Chapter 5

FluidMechanics
Things can float in air as well as
in water. A balloon filled with
helium pulls up on the string, but
a balloon filled with air drifts
down to the floor. What makes
the difference ?! ∷

1 Wiam Al Dreea
What are we going to talk about today?

Ch5: Fluid Mechanics

• 5.0 Introduction: Fluid, density and pressure.
• 5.1 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle.
• 5.2 Archimedes’ principle.
• 5.3 The equation of Continuity.
• 5.4 Bernoulli's Equation

Fluid
Archimedes
Greek Mathematician,
Fluids statics Fluids dynamics Physicist, and
fluids at rest fluids in motion Engineer (c. 287–212 BC)
2
5.0Pressure and Pascal’s Principle:Density

Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. Densities of various substances
𝒎 Substance Density
𝝆= (Kg/𝒎𝟑)
𝒗 Water 1×103
• Density is a scalar quantity. Aluminum 2.70×103
𝑴 Titanium 4.54×103
• The dimension of density is = 𝟑 Zinc 7.13×103
𝑳 Tin 7.31×103
• The S.I unit ofdensity is the (𝑲𝒈/𝒎 𝟑 ). Iron 7.87×103
Nickel 8.90×103
Copper 8.96×103
Silver 10.50×103
Lead 11.35× 103
Mercury 13.55× 103
Gold 19.30 ×103

High Density Low Density For more about density

3 Click Here
5.0 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Density

Example 1 :
In a machine shop, two cams are produced, one of aluminium and one of iron.
Both cams have the same mass. Which cam is larger? 𝒎 = 𝟏𝒌𝒈
𝑭𝒆
(a) The aluminum cam is larger.
𝝆𝑭𝒆 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
(b) The iron cam is larger. 𝒎𝑨𝒍 = 𝟏𝒌𝒈
(c) Both cams have the same size. 𝝆𝑨𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

𝒎 𝒎 𝟏 −𝟎𝟒 𝒎𝟑
𝝆= →𝒗= = 𝟑
= 𝟑. 𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟕𝒎𝟑
𝒗 𝝆 𝟐. 𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎

𝒎 𝒎 𝟏 𝟑
𝝆= →𝒗= = −𝟒 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕𝒎
𝒗 𝝆 𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒎

4
 5.0 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Pressure

The pressure exerted on an object depends on:

1. The force exerted on the object. In fact, pressure is directly proportional to force
𝑷 ∝𝑭.
2. The area over which the force is applied. In fact, pressure is inversely proportional
to area 𝑷 ∝ 1
𝐴
Therefore we can defined pressure as the force applied perpendicular to the surface of
an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. Or Mathematically:
𝐹
𝑷 =
𝐴

• Pressure is a scalar quantity.

𝑀
• The dimension of pressure is 𝑷 =
𝐿𝑇2
𝑘𝑔 𝑁
• The S.I unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa = 𝟏 =𝟏
5 𝑚𝑠2 𝑚2
5.0 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Pressure

Why lying on a bed of nails doesn’t hurt ?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIz4WAJ6JRU

When there's plenty of nails,

the pressure any single nail
exerts on the skin is quite small,
resulting in no pain and no cuts.
Resting an entire body on a
single nail, however, would be a
different story!!

6
 5.0 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Pressure

Example 2 :
Which exerts more pressure: a person in a stiletto heel or anelephant?

𝐹 𝐹
𝑷 = 𝑷 =
𝐴 𝐴

600 30000
𝑷 = 𝑷 =
0.0001 0.1

𝑷 = 6𝑥10 𝑃𝑎 6 𝑷 = 3𝑥105 𝑃𝑎

(a) (b)
7
 5.0 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: State of Matter

Matter is normally classified as being in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.
From everyday experience we know that a solid has a definite volume and shape,
a liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape, and an unconfined gas has
neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.
Free surface

k k

(a) Solid (b) Liquid (c) Gas

What is a Fluid?
A Fluid is a substance can flow. It is a collection of molecules that are randomly
arranged and held together by weak cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the
walls of a container. Both liquids and gases are fluids.
8
5.0 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Fluids at Rest

Fluid

Fluids statics Fluids dynamics

fluids at rest fluids in motion

9
 5.0 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Fluids at Rest

The pressure P in a fluid can be measured with the device

consists of an evacuated cylinder that encloses a light piston
connected to a spring. As the device is submerged in a
fluid, the fluid presses on the top of the piston and
compresses the spring until the inward force exerted by the
fluid is balanced by the outward force exerted by the
spring. The fluid pressure can be measured directly if the
spring is calibrated in advance.
If F is the magnitude of the force exerted on the piston and A is the surface area of
the piston, the pressure P of the fluid at the level to which the device has been
submerged is defined as: 𝐹
𝑷 =
𝐴
Not that: The force exerted by a static fluid on an object is always perpendicular to the
surfaces of the object.
10
 5.1 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Pascal’s Principle

The pressure exerted on the piston extends uniformly

throughout the fluid, causing it to push outward with equal
force per unit area on the walls and bottom of the cylinder.
Fig. (a)
Pascal’s Principle:
Any change in the pressure of a fluid is transmitted Figure (a) What happens inside a fluid
when pressure is exerted on it?
uniformly in all directions throughout the fluid.

What technology uses Pascal’s principle?

One of the most important technological applications
of Pascal’s principle is found in a hydraulic system,
which is an enclosed fluid system used to exert forces.
The most common hydraulic systems are those one
that can lift cars easily , which named : ( Hydraulic
Jack [Fig. (b)]
Figure (b) : A hydraulic jack can easily lift a car
11
 5.1 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Pascal’s Principle

Hydraulic Jack :
When an input force 𝑭𝟏 is applied to the small piston (with area 𝑨 𝟏 ) in a hydraulic system,
the piston pushes against the fluid sealed in thesystem.
• The pressure produced by the small piston is transmitted through the fluid to the
large piston.
• The pressure on both pistons is the same 𝑷𝒊𝒏 =𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
• Because the output pressure acts on a much larger area 𝑨 𝟐 , the output force is
larger 𝑭𝟐

𝑷𝒊𝒏 =𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕

𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹2 𝐴1
= or =
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐹1 𝐴2

12
 5.1 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Pascal’s Principle

Example 3 :
A force of 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 is applied to a circular piston with an area of 𝟐𝒄𝒎 𝟐 in a hydraulic
jack. The output piston for the jack has an area of 100𝒄𝒎 𝟐 . 𝐹 = 10N
1
(a) What is the pressure in the fluid? 2
𝐴 1 = 2cm =
2 = 2𝑥10−4 m2
10000
𝑃𝑖 𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑢 𝑡 2
100
= 100𝑥10−4 m2
𝐴 2 = 100cm =
10000
𝐹1
𝑃𝑖 𝑛 = =
10 = 50000 𝑃𝑎 = 50𝑥103 𝑃𝑎 = 50𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴1 2𝑥10−4 𝑃𝑜 𝑢 𝑡 = ???

𝑃𝑜 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑛 = 50000 𝑃𝑎 = 50𝑥103 𝑃𝑎 = 50𝑘𝑃𝑎

13
 5.1 Pressure and Pascal’s Principle: Pascal’s Principle

Example 3 :
A force of 𝟏𝟎 𝑵 is applied to a circular piston with an area of 𝟐𝒄𝒎 𝟐 in a hydraulic
jack. The output piston for the jack has an area of 100𝒄𝒎 𝟐 .
(b) What is the force exerted on the output piston by the fluid? 𝐹 2 = ???
𝐹 1 = 10N
2
𝐴1= 2cm2 = = 2𝑥10−4 m2
10000
100
2
𝐴 2 = 100cm = = 100𝑥10−4 m2
10000

𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹1 . 𝐴 2 1 0 𝑥 1 0 0 𝑥 10−4
= → 𝐹2 = = = 500𝑁
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 2𝑥10−4

14
 5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behaviour of Gases: Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric pressure knows as the pressure of the layer

of air that surrounds the earth. At sea level, the
atmospheric
𝑰𝑷
pressure is 1 atm which equal to 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 =
𝟏𝟒. 𝟕 2 , 𝐠 𝐇 𝒎 𝒎 𝟎𝟔𝟕 =but it decreases with altitude Atmosphere
in

How is atmospheric pressure measured?

Torricelli invented the barometer, a device for measuring atmospheric
pressure. He filled a tube with mercury (Hg) and inverted it into an
open container of mercury. Air pressure acting on the mercury in the
dish can supported a column of mercury 760 mm in height.

Two teams of horses try, but fail, to separate Otto von Guericke's
evacuated metal hemispheres. For more Click Here
15
5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behaviour of Gases: Variation Pressure with Depth

If you poke two holes in a bucket, top and bottom, why the water flow
faster out of the bottom hole than the top one?!

16
 5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behaviour of Gases: Variation Pressure with Depth

To obtain a relation for the variation of pressure with depth, consider a rectangular
fluid element of height h and a cross-sectional area A. The pressure exerted by the
liquid on the bottom face of the parcel is P bottom, and the pressure on the top face is Ptop.
Therefore, the upward force exerted by the outside fluid on the bottom of the parcel
has a magnitude Pbottom A, and the downward force exerted on the top has a magnitude
Ptop A. The mass of liquid in the parcel is 𝑴 = 𝝆𝑽 = 𝝆𝒉𝑽 ; therefore, the weight of
the liquid in the parcel is 𝐌𝐠 = 𝝆𝒉𝑨𝒈. Because the parcel is at rest and remains at
rest, it can be modeled as a particle in equilibrium.
Patm
Σ 𝑭 = 𝟎, therefore
Pbottom=Ptop + 𝝆𝒉𝒈
P bottom A - Ptop A-W= 0
PtopA
If the liquid is open to the atmosphereand Ptop is the pressure at the A
surface of the liquid, then Ptop is atmospheric pressurePatm h

17 PbottomA W
5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behaviour of Gases: Variation Pressure with Depth

Example 4 :
Consider the three open containers filled with water. How do the pressures at
the bottoms compare ?
1. 𝐏𝐀 = 𝐏𝐁 = 𝐏𝐂
2. 𝐏𝐀 < 𝐏𝐁 = 𝐏𝐂 A. B. C.
3. 𝐏𝐀 < 𝐏𝐁 < 𝐏𝐂
4. 𝐏𝐁 < 𝐏𝐀 < 𝐏𝐂
5. Not enough information

18
5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behaviour of Gases: Variation Pressure with Depth

Example 5 :
The three open containers are now filled with oil, water and honey respectively.
How do the pressures at the bottoms compare ?

Where 𝝆𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 2 3
9.5𝑥10 kg/𝑚 , 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝝆 = 103
kg/ 𝑚 3, 𝝆ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 = 1.4𝑥103 kg/𝑚3

1. 𝐏𝐀 = 𝐏𝐁 = 𝐏𝐂
B C Honey
2. 𝐏𝐀 < 𝐏𝐁 = 𝐏𝐂 A Oil
3. 𝐏𝐀 < 𝐏𝐁 < 𝐏𝐂
4. 𝐏𝐁 < 𝐏𝐀 < 𝐏𝐂 Water
5. Not enough information

19
 5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behaviour of Gases: Boyle´s Law

How dose the volume of a gas change with pressure ?

If the temperature is constant, as the pressure of a gas
1
increases, the volume decreases Pα { Fig. 1}
𝑣
Boyle´s Law
states the inversely proportional relationship between the
pressure and volume of an ideal gas at constant temperature.
Therefore, the product of pressure and the volume is
Fig. (1) The density of a column of air
represented by a constant (k). [Fig. (2)] decreases as altitude increases because
𝐏𝐕 =𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 air expands as pressure decreases

For comparing the same substance under two different sets of

conditions, the law can beusefully expressed as:
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐
Where: 𝑷 𝟏 and 𝑽𝟏are the initial pressure and volume, and 𝑷 𝟐
and 𝑽𝟐are the final pressure and volume.
Fig. (2) Boyle’s experiment
20
 5.2 Atmospheric Pressure and the Behaviour of Gases: Boyle´s Law

Example 6 )P 100( :
You may have noticed that bubbles rising in a liquid increase in size. A scuba diver
releases bubbles of air that increase in volume as they rise through the water. At 40m,
the maximum depth for an experienced diver, the pressure is approximately 4.9atm. If
a scuba diver exhales with a volume of approximately 2.5cm³, what will the volume of
the bubble be at the surface, where the pressure is 1.0atm? Assume the water
temperature does not change a with depth. 𝑉 = ???? ℎ = 40 m
2

𝑃 1 = 4.9 atm
𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐 = constant
𝑃 2 = 1 atm
𝑃1 . 𝑉1 4.9𝑥2.5
→ 𝑉2 = = = 1 2 . 2 5 cm3 𝑉1 = 2.5cm3
𝑃2 1

21
 5.2 Archimedes’ principle

Why does needle sink in the water

while the ship floats ? (Click Here )

22
 5.2 Archimedes’ principle

Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on the object is equal to the
weight of the displaced fluid
• A submerged object pushes aside, or displaces, a volume of fluid equal to its own volume.
• A partially submerged object displaces a volume equal to the volume of the part of the object that
is submerged.
Consider an object of volume V0 and density 𝝆0 completely submerged in a fluid of
density 𝝆𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 . The fluid displaced by the solid has a mass 𝑚𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝝆𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 , then it
weighs of displaced fluid is W𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝑚𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝒈 =𝝆𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 .𝒈 The buoyant force is then:

B=𝝆 .
𝑓
V𝑓 . g
(a) A totally submerged object that is less dense than the fluid in
which it is submerged experiences a net upward force and rises to
the surface after it is released [Fig.(a)].
(b) A totally submerged object that is denser than the fluid
experiences a net downward force and sinks[Fig.(b)].
23
 5.2 Archimedes’ principle

Example 6 :
Which of the three cubes of length 𝑙shown below has the largest buoyant force ?
𝝆𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 = 920 kg/𝑚3

𝝆𝑠 = 1506 kg/𝑚3

𝝆𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = ( 200 − 700 ) kg/𝑚3

𝝆𝑤 = 1000 kg/𝑚3

Ans: all objects A, B and C experience the same buoyant force.

The buoyant force is the result of increasing pressure of increasing depth.
The picture where the 3 cubes with the same volume, but different densities will have the
same buoyant force if they all displace the same volume.
At that point density doesn’t determine if cube will sink of float, but the buoyant force will
24
 5.2 Archimedes’ principle

Partially submerged solid

If an object of volume is not completely immersed in a fluid, the displaced volume
is equal to the submerged volume of the solid ( volume of the part of the solid
below the top surface of the fluid ) . Then a quantity without unit called
submerged fraction is defined by the ratio of the submerged volume and the total
volume of the solid 𝑽𝒇(𝒔𝒖𝒃)/𝑽𝒐. By equating the buoyant force and the weight of
the object 𝑩 =𝑭 𝒈 , we get:
𝝆𝒇𝑽𝒇(𝒔𝒖𝒃)𝒈 =𝝆𝒐𝑽𝒐𝒈
The submerged fraction
is then equal to the ratio of the density of the solid to
the density of the fluid:
𝑽𝒇(𝒃𝒖𝒔) 𝝆0
=
𝑽0 𝝆𝑓
25
 5.2 Archimedes’ principle

Example 7 ( P 102 ):
A certain boat is floating on the water and displaces 𝟒 𝒎 𝟑 o f water. The density of water is
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌 𝒈 / 𝒎 𝟑 . m0 =? ? ? ? ? V 0 = 4𝑚 3
a. What is the mass of water displaced by the boat? F𝑔 =? ? ? ? ? 𝝆𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 103 kg/𝑚3
b. What is the weight of the water displaced by the boat? 𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝐵 =? ? ? ? ? ?
c. What is the buoyant force acting upward on the boat?
F𝑔 =? ? ? ?
d. What is the weight of the boat?
𝑚
𝜌= → 𝑚 = 𝜌 .v = 4𝑥1000 = 4000 𝑘𝑔
𝑣
F𝑔 = 𝑚. 𝑔 = 4000𝑥9.8 = 39200 𝑁 If the object is floating, the buoyant force is equal to
the weight of the object.

𝐵 = F𝑔 = 39.2𝑥103 𝑁 Weight of boat = 39.2𝑥103 𝑁

Buoyant force = weight of fluiddisplaced
26
 5.2 Archimedes’ principle

Example 8 ( 13.2 ) :
The density of ice is 920𝑲 𝒈 / 𝒎 𝟑 while that of sea water is 1025𝑲 𝒈 / 𝒎 𝟑 . What fraction
of an iceberg is submerged? 3
𝝆0 = 920 kg/𝑚 3 𝝆 𝑓
= 1025 kg/ 𝑚

FB = Fg

𝝆0 920
= = 0.897%
𝝆𝑓 1025

27 Sinking of the Titanic

 5.3 Fluids in Motion

Fluid

Fluids statics Fluids dynamics

fluids at rest
fluids in motion

28
 5.3 Fluids in Motion: The equation of Continuity

The flow rate: is the volume of the fluid flowing past a point in a channel per unit
∆𝑣
time: 𝑸 =
∆𝑡
The S.I unit of the flow rate is the 𝒎 𝟑 / 𝒔 .
For an incompressible fluid ( 𝝆 = const.) the
volume of fluid that passes any section of the tube
per second is unchanged. The fluid that enters one
end of the channel such as a pipe or an artery at
the flow rate 𝑸 𝟏 , must leave the other end at a rate
𝑸 𝟏 which is the same. Thus the equation of
continuity can be written as 𝑸 𝟏 =𝑸 𝟐 .

The speed of water spraying from the

end of a garden hose increases as the size
of the opening is decreased with the
29 thumb.
 5.3 Fluids in Motion: The equation of Continuity

Consider a section of the tube with cross-sectional area as the figure. and suppose
that the fluid on this section has the same velocity. In the time ∆t the fluid moves the
distance ∆𝒙 =𝒗∆𝒕 and the volume of the fluid crossing the tube is ∆𝑽 =𝑨∆𝒙 =𝑨𝒗∆𝒕 .
The flow rate is then :
𝑸 =𝑨𝒗
The flow rate equals the cross-sectional area times the velocity of the fluid.
For a channel whose cross section changes from 𝑨𝟏 to 𝑨𝟐 , this result together with
𝑸 𝟏 =𝑸 𝟐gives another form of the continuity equation:
𝑨𝟏𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨 𝟐 𝒗𝟐

30
 5.3 Fluids in Motion: The equation of Continuity

Example 9 ( P 104 ) :
Look ahead at the circular pipe shown in figure. Assume it has a radius of 6cm in the
wide part and 4.5cm in the narrow part. If the fluid is initially flowing at a rate of 2m/s
in the wide part, what is the velocity in the narrow part?
r1 = 4.5 𝑐𝑚 = 0.045 𝑚
A1 . v1 = A2 . v2 A1 = 𝜋𝑟12 = 𝜋(0.045)2 = 0.0063 𝑚 2 r2 = 6 𝑐𝑚 = 0.06 𝑚
2 = 0.0113 𝑚 2 v2 = 2𝑚/𝑠
A2 = 𝜋𝑟22 = 𝜋(0.06)
v1 =? ? ? ? ? ?
A2 . v2 0.0113𝑋2
𝑉1 = = = 3.587 𝑚/𝑠
A1 0.0063

31
 5.4 Fluids in Motion: Bernoulli ’s equation

Bernoulli’s equation can be used for the following conditions :

1 The fluid is incompressible, then its densityremains constant.
2 The fluid is non-viscous (no mechanical energy is lost).
3 The flow is streamline, not turbulent.
4 Thevelocity of thefluid at any point does not change during the period of
observation. (This is called the steady-state assumption.)
If the above conditions are satisfied, then Bernoulli’s equation states that the pressure
plus the kinetic energy per unit volume is constant everywhere in the fluid.

1 2
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
2
or
1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2 2
32
 5.4 Fluids in Motion: Bernoulli ’s equation

Example 10 :
Calculate the pressure in the hose whose absolute pressure is 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏 ×𝟏𝟎6 𝑵/𝒎 𝟐 if the
speed of the water in hose increases from 𝟏𝟗.𝟔 𝒎/ 𝒔𝟏 to 𝟐𝟓.𝟓 𝒎/ 𝒔/𝟏. Assume that the
flow is frictionless and density𝟏𝟎𝟑𝒌𝒈/𝒎 / 𝟑 P = 1.01𝑥106 𝑁/ 𝑚 2
P2 =? ? ? ? ? ? 1

1 1 v1 = 1.96𝑚/𝑠
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2 2 v2 = 25.5𝑚/𝑠
1 2 1 2 𝜌 = 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣1 − 𝜌𝑣2
2 2
1 1
𝑃2 = 1.01𝑥10 + 𝑥10 𝑥(1.96) − 𝑥103 𝑥(25.5)2
6 3 2
2 2
𝑃2 = 6.86𝑥105 𝑁/ 𝑚2

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 Symmary
𝒎
• Density is defined as the mass per unit volume 𝝆 =
𝒗
𝑭
• Pressure defined as the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area 𝑷 =
𝑨
• Liquids and gases are called fluids because they can be made to flow or move.
• Pascal’s Principle state that, any change in the pressure of a fluid is transmitted uniformly in all
𝐹 𝐹
directions throughout the fluid 1 = 2
𝐴1 𝐴2
• Atmospheric pressure knows as the pressure of the layer of air that surrounds the earth. At sea
level, the atmospheric pressure = 1 atm.
• The relation for the variation of pressure with depth isPbottom=Ptop + 𝝆𝒉𝒈.
• Boyle's Law states that the pressure (P) of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume (V)
𝑷 𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 =𝑷 𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
• Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on the object is equal to the weight of the
displaced fluid 𝑩 = 𝝆 𝒇 𝑽 𝒇 𝒈
• Bernoulli’s equation states that the pressure plus the kinetic energy per unit volume is constant
1 1
everywhere in the fluid 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣12 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣22
2 2
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