BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION
Todays PCs are essentially deaf, dumb, and blind. They can't see you, they can't hear you, and they certainly don't care a whit how you feel. Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Researchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings. Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting with you. Reeves and Nass at Stanford University suggest that the interaction between human and machine is largely natural and social, indicating that factors important in human-human interaction are also important in humancomputer interaction. In human-human interaction, it has been argued that skills of socalled emotional intelligence are more important than are traditional mathematical and verbal skills of intelligence. These skills include the ability to recognize the emotions of another and to respond appropriately to these emotions. Whether or not these particular skills are more important than certain other skills will depend on the situation and goals of the used, but what is clear is that these skills are important in humanhuman interaction, and when they are missing, interaction is more likely to be perceived as frustrating and not very intelligent. Aims:

To design smarter devices To create devices with emotional intelligence To create computational devices with perceptual abilities

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2. IMPLEMANTATION OF BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY

2.1 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN During the functional design phase we used UML standard use case notation, which shows the functions the system offers to particular users. BlueEyes has three groups of users: operators, supervisors and system administrators. Operator is a person whose physiological parameters are supervised. The operator wears the DAU. The only functions offered to that user are authorization in the system and receiving alarm alerts. Such limited functionality assures the device does not disturb the work of the operator shown in the figure1.

Figure 1: Mobile Device User

Authorization the function is used when the operators duty starts. After inserting his personal ID card into the mobile device and entering proper PIN code the device will start listening for incoming Bluetooth connections. Once the connection has been established and authorization process has succeeded (the PIN code is correct) central system starts monitoring the operators physiological parameters. The authorization process shall be repeated after reinserting the ID card. It is not, however, required on reestablishing Bluetooth connection. Receiving alerts the function supplies the operator with the information about the most important alerts regarding his or his co-workers condition and mobile device state (e.g. connection lost, battery low). Alarms are signaled by using a beeper, earphone providing central system sound feedback and a small alphanumeric LCD display, which shows more detailed information. Supervisor is a person responsible for analyzing operators condition and performance. The supervisor receives tools for inspecting present values of the parameters ( on line browsing) On- as well as browsing the results of long-term analysis (Off-line browsing).
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During the on-line browsing it is possible to watch a list of currently working operators and the status of their mobile devices. Selecting one of the operators enables the supervisor to check the operators current physiological condition (e.g. a pie chart showing active brain involvement) and a history of alarms regarding the operator. All new incoming alerts are displayed immediately so that the supervisor is able to react fast. However, the presence of the human supervisor is not necessary since the system is equipped with reasoning algorithms and can trigger user-defined actions (e.g. to inform the operators co-workers). During off-line browsing it is possible to reconstruct the course of the operators duty with all the physiological parameters, audio and video data. A comprehensive data analysis can be performed enabling the supervisor to draw conclusions on operators overall performance and competency (e.g. for working night shifts). System administrator is a user that maintains the system. The administrator delivers tools for adding new operators to the database, defining alarm conditions, configuring logging tools and creating new analyzer modules. While registering new operators the administrator enters appropriate data (and a photo if available) to the system database and programs his personal ID card. Defining alarm conditions the function enables setting up user-defined alarm conditions by writing condition-action rules (e.g. low saccadic activity during a longer period of time inform operators co-workers, wake him up using the beeper or playing appropriate sound and log the event in the database).Designing new analyzer modules-based on earlier recorded data the administrator can create new analyzer module that can recognize other behaviors than those which are built-in the system. The new modules are created using decision tree induction algorithm. The administrator names the new behavior to be recognized and points the data associated with it. The results received from the new modules can be used in alarm conditions. Monitoring setup enables the administrator to choose the parameters to monitor as well as the algorithms of the desired accuracy to compute parameter values. Logger setup provides tools for selecting the parameters to be recorded. For audio data sampling frequency can be chosen. As regards the video signal, a delay between storing consecutive frames can be set (e.g. one picture in every two seconds).

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Database maintenance here the administrator can remove old or uninteresting data from the database. The uninteresting data is suggested by the built-in reasoning system. 2.2 WHY THE NAME BLUE EYES? Blue in this term stands for Bluetooth, which enables reliable wireless communication and the Eyes because the eye movement enables us to obtain a lot of interesting and important information. As the idea is to monitor and record operators basic physiological parameters, the most important physiological activity is the movement of eyes. For a computer to sense the eye movement, wiring between operator and the system is required. But, this is a serious limitation of the operators mobility and disables his operations in large control rooms. So utilization of wireless technology becomes essential which can be implemented through blue tooth technology. Is it necessary to make computer function what a human brain does? Yes, human error is still one of the most frequent causes of catastrophes (calamity) and ecological disasters, because human contribution to the overall performance of the system is left unsupervised. The control instruments within the machine have automated it to large extent, thus Human operator becomes a passive observer of the supervised system, resulting in weariness and vigilance drop, but the user needs to active. But Why? Is it really needed that a human brain be active? He may not notice important changes of indications causing financial or ecological consequences, which is a threat to human life. Thus, its crucial that operators brain is involved in an active system supervising over the whole work time period. 2.3 HOW CAN WE GIVE COMPUTER THE HUMAN POWER ? It uses non-obtrusive sensing method, employing most modern video cameras and microphones to identify the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities. The blue eyes system checks the physiological parameters like eye movement, heart beat rate and blood oxygenation against abnormal and undesirable values and triggers user-defined alarms when necessary. Blue eyes technology requires designing a personal area network linking all the operators and the supervising system. As the operator using his sight and hearing, senses the state of the controlled system, the supervising system will look after his physiological condition.

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The use of a miniature CMOS camera integrated into the eye movement sensor will enable the system to calculate the point of gaze and observe what the operator is actually looking at. Introducing voice recognition algorithm will facilitate the communication between the operator and the central system and simplify authorization process. 2.4 COMPUTERS CAN DO THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES IN FUTURE: As you walk by the computer screen, for example, the camera would immediately "sense" your presence and automatically turn on room lights, the television, or radio while popping up your favorite Internet website on the display.

Imagine in a fine morning you walk on to your computer room and switch on your computer, and then it tells you Hey friend, good morning you seem to be a bad mood today. And then it opens your mail box and shows you some of the mails and tries to cheer you. It seems to be a fiction, but it will be the life lead by BLUE EYES in the very near future.

You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.

A blue eyes enabled TV set would become active when we look in its directions. Voice commands could then tune your favorite channel and adjust the volume.

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3. EMOTION MOUSE
One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition, etc. Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using their computer. In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse shown in the figure2. From the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to gain a sense of the user's personality. The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in order to create a better working environment where the user is more productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here.

Figure 2: Emotion Mouse

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3.1 EMOTION AND COMPUTING Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational decision making as Picard describes, but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving our efforts to detect a persons emotional state. An important element of incorporating emotion into computing is for productivity for a computer user. A study (Dryer & Horowitz, 1997) has shown that people with personalities that are similar or complement each other collaborate well. Dryer (1999) has also shown that people view their computer as having a personality. For these reasons, it is important to develop computers which can work well with its user. By matching a persons emotional state and the context of the expressed emotion, over a period of time the persons personality is being exhibited. Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which fits with its users personality. The result of this collaboration could increase productivity for the user. One way of gaining information from a user non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a persons emotional state (Johnson, 1999). We have explored gaining information through touch. One obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse. Through observing normal computer usage (creating and editing documents and surfing the web), people spend approximately 1/3 of their total computer time touching their input device. Because of the incredible amount of time spent touching an input device, we will explore the possibility of detecting emotion through touch.

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4. PARTS OF BLUE-EYES SYSTEM

The major parts in the Blue eye system are Data Acquisition Unit and Central System Unit. The tasks of the mobile Data Acquisition Unit are to maintain Bluetooth connections, to get information from the sensor and sending it over the wireless connection, to deliver the alarm messages sent from the Central System Unit to the operator and handle personalized ID cards. Central System Unit maintains the other side of the Blue tooth connection, buffers incoming sensor data, performs on-line data analysis, records the conclusions for further exploration and provides visualization interface.

Figure 3: System Overview 4.1 DATA ACQUISITION UNIT Data Acquisition Unit shown in figure 4 is a mobile part of the Blue eyes system. Its main task is to fetch the physiological data from the sensor and to send it to the central system to be processed. To accomplish the task the device must manage wireless Bluetooth

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connections (connection establishment, authentication and termination). Personal ID cards and PIN codes provide operator's authorization.

Figure 4: Data Acquisition Unit Communication with the operator is carried on using a simple 5-key keyboard, a small LCD display and a beeper. When an exceptional situation is detected the device uses them to notify the operator. Voice data is transferred using a small headset, interfaced to the DAU with standard mini-jack plugs. To provide the Data Acquisition Unit with necessary physiological data JAZZ Multisensory is used. It supplies raw digital data regarding eye position, the level of blood oxygenation, acceleration along horizontal and vertical axes and ambient light intensity.
4.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA SENSOR

To provide the Data Acquisition Unit with necessary physiological data an off-shelf eye movement sensor Jazz Multisensor shown in figure5 is used. It supplies raw digital data regarding eye position, the level of blood oxygenation, acceleration along horizontal and vertical axes and ambient light intensity. Eye movement is measured using direct infrared

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oculographic transducers. (The eye movement is sampled at 1 kHz, the other parameters at 250 Hz. The sensor sends approximately 5.2 kB of data per second.)

Figure 5: Jazz Multisensor

4.1.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATION Microcontrollers (e.g. Atmel 8952 microcontroller)can be used as the core of the Data Acquisition Unit since it is a well-established industrial standard and provides necessary functionalities(i.e. high speed serial port)at a low price.

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The Bluetooth module supports synchronous voice data transmission .The codec reduces the microcontrollers tasks and lessens the amount of data being sent over the UART. The Bluetooth module performs voice data compression, which results in smaller bandwidth utilization and better sound quality.

Figure 6: Hardware Specification Communication between the Bluetooth module and the microcontroller is carried on using standard UART interface. The speed of the UART is set to 115200 bps in order to assure that the entire sensor data is delivered in time to the central system. The alphanumeric LCD display gives more information of incoming events and helps the operator enter PIN code. The LED indicators shows the result of built-in-self-test, power level and the state of wireless connection. The simple keyboard is used to react to incoming events and to enter PIN code while performing authorization procedure. The ID card interface helps connect the operators personal identification card to the DAU. After inserting the card authorization procedure

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starts. The operators unique identifier enables the supervising system to distinguish different operators. The hardware specification is shown in figure6.

4.1.2 MICROCONTROLLER SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION DAU software is written in assembler code, which assures the highest program efficiency and the lowest resource utilization. The DAU communicates with the Bluetooth module using Host Controller Interface (HCI) commands

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Figure 7: Micro controller software specification In the No ID card state a self-test is performed to check if the device is working correctly. After the self-test passes the sensor and Bluetooth module are reset and some initialization commands are issued(i.e. HCI_Reset, HCI_Ericsson_Set_UART_Baud_Rate etc.). Once the initialization has been successfully completed the device starts to check periodically for ID card presence by attempting to perform an I2C start condition. When the
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attempt succeeds and the operators identifier is read correctly the device enters User authorization state. In the User authorization state the operator is prompted to enter his secret PIN code. If the code matches the code read from the inserted ID card the device proceeds waiting for incoming Bluetooth connections.On entering Waiting for connection state the DAU puts the Bluetooth module in Inquiry and Page Scan mode. After the first connection request appears, the DAU accepts it and enters Connection authentication state.In the Connection authentication state the DAU issues Authentication Requested HCI command. On Link Controllers Link_Key_Request the DAU sends Link_Key_Negative_Reply in order to force the Bluetooth module to generate the link key based on the supplied system access PIN code. After a successful authentication the DAU enters the Data Processing state, otherwise it terminates the connection and enters the Waiting for connection state. The main DAU operation takes place in the Data Processing state. In the state five main kinds of events are handled. Since the sensor data has to be delivered on time to the central system, data fetching is performed in high-priority interrupt handler procedure. Every 4ms the Jazz sensor raises the interrupt signaling the data is ready for reading. The following data frame is used:

Figure 7: Jazz Sensor frame format The preamble is used to synchronize the beginning of the frame, EyeX represents the horizontal position of the eye, EyeY vertical, AccX and AccY the acceleration vectors along X and Y axes, PulsoOxy, Batt and Light blood oxygenation, voltage level and light intensity respectively. The received data is stored in an internal buffer; after the whole frame is completed the DAU encapsulates the data in an ACL frame and sends it over the Bluetooth link. (The fetching phase takes up approx. 192s (24 frames x 8s) and the sending phase takes at 115200 bps approx. 2,8 ms, so the timing fits well in the 4ms window.) In every state removing the ID card causes the device to enter the No ID card state, terminating all the
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established connections. The second groups of events handled in the Data Processing state are system messages and alerts. They are sent from the central system using the Bluetooth link. Since the communication also uses microcontrollers interrupt system the events are delivered instantly. The remaining time of the microcontroller is utilized performing LCD display, checking the state of the buttons, ID card presence and battery voltage level. Depending on which button is pressed appropriate actions are launched. In every state removing the ID card causes the device to enter the No ID card state terminating all the established connections.In the DAU there are two independent data sources-Jazz sensor and Bluetooth Host Controller. Since they are both handled using the interrupt system it is necessary to decide which of the sources should have higher priority. Giving the sensor data the highest priority may result in losing some of the data sent by the Bluetooth module, as the transmission of the sensor data takes twice as much time as receiving one byte from UART. Missing one single byte sent from the Bluetooth causes the loss of control over the transmission. On the other hand, giving the Bluetooth the highest priority will make the DAU stop receiving the sensor data until the Host Controller finishes its transmission. Central system alerts are the only signals that can appear during sensor data fetching after all the unimportant Bluetooth events have been masked out. The best solution would be to make the central unit synchronize the alerts to be sent with the Bluetooth data reception. As the delivered operating system is not a real-time system, the full synchronization is not possible. As the Bluetooth module communicates asynchronously with the microcontroller there was a need of implementing a cyclic serial port buffer, featuring UART CTS/RTS flow control and a producer-consumer synchronization mechanism. 4.2 CENTRAL SYSTEM UNIT Central System Unit shown in figure8 ,hardware is the second peer of the wireless connection. The box contains a Bluetooth module (based on ROK101008) and a PCM codec for voice data transmission. The module is interfaced to a PC using a parallel, serial and USB cable. The audio data is accessible through standard mini-jack sockets over view of central system unit To program operator's personal ID cards we developed a simple programming

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device. The programmer is interfaced to a PC using serial and PS/2 (power source) ports. Inside, there is Atmel 89C2051 microcontroller, which handles UART transmission and I2C EEPROM (ID card) programming.

Figure 8: Central System Unit 4.2.1 CONNECTION MANAGER

Figure 9: connection manager components Connection Managers main task is to perform low-level Bluetooth communication using Host Controller Interface commands. It is designed to cooperate with all available Bluetooth devices in order to support roaming. Additionally, Connection Manager authorizes operators, manages their sessions, demultiplexes and buffers raw physiological data. Figure 11 shows Connection Manager Architecture. Transport Layer Manager hides the details regarding
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actual Bluetooth physical transport interface (which can be either RS232 or UART or USB standard) and provides uniform HCI command interface. Bluetooth Connection Manager is responsible for establishing and maintaining connections using all available Bluetooth devices. It periodically inquires new devices in an operating range and checks whether they are registered in the system database. Only with those devices the Connection Manager will communicate. After establishing a connection an authentication procedure occurs. The authentication process is performed using system PIN code fetched from the database. Once the connection has been authenticated the mobile unit sends a data frame containing the operators identifier. Finally, the Connection Manager adds a SCO link (voice connection) and runs a new dedicated Operator Manager, which will manage the new operators session. Additionally, the Connection Manager maps the operators identifiers into the Bluetooth connections, so that when the operators roam around the covered area a connection with an appropriate Bluetooth device is established and the data stream is redirected accordingly. The data of each supervised operator is buffered separately in the dedicated Operator Manager. At the startup it communicates with the Operator Data Manager in order to get more detailed personal data. The most important Operator Managers task is to buffer the incoming raw data and to split it into separate data streams related to each of the measured parameters. The raw data is sent to a Logger Module, the split data streams are available for the other system modules through producer-consumer queues. Furthermore, the Operator Manager provides an interface for sending alert messages to the related operator. Operator Data Manager provides an interface to the operator database enabling the other modules to read or write personal data and system access information. 4.2.2 DATA ANALYSIS MODULE The module performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in order to obtain information about the operators physiological condition. The separately running Data Analysis Module supervises each of the working operators. The module consists of a number of smaller analyzers extracting different types of information. Each of the analyzers registers at the appropriate Operator Manager or another analyzer as a data consumer and, acting as a

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producer, provides the results of the analysis. An analyzer can be either a simple signal filter (e.g. Finite Input Response (FIR) filter) or a generic data extractor (e.g. signal variance, saccade detector) or a custom detector module. As it is not able to predict all the supervisors needs, the custom modules are created by applying a supervised machine learning algorithm to a set of earlier recorded examples containing the characteristic features to be recognized. In the prototype we used an improved C4.5 decision tree induction algorithm. The computed features can be e.g. the operators position (standing, walking and lying) or whether his eyes are closed or opened. As built-in analyzer modules we implemented a saccade detector, visual attention level, blood oxygenation and pulse rate analyzers. The saccade detector registers as an eye movement and accelerometer signal variance data consumer and uses the data to signal saccade occurrence. Since saccades are the fastest eye movements the algorithm calculates eye movement velocity and checks physiological Constraints. The algorithm has two main steps:

User adjustment step. The phase takes up 5 s. After buffering approx. 5 s of the signal differentiate it using three point central difference algorithm, which will give eye velocity time series. Sort the velocities by absolute value and calculate upper 15% of the border velocity along both X v0x and Y v0y axes . As a result v0x and v0y are cut-off velocities.

On-line analyzer flow. Continuously calculate eye movement velocity using three point central difference algorithms. If the velocity excess pre calculated v0 (both axes are considered separately) there is a possibility of saccade occurrence. Check the following conditions (if any of them is satisfied do not detect a saccade):

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5. APPLICATIONS

It has the ability to gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc.

It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It can verify your identity, feel your presence, and start interacting with you. The machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even realize his physical or emotional states.

It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse. It can reconstruct the course of operators work. Computer with this technology could move the cursor by following the direction of the user's eyes. Blue Eyes system can be applied in every working environment requiring permanent operator's attention at power plant control rooms, at captain bridges, at flight control centers

Measurement of heart rate, temperature, galvanic skin response (GSR), general somatic activity Six basic emotions are anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. Heart rate was measured with chest strap sensor, temperature with thermocouple attached to a digital multimeter (DMM), GSR also with DMM, somatic movement with computer mouse movements.

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6. BLUE EYED DEVICES

6.1 POD: The first blue Eye enabled mass production device was POD, the car manufactured by TOYOTA. It could keep the driver alert and active. It could tell the driver to go slow if he is driving too fast and it could pull over driving too fast and it could pull over the driver when he feels drowsy. Also it could hear the driver some sort of interesting music when he is getting bored.

Figure 10:POD 6.2 PONG: IBM released a robot designed for demonstrating the new technology. The Blue Eyes robot is equipped with a computer capable of analyzing a person's glances and other forms of expressions of feelings, before automatically determining the next type of action. IBM has released a robot called PONG, which is equipped with the Blue Eyes technology. PONG is capable of perceiving the person standing in front of it, smiles when the person calls his name, and expresses loneliness when it loses sight of the person.

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Figure 11: PONG

7. CONCLUSION
The final thing is to explain the name of our system. Blue Eyes emphasizes the foundations of the project Bluetooth technology and the movements of the eyes. Bluetooth provides reliable wireless communication whereas the eye movements enable us to obtain a lot of interesting and important information. The BLUE EYES technology ensures a convenient way of simplifying the life by providing more delicate and user friendly facilities in computing devices. In the near future, ordinary household devices such as televisions, refrigerators and ovenswill do their jobs when we look at them and speak at them.

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8. REFERENCES
[1] AT89C52 8-bit Microcontroller Datasheet, Atmel. [2] Bluetooth specification, version 1.0B, Bluetooth SIG, 1999. [3] Carpenter R. H. S., Movements of the eyes, 2nd edition, Pion Limited, 1988, London. [4] Intel Signal Processing Library Reference Manual.
[5] ROK 101 007 Bluetooth Module ,Ericsson Microelectronics,2000. [6] www.almaden.im.com [7] www.research.im.com

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