DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING

Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

List of Experiments
Name of Course: Engineering Physics Course Code: UNBSP101

Program
Upon successful completion of this course, student will be able to:
Outcome
CO1: Identify the trajectories of electron in uniform Electric and PO1 H
Magnetic fields and operate related devices. PO2 M
CO2: Explain the working of Laser & use it for different applications PO12 L
CO3: Identify various optoelectronic devices and use them for various
Applications.
CO4: Appraise the fundamental concepts, principles, theories, and terminology
used in the Quantum Mechanics and solve related numerical.
CO5: Demonstrate the knowledge of Physics involved in Quantum
Computing.

Course
Sr.
List of Experiment outcomes
No.
attained
01 Application of CRO: Determination of Amplitude of electrical signal using CRO CO1

02 Application of CRO: Determination of Frequency of electrical signal using CRO CO1

Application of CRO and p-n junction Diode: p-n junction diode as a Half Wave
03 CO1,CO3
rectifier
Application of CRO and p-n junction Diode: p-n junction diode as a Full Wave
04 CO1,CO3
rectifier
Application of Diode: Determination of Band gap of an Intrinsic semiconductor by
05 CO3
using PN junction diode.
Determination of Hall Coefficient of an Extrinsic Semiconductor by arranging it in
06 CO1,CO3
a Hall Effect Experiment.
To study Birefringence phenomenon in double image prism by using Laser
07 CO2
Source.

08 Application of Diode: Determination of Planks Constant using colored LEDs CO3,CO4

09 Experiment Beyond Syllabus on Virtual Lab / Simulations / Spoken Tutorial CO1-5

10 Experiment Beyond Syllabus on Virtual Lab / Simulations / Spoken Tutorial CO1-5

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT No. : 1 and 2

AIM: Electrical measurements on CRO
OBJECTIVE:
1) To measure the amplitude of sinusoidal voltage obtained from the secondary of
a step down transformer.
2) To determine the frequency of the unknown source of the alternating voltage
using principle of Lissajous figures.
APPARATUS: To be written by student
FORMULA: n p
1. a  2. a t 2
 2 
Where “a” is the amplitude of the sinusoidal voltage
“n” is the vertical length of display in number of division,
“p” is reading of the corresponding to volt/div. knob.
“t” is voltage measure by multimeter
 ny   
2. Fx    Fy Or Fy   nx  Fx
 nx   ny 
where nx = No. of tangency points along X axis,
ny = No. of tangency points along Y axis.
Fy = frequency of signal applied to Y input.
Fx = frequency of signal applied to X input.
DIAGRAM:
(I) To determine amplitude

CRO

Y-Input X-Input (II) To determine unknown frequency

+ - -

+ CRO +
UNKNOWN KNOWN
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
Y-Input

X-Input

SOURCE SOURCE
 
(TRANSFORMER) (SIGNAL
GENERATOR)

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AC MAINS, 230 V
 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:
To be written by student

OBSERVATIONS:

(I) MEASUREMENT OF AMPLITUDE:

1) Sinusoidal voltage measured by voltmeter =…… (t) volts
2) Peak to peak value of display = …….. (n) divisions
3) Reading of Volt/div knob = ……. (p) Volts/div

Sr. n p a = (n.p) / 2 t a = t x2

No. (division) (volt/div) (volts) (volts) (volts)
1
2
3
4
5

II) MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY:

Freq. of signal Measurement Unknown Frequency Mean
Sr. on C.R.O.
generator of source Fy
No.
Fx (Hz) nx nY Fy (Hz) (Hz)
1
2
3
4
5

RESULT:
1) Practical values and theoretical values of amplitudes are in close agreement
with each other.
2) Frequency of unknown source is found to be ______ Hz.

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

PRECAUTIONS:
1) Minimum eight readings should be taken for each table.
2) Sufficiently large waveforms are used to obtain accuracy in measurements.
3) The various control knobs of the CRO are handled gently without applying force.
4) While measuring the length of display, total no. of divisions should be noted carefully.

Viva Questions:
1) If you increase the intensity, what exactly happens inside the CRO?
2) The intensity of CRO spot is changed by changing the voltage to the heating element.
Explain.
3) Suppose the CRO is in X-Y mode an alternating voltage is supplied to the X-plate, what will
you see on the screen if frequency of the applied voltage is 4Hz, 40Hz.
4) If you want to connect function generator output to CRO's x-plate, what precautions will you
take?
5) How will you use the CRO to measure the frequency of a triangular wave?
6) Explain why application of a DC voltage to the primary of a transformer does produce any
voltage across the secondary. What is the law involved?
7) What are Lissajous fig. Under what condition are they obtained?
8) In phase measurement ,does the inclination of ellipse depend on only phase difference
between the two signals or on amplitude of two signals.
9) Can you see electron beam with a naked eyes. How is it made visible in CRO?
10) How the electron beam travels when electron field is applied perpendicular to the electron
beam.
11) For which signals the Lissajous fig. Method is used to find frequency?

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT NO.: 3 and 4

Aim: Application of diode: p-n junction diode as a rectifier

Objective: To study diode as a half wave & full wave rectifier.

Apparatus: To be written by student

Formula:

i) Ripple Factor

𝑽𝒎𝟐
r= √( − 𝟏)
𝑽𝒅𝒄𝟐

ii) Efficiency of rectifier

dc power delivered to load resis tan ce p V 2 dc

𝑛=  dc  2
ac output power sup plied to the rectifier p ac V m

Where: Vm = amplitude of input ac voltage applied to the rectifier.

Vdc = average dc voltage.

Circuit Diagram: Half Wave Rectifier

Wave forms: Half Wave Rectifier

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual
Circuit Diagram: Full Wave Rectifier

Wave forms: full Wave Rectifier

Procedure: To be written by student (leave half page)

Observations:
𝑽𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 ×𝑽/𝒅𝒊𝒗
1. I/P Vin =
𝟐

𝑽𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 ×𝑽/𝒅𝒊𝒗
2. H. W. O/P Vm =
𝟐

𝑽𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒆𝒂𝒌 ×𝑽/𝒅𝒊𝒗

3. F. W. O/P Vm =
√𝟐

4. O/P Vdc = Shift in pattern as ac knob is switched to dc.

Type of I/P O/P

rectifier Vin Vac (Vm) Vdc
(V) (V) (V)
Half wave
(H W)
Full wave
(F W )

Result:

The diode as half wave and full wave rectifier is studied. Efficiency & Ripple
factors are found as follows:

a) Half wave rectifier : Efficiency 𝑛 = _____, and Ripple factors r = ________.

b) Full wave rectifier : Efficiency 𝑛 = _____, and Ripple factors r =________.
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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

Precautions

1. Connections should be done properly

2. Measure the voltages Vac & Vdc properly .
3. Obtain suitably larger waveforms on the CRO to increase the accuracy of
measurement.
4. Handle the knobs of CRO gently.

Viva Questions:
1 Explain the rectifying action of a diode?
2 Draw the graphic symbol of a P-N junction diode and explain its
significance.
3 How are the polarities of diode identified?
4 Can we use zener diode for rectifier circuit?
5 What is efficiency of rectifier?
6 What do you mean by ripple factor?
7. What are the differences in the waveforms of Half wave & Full wave rectifier?
8 What are different types of rectifiers?

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT No: 5

AIM: Application of Diode: Determination of Band gap of an intrinsic

semiconductor by using PN junction diode.

OBJECTIVE: To find band gap of a semiconductor using P-N junction diode

in reverse bias mode.

APPARATUS: To be written by student

FORMULA:   slope of line 

E g   
eV
 5.036 
 
 
  Log I  
Slope    10 s  
 3 
  10  
   T  
   
Where, E g is the band gap of semi-conductor.
I s is current through diode

T is temperature in K

DIAGRAM: - + Thermometer

n p

Diode

Oven

PROCEDURE:
To be written by student
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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

OBSERVATIONS: (minimum 10 rows)

Sr. No. Is(A) Temp. C Temp. T (K) 103/T log 10Is

GRAPH:
Log10 Is

103/T

103/T

CALCULATION: Plot a graph of log 10 I s along Y-axis and 10 3 /T along X-axis, find
slope of the line and hence find E g .

RESULT:
The energy band gap of a semiconductor using P-N Junction diode in reverse
bias is found to be ………………………………. eV.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The maximum temperature should not exceed 80C.
2. Bulb of the thermometer & diode should be inserted well in the oven.
3. Do not allow the current to go out of scale.

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual
Viva Questions:

1) What is meant by band gap? Why is it called forbidden energy gap?

2) What happens in the valence band when an electron leaves it?
3) What is P-N junction diode?
4) How is the reverse saturation current produced in semiconductor and on what
factors does it depends?
5) Explain what is valence band and conduction band?
6) Why is the diode reverse biased in the experiment?
7) What are the processes that generate majority carriers and minority carriers in
a semiconductor?
8) What are diffusion and drift currents?
9) Give approximate values of Eg in Metal, Semiconductor and insulator?
10) Explain what extrinsic & intrinsic semiconductor is. Whether the band gap in
p-n Junction diode will be same as that of extrinsic semiconductor?
11) By using diode in F.B. Can you determine Eg?
12) On what factors does the band gap depends?
13) Is it possible to identify the diode from value of Eg?
14) Is it possible to determine Eg if the diode is FB?

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT No. : 6

AIM: To study Hall effect in semiconductor.

OBJECTIVE: To study variation of Hall voltage with current and magnetic field and
hence determine type of the semiconductor, Hall coefficient, concentration of
charge carriers.

APPARATUS: To be written by student

FORMULA:
RH 
Slope t
I
Slope = VH / B
p or n = 1 / (R H. e)
 = . RH
Where,
“VH” is the Hall voltage.
“t” is the thickness of sample
“R H” is the Hall coefficient
“I” is the current through sample.
“B” is the applied magnetic field.
“p” or “n” is density of holes or electrons.
“e” is the electronic charge (1.602 x 10 19 C)
“” is the mobility of charge carriers
“” is the conductivity. Given  = 10 S/m

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: HALL EFFECT SET UP

VOLTAGE CURRENT

Hall Probe

Electro-magnets B

3
1
S 2 N
4
To Constant
Current Power
Supply

PROCEDURE:
To be written by student

OBSERVATIONS: (Take at least 6 readings )

Thickness of the sample = 0.5 mm,
Current through Cost. Current Power Supply Should be up to 2 to 8 A
Conductivity  = 10 S/m, 1 Wb/m2 = 104 Gauss.
i) Type of semiconductor = ………. type.

ii) Measurement of Hall Voltage For Changing Magnetic Field:

Sr. No. Magnetic Field B Hall Voltage for current through the
probe. VH (mV)
Gauss Wb/m2 ________mA _______ mA

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

CALCULATIONS:

Plot a graph between B (Wb/m2) along X-axis and “VH”along Y-axis for each current
value. Determine the slope for each straight line. Find the mean Hall Coefficient
“RH”, then calculate “p” or “n” & “”.

RESULT:

1) Type of semiconductor is found to be__________ .

2) The Hall coefficient “RH” of the given sample is found out to be ___________
m3/C.
3) The carrier concentration is found out to be ________ m-3.
4) The mobility of charge carrier is found to be_____ m2 / (V.sec)

PRECAUTIONS:

1) Minimum 8 readings should be taken.

2) The maximum current of constant current source should not exceed 4A.
3) Always ensure that knobs of all apparatus are in minimum position before and
after switching on or switching off the apparatus.
4) Make sure that the semiconductor specimen does not touch either the pole
faces of the Electromagnet or the Gauss meter probe.
5) Don’t change the air gap between the pole pieces of the electromagnet once it
is set.
6) Don’t exceed the maximum current limit 10 mA passing through the Hall probe.

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual
Viva Question:
1) What is hall effect ? What are its important applications?
2) What is residual magnetism?
3) What will happen if you reverse the polarity of the constant current power
supply which supplies current to the electromagnet?
4) How is Hall effect useful in deciding whether a given sample is p type or n
type?
5) Why do you never get a zero Gauss meter reading if the magnetizing
current is zero?
6) Sketch the schematic diagram of the sample showing current,magnetic field
and Hall voltage direction for both p and n type materials?
7) Can you determine the field direction using the digital Gauss meter?
8) Can hall effect be observed in conductors & insulators?
9) What do you mean by uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields ?
10)What will be the changes in observations , if you use a p-type sample instead
of n-type sample. Explain ?
11) What is an electromagnet?
12) What is homogeneous magnetic field ? Is the magnetic field developed
in electromagnet uniform?
13) What is Lorentz force?

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT No. : 7

AIM: To study Birefringence phenomenon in double image prism by

using Laser Source.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the principal refractive indices for ordinary ray

(O-ray) and extra ordinary ray (E-ray) when refraction takes place through
Quartz prism and speeds of ordinary ray and extraordinary ray after passing
through quartz prism.

APPARATUS: To be written by student

FORMULA:

o = tan -1 (x1 /L) e = tan -1 (x2 /L)

sin  A  o  sin  A  e 
   
 2  2 
o  e   ,
   A
sin  A  sin  
2 2
 = e - o

Where, o is Principal refractive index for O-ray

e is Principal refractive index for E-ray
o is Angle of minimum deviation for O-ray
e is Angle of minimum deviation for E-ray
A is Angle of the prism
 is Birefringence

FIGURE:

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

PROCEDURE:

To be written by student

OBSERVATION:

a) L= Distance of Laser Source from the wall = ………………. cm

b) x1 = Distance of o ray from position of direct spot = ………………. cm
c) x2 = Distance of e ray from position of direct spot = ……………….. cm
d) ANGLE OF PRISM ‘A’: 60 degrees

CALCULATIONS:

o = tan -1 (x1 /L) e = tan -1 (x2 /L)

Find out µe and µo and 

RESULT:

1. The principal refractive indices for ordinary and extraordinary ray for the
given prism are………….. and …………..respectively.
2. Thus the given prism has Birefringence of ……………………..

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The prism table should be leveled properly so that the reflected or

refracted beam does not travel above or below the axis of telescope.
2. Don’t look at the laser source directly.
3. Measure the distance from the source properly.

Viva Questions:
1. What do you mean by refractive index?
2. Does the refractive index depends on the color of the light?
3. What is meant by double refraction? What kind of materials exhibit
double refraction?
4. What is the difference between ordinary and extra-ordinary rays?
5. How are double refracting crystals classified as positive and
negative?
6. What is Birefringence?
7. What do you mean by an optic axis?
8. What do you mean by Polarization?
9. What is the function of collimator?
10. Why the prism is kept in minimum deviation position only?
11. What is Schuster’s method? Why is it used?
12. What are the different parts of spectrometer?
13. What is the function of collimator and telescope?
14. In this experiment object being nearer, why don’t we use microscope
instead of telescope.
15. What are positive & negative crystals?
16. How will you identify ordinary and extra ordinary rays?

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT No: 8

AIM: Application of Diode

OBJECTIVE: Determination of Planks Constant using colored LEDs

APPARATUS: To be written by students

𝑒
FORMULA: ℎ= x 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑐

Where, h is Plank’s Constant and slope is of the graph between different value of
cut-in voltages 𝑉𝑜 and 1/λ.
e is charge on electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C and c is speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
To be written by students

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

OBSERVATIONS:
V-I characteristics of different diodes
1) For RED LED 2) For Green LED 3) For Blue LED 3) For Yellow LED

Sr LED Wavelength 1/λ Vo Element

No (λ) (nm) (x 106)
1 RED 695 GaAlAs
2 GREEN 570 GaP
3 BLUE 470 InGaN
4 YELLOW 590 InGaN

Graph:
A graph is to be plotted between V0 and 1/λ. Plot 1/λ on X-axis and V0 on Y axis. A straight
line graph is obtained. Slope of this graph is calculated.

Calculations:
Value of Planck’s constant is calculated using given formula.

Result:
Theoretical value of h is given as h = 6.63 ×10-34 J.

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual
Practical value of h is found to be h =_________________.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be properly done as per given circuit diagram.
2. LEDs should be connected in Forward bias only.
3. Forward bias voltage supplied to LED should be increased in gradual manner, in
steps of 0.5 V only.

Viva Questions:
1. What is P-N junction diode.
2. What is meant by biasing a device?
3. What is meant by forward biasing the diode?
4. What is cut in voltage? How is the cut in voltage determined from volt -ampere
characteristic?
5. Compare the forward bias and reverse bias graphs?
6. What are different charge carrier in a P-N junction?
7. Why is the current so small in semiconductor diode in reverse biased as compared to
current when the diode is in forward bias?
8. How are the anode and cathode terminals of a diode identified?
9. What is depletion region?
10. What is doping? Why semiconductor doped?
11. What are majority and minority charge carriers in p and n region in P-N junction diode?
12. What do you understand by diffusion and drift current.
13. How depletion region in formed explain.
14. What is barrier / contact potential? How is it related to Eg?
15. Is diode a linear device .Explain.
16. Why do you different nature of Reverse Bias characteristics in your experiment
17. How Static resistance is different from dynamic resistance?
18. Why we cannot measure contact potential by voltmeter/multimeter. Explain.
19. Why do you study the dynamic characteristics. What are its practical application?
20. Name five different types of diode
21. What are the practical applications of diode?
22. Compare a junction diode with Valve diode.
23. Plot V-I characteristics for p-type, n-type and p-n junction diode and conductors.
24. Why Si P-N junction diodes are preferred over Ge?
25. What is reverse saturation current ? Does it depends on temp? How?
26. What is the difference in p-n junction diode & zener diode Explain the effect & in p-n-junction
diode.
27. Why the reverse saturation current small in Silicon than in germanium diode?

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT No. : 9 and 10

AIM: Application of Experimental and Theoretical Knowledge

(Either Experiment on Spoken Tutorial assigned as per guidelines by Department)
OR
OBJECTIVE: To Study Curve Fitting using Virtual labs / Simulations

APPARATUS: PC / Laptops with internet connection.

This is the sample experiment. Each batch in charge can design their own
experiment.

Link:- https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/curve-fitting/latest/curve-
fitting_all.html

After clicking on the link you will be directed to Phet Simulation Curve
Fitting experiment, the page is as below

Click on “Curve” and the “Adjustable fit” buttons. The screen will change as
shown below

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
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Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

Now give students few set of points example shown below

Set 1 Set 2 Set3
X Y X Y X Y
1 2 2 2 1 -1
2 4 4 3 2 -2
3 7 6 6 3 -4
4 8 8 9 4 -4
5 9 10 10 5 -6

To plot on the simulation, drag the points from the gray container to the axes.
As shown below

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
Session: 2024-25
Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

Now adjust the “c” and “d” controls to adjust the graph line through the points
such that equal number of points should be distributed properly along the line on
either sides. Keep the condition that the graph line should pass through origin.
The graph of first set may look like this

Now ask students to note the equation shown on the top having form y = mx + c
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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
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Engineering Physics
Lab Manual
Here m is slope, in this example slope came out to be 2.00
Ask them to take screen shot by right click and “Take Screenshot” option

Drag the curser to select the area to be screenshot, and click on “Copy”

Place this screen shot on any word file by “control V” or Paste command.

Now ask students to click on “Best Fit” to see how computer distributes the
points.

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 DEPARTMENT OF FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING
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Engineering Physics
Lab Manual

and ask them to note the graph equation and value of m this time. If this is close
to your value that means you have learn curve fitting.
Get this screen shot also pasted in the same word file below previous.
Ask to repeat same for all three sets and get the print out of the word
files submitted with their name, section roll number and signature.

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