By Mr.

SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 1 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Subject: Computer Applications || Class 9 || 2024-2025

Chapter 3: Types of Software
Software refers to the collection of programs and data that instruct a computer on how to perform
specific tasks. Software itself is the set of instructions or programs that tell a computer what to do.

1. Types of Software
A. System Software

System software is designed to manage and control hardware components and provide a platform for
running application software. It includes:

 Operating Systems (OS):

o Description: The most essential system software that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides services for application software.
o Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.
 Device Drivers:
o Description: Specialized programs that allow the operating system to communicate with
hardware components.
o Function: Enable the OS to control and utilize hardware devices such as printers, graphics
cards, and storage drives.
 Firmware:
o Description: A specific type of software that is permanently programmed into a hardware
device.
o Function: (e.g., BIOS in computers, firmware in routers).
 Utility Programs:
o Description: Software designed to help manage, maintain, and control computer
resources.
o Examples: Disk Cleanup, Antivirus Software, and Backup Software, perform tasks like file
management, system diagnostics, backup, antivirus, and disk management.
B. Application Software

Application software is designed for end-users to perform specific tasks. It can be further categorized
into:

 Productivity Software:
o Description: Applications that help users create documents, presentations, spreadsheets,
and manage data.
o Examples: Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets,
Slides).
 Web Browsers:
o Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Microsoft Edge.
 Multimedia Software:
o Examples: Adobe Photoshop (image editing), VLC Media Player (media playback), and
Adobe Premiere Pro (video editing).
 Database Software:
o Description: Programs designed to create, manage, and manipulate databases.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 2 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
o Examples: Microsoft Access, MySQL, Oracle Database.
 Gaming Software:
o Examples: Steam (game distribution platform), Fortnite, and Minecraft.
 Communication Software:
o Examples: Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Slack, and WhatsApp.

2. Software Development

Software is created through a process called software development, which involves several stages,
including:

 Requirements Gathering:.
 Design:
 Implementation:
 Testing:
 Deployment:
 Maintenance:

3. Software Licensing

Software can also be classified based on licensing agreements:

 Proprietary Software: Software that is owned by an individual or company, and users must purchase
a license to use it. Example: OS(Microsoft Windows, macOS, iOS, Android (Google version)) , Office
Suites (Microsoft Office, Google Workspace (formerly G Suite) ) and Web Browsers(Google Chrome,
Safari, Microsoft Edge) and Media Players (Apple iTunes, Spotify, QuickTime Player).

 Open Source Software: Software whose source code is available for anyone to use, modify, and
distribute. Example: Operating Systems (Linux, ReactOS, Kali Linux, FreeBSD), Web Browser
(Brave, Mozilla Firefox, Chromium,) , Programming Languages (Python, PHP) and Media Player
(VLC Media Player)

 Freeware: Software that is available for free but may have restrictions on modification and
redistribution. Example: Adobe Acrobat Reader.

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By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 3 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Types of Language Processors

1. Compiler
A Compiler is a type of language processor that takes the entire program written in a high-level language
(like JAVA, C, C++, C#) and translates it all at once into machine

2. Assembler
The Assembler is used to translate the program written in Assembly language into machine code.

3. Interpreter
It takes one line of code at a time and quickly translates it into a language
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 4 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Exercise Time

Q1. What is Encryption and decryption?

Ans. Encryption and decryption are fundamental concepts in the field of cybersecurity and data protection.
Encryption
 Definition: The process of converting plaintext (readable data) into ciphertext (unreadable data)
using an algorithm and an encryption key.
 Purpose: To protect sensitive information from unauthorized access and ensure confidentiality.

Decryption
 Definition: The process of converting cipher text (Secure Text or Encrypted Text) back into
plaintext using a decryption algorithm and a decryption key.
 Purpose: To restore the original data from its encrypted form so that it can be read and
understood.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 5 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
Q2. What is an electronic spreadsheets?
Ans. Electronic spreadsheets are software applications that allow users to organize, analyze, and store
data in tabular form.
Electronic spreadsheets are powerful tools for data management, analysis, and presentation.
Example. MS Excel, etc.

Key Features of Electronic Spreadsheets

1. Grid Layout:
2. Formulas and Functions:
3. Data Formatting:
4. Charts and Graphs:
5. Data Sorting and Filtering:
6. Pivot Tables:

Common Applications

1. Financial Analysis: Creating budgets, forecasts, and financial reports.

2. Data Management: Organizing and tracking inventory, customer lists, or sales data.
3. Project Management: Planning and tracking project timelines, resources, and tasks.
4. Statistical Analysis: Analyzing data sets for trends, patterns, and statistical significance.
5. Reporting: Generating reports for management, stakeholders, or clients.

Popular Electronic Spreadsheet Software

 Microsoft Excel: One of the most widely used spreadsheet applications, offering a comprehensive
set of features.
 Google Sheets: A cloud-based spreadsheet tool that allows real-time collaboration and sharing.
 LibreOffice Calc: An open-source alternative to Excel with many similar features.
 Apple Numbers: A spreadsheet application for macOS and iOS users, known for its simplicity and
integration with other Apple apps.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 6 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
Q3. What is a Presentation software?
Ans. Presentation software is a type of application designed to create, edit, and display visual
presentations.

Key Features of Presentation Software

1. Slide Creation:
2. Templates and Themes:
3. Text Formatting:
4. Animations and Transitions:
5. Multimedia Integration:
6. Collaboration Tools:
7. Presentation Modes:
8. Export Options:

Common Applications

1. Business Presentations: Used for sales pitches, project updates, training sessions, and
stakeholder meetings.
2. Educational Settings: Teachers and students use presentation software for lectures, class
projects, and educational seminars.
3. Conferences and Seminars: Presenters use slides to convey information clearly and engage with
their audience.
4. Marketing: Creating product presentations, advertising campaigns, and marketing strategies.

Popular Presentation Software

 Microsoft PowerPoint:
 Google Slides:
 Apple Keynote:
 Prezi:
 Canva: A graphic design tool.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 7 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 8 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Chapter 4: Basics of Operating Systems

By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 9 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and
provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an interface between users and the computer
hardware.

Role of an Operating System (Function of Operating System)

1. Process Management
 The OS controls the execution of processes, allowing multiple programs to run at the same time
(multitasking).
2. Memory Management
 The OS allocates and manages the memory for running programs.
3. File Management
 The OS provides a way to create, organize, store, and retrieve files on storage devices (like
hard drives).
4. Device Management
 It manages hardware devices like printers, keyboards, and hard drives.
5. Security Management
 The OS ensures the security of data and prevents unauthorized access to the system.
6. User Interface
 It provides an interface (either GUI or CLI) for users.
7. Resource Management
 The OS manages and allocates resources like CPU, memory, and disk space among different
programs.

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An Operating System (OS) has two primary components: the Kernel and the Shell.

The Kernel is the core part of the OS and is responsible for directly managing the system’s hardware. It
acts as a bridge between the hardware and software layers.

Key Functions of the Kernel:

 Process Management:
 Memory Management:
 Device Management:
 File System Management:
 Security and Access Control:

In short, the kernel is responsible for the most fundamental tasks of the OS, including hardware control,
memory management, and process scheduling.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 10 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
Shell

The Shell is the interface between the user and the operating system.

Types of Shell:

 Command-Line Interface (CLI): In a CLI, users type textual commands to perform tasks. Examples
include the Linux/Unix shell (bash, zsh) and Windows Command Prompt.

 Graphical User Interface (GUI): In a GUI, users interact with the OS through visual elements like
windows, icons, and menus, instead of typing commands.

In summary:

The Kernel is the core of the OS that directly interacts with hardware and manages resources.

The Shell acts as a user interface, allowing users to communicate with the OS through either command-
line or graphical input.

Types of Operating System

1. Batch Operating System
 How it works: Jobs (tasks) are grouped into batches and processed one after the other.
 Example: Early IBM computers.
 Used in: Old systems where user interaction was minimal.
2. Time-Sharing (or Multi-Tasking) Operating System
 How it works: Multiple users or tasks share system resources simultaneously.
 Example: Windows, Linux, macOS.
 Used in: Modern computers, allowing users to run multiple applications at the same time.
3. Distributed Operating System
 How it works: Multiple computers (connected via a network) work together to complete tasks.
 Example: Distributed versions of UNIX, Google’s cloud systems.
 Used in: Large-scale systems, cloud computing, and networked environments.
4. Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
 How it works: Processes tasks in a strict time limit to ensure real-time responses.
 Example: VxWorks, FreeRTOS.
 Used in: Devices requiring immediate response, like medical systems, robotics, and embedded
systems.
5. Embedded Operating System
 How it works: Designed for small devices that have limited hardware resources.
 Example: OS in smartphones, microwaves, and car systems.
 Used in: Embedded devices like appliances, smart watches, and IoT (Internet of Things).
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 11 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
6. Mobile Operating System

 How it works: Optimized for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets.
 Example: Android, iOS.
 Used in: Mobile phones, tablets, and similar portable devices.

7. Network Operating System (NOS)

 How it works: Provides features for managing and controlling network resources, allowing
computers to communicate and share resources over a network.
 Example: Windows Server, Linux Server.
 Used in: Server systems to manage networks.

In summary:
 Batch OS processes jobs in groups.
 Time-sharing OS allows multiple tasks to run at the same time.
 Distributed OS spreads tasks across multiple computers.
 Real-Time OS guarantees quick responses.
 Embedded OS runs on small devices.
 Mobile OS powers smartphones and tablets.
 Network OS manages communication between computers on a network.

Examples of Single-User and Multi-User Operating Systems:

 Single-User OS:

 MS-DOS
 Windows 10/11 (on personal computers)
 macOS (on personal computers)

 Multi-User OS:

 Linux (server edition)

 Unix
 Windows Server
 Mainframe OS (like IBM z/OS)

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By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 12 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
C.L.I. (Command Line Interface):

 It's text-based.
 You type commands using a keyboard to interact with the OS.
 Example: The Command Prompt in Windows or the Terminal in Linux.

G.U.I. (Graphical User Interface):

 It’s visual and based on graphics.

 You interact with the OS using icons, buttons, and windows, typically with a mouse.
 Example: Windows OS or macOS.

Above CLI (Command Line Interface)=> MS DOS

By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 13 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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GUI (Graphical User Interface) => Microsoft Windows 7

Advantages of GUI Operating Systems:
 User-Friendly:
 Visual Interaction:
 Multitasking:
 Ease of Learning:
 Customization:
 Better Feedback:
 Enhanced Accessibility:
 Integration of Multimedia:
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Saturday, October 19, 2024 Page 14 of 14
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
Here is a list of popular mobile operating systems (OS):

1. Android - Developed by Google.

2. iOS - Developed by Apple, this is used exclusively on iPhones and iPads.
3. HarmonyOS - Developed by Huawei, it is an OS for smartphones.
4. Ubuntu Touch - A mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by the UBports
community.
5. Windows Phone – A mobile OS developed by Microsoft, though it's no longer widely used. It was
used in earlier Nokia smartphones.
6. BlackBerry OS – An older OS developed by BlackBerry Limited, mainly used in BlackBerry
smartphones, though it's no longer mainstream.
7. Symbian – A discontinued mobile OS that was popular in earlier Nokia smartphones before the
rise of Android and iOS.

A device driver is a specialized software that allows the operating system to communicate with
hardware devices.
Key Points about Device Drivers:

1. Purpose: They enable the operating system and software applications to use the hardware, like
printers, keyboards, or graphics cards.
2. Examples:
o Printer driver: Translates print commands from an application into something a printer
can understand.
o Graphics card driver: Helps the OS and applications display graphics efficiently on the
screen.
o Network driver: Facilitates communication between the OS and a network device (Wi-Fi,
Ethernet).
3. Importance: Without the correct device drivers, hardware components may not function
properly or may not be recognized by the computer.

In simpler terms, a device driver acts as a translator between the operating system and the
hardware,

Exercise Time
Q1. What is an Operating Systems? What are its functions? And its types?
Q2. What is Multitasking?
Q3. What is Multi User System?
Q4. CLI v/s GUI Operating Systems?
Q5. What are device drivers?
Q6. Write advantages of G.U.I Operating Systems?