, Non-periodic

Consider its Discrete version x[n] = n

Properties : Monotonic Increasing, Non-periodic

Are signal properties preserved for all signals..??

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 Do signal Properties change ? Cts è Discrete-time
Consider 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 $%&
For 𝜔 = 𝜔1, we get 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑒 $%"&
= cos 𝜔1𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔1𝑡)
'(
Period =
%"
For 𝜔 = 𝜔2, we get 𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑒 $%#&
= cos 𝜔2𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔2𝑡)
'(
Period = %
#

If 𝜔1 ≠ 𝜔2, then 𝑥1 𝑡 ≠ 𝑥2 𝑡
Is this always true..?? YES..
Distinct values of “𝜔” lead to Distinct signals
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• Consider 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 "(#
For 𝜔 = 𝜔1, we get 𝑥1[𝑛] = 𝑒 "("#
For 𝜔 = 𝜔2 = 𝜔1 + 2𝜋
Then 𝑥2 𝑛 = 𝑒 "(## = 𝑒 " ("%!+ #
= 𝑒 "("# 𝑒 !+# = 𝑒 "("#

So we get 𝑥1[𝑛] = 𝑥2[𝑛]

i.e. Distinct sinusoids exist only in the interval 0 to 2𝜋

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Periodicity
• Let’s say ‘N’ (an Integer) is the period of x[n] = ejwn
• Then it follows that, x[n] = x[n+N]

• i.e. ejwn = ejw (n+N) = ejwn ejwN

• This can only be true if ejwN = 1

• i.e. ejwN = ej(2p)k, where k is an Integer

• wN = (2p)k
• w should be 2pk/N

w should be a rational Multiple of (2p)

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Varying values of w
Look at the signal as w increases from 0 to 2p:
x[n] = ejwn
At w = 0, it is a constant signal with “0” rate of oscillation
As w increases, the rate of oscillation also increases

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Plots : Varying w

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Varying values of w
Look at the signal as w increases from 0 to 2p :
x[n] = ejwn
At w = 0, it is a constant signal with “0” rate of oscillation
As w increases, the rate of oscillation also increases
At w = p, the rate of oscillation is maximum
At w greater than p, the rate of oscillation starts to decrease
As w reaches 2p, we get back the same constant sequence as w = 0

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Features of ejwt
• {ejwt} Distinct signals for distinct values of w

• Periodic for any choice of w

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Comparison: {ejwt} vs {ejwn}

• {ejwt} Distinct {ejwn} Identical signals

signals for distinct for values of w that
values of w are separated by
multiples of 2p

• Periodic for any Periodic only if w is a

choice of w rational multiple of 2p

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