PBOT LEC - Plants take up nutrients in water

and make their own food through

photosynthesis. Animals cannot
make their own food and must eat
Plant and Animal Characteristics other organisms to get the
necessary nutrients.
- multicellular organism, incapable of
movement, that produces its own
food through photosynthesis.
CELLS
- 350,000 species of plants
- life cycles. - Structural and functional units of
- composed of cells. living organisms
- use mitosis and meiosis. - Mass of protoplasm delimited by a
- Cellular respiration occurs in the membrane
mitochondria
- take in oxygen and release carbon
dioxide during respiration. CELLS HISTORY
- hormones.
- Cell Theory states that “the bodies
- require water and nutrients.
of plants and animals are composed
- Animals depend on plants to
of cells and their products and these
manufacture food, which then
cells came from preexisting cells.
enters the food chain.
- In 1665 -The term cell was first
- Animals eat the plants. Upon death,
observed and identified by an
the animals decompose to provide
English physicist Robert Hook
nutrients for plants.
- Plants use the nutrients from the
Robert Hooke
decaying remains of animals and
- First to observe plant cells by
other plants. In addition, plants use
examining the section of the cork.
nutrients found in animal manure
for growth.
Robert Brown
- Animals are capable of locomotion;
- First observed the nucleus in hairs
plants are not.
and other cells of orchids
- Plants take up nutrients in water
and make their own food through
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
photosynthesis. Animals cannot
- produced the first two-lenses
make their own food and must eat
microscope
other organisms to get the
necessary nutrients.
Matthias Schleiden
- Animals are capable of locomotion;
- State that plants were composed of
plants are not.
cells
 Theodor Schwann - Unicellular organization has a
- State that animals were composed significant consequence:
of cells - It does not allow division of labor or
specialization.
Watson and Crick - Each cell must perform all tasks:
- First to observed DNA molecules sensing the environment, gathering
nutrients, excreting wastes, defense,
Rudolf Virchow movement and reproduction.
- Developed the idea of generation
continuity of cell that Omnis cellulae - Multicellularity have negative
cellula (i.ecells are arise from pre- consequences:
existing cells) - As each cell becomes more
- Division of cell specialized, it depends more on the
others.
Anthon Van Leeuwenhoek - If a cell evolved toward having thick
- First to observe single-celled walls and offering maximum
organisms under the microscope. protection, it must rely on other
cells of the organism for
Johannes Purkinje photosynthesis, mineral absorption
- He coined term “protoplasm” which and reproduction.
is the term for nucleoplasm and
cytoplasm. BASIC TYPES OF CELL
- Protoplasm is the living part of the Prokaryotic Cell
cell. - Simpler
- Bacteria (bacteria and
CELL HISTORY cyanobacteria) and
- prokaryotic cell, plant and animal Archaea (archaeans).
cell. - First organisms to be
- size and the shape of the cell range present on our planet
from millimeter to microns earth.
- few cells are in spherical, rod, flat,
Eukaryotic Cell
concave, curved, rectangular, oval
- living organism single cell - are found in plants,
(unicellular) (or) many cells animals, fungi and
(multicellular) protists
- all types of cells have certain - more complex than
structures in common like: genetic prokaryotic cells.
material and plasma - many organelles that
allow them to be more
UNICELLULAR vs MULTICELLULAR diverse and complex,
 both morphologically and - Lignin –for hardness and decay-resisting
physiologically. qualities of many woods
- Suberin–renders the cell impermeable to
water and gases
PARTS OF A GENERALIZED PLANT CELL
- Impermeable to water and other
CELL WALL
substances which results to the death of
The outer boundary of the plant cell which cells
consists of the non-living structure secreted
D. PITS
by the protoplasm
– region in the cell wall in which no
secondary wall and deposited where water
A. MIDDLE and other dissolved substance diffused
from cell to cell
LAMELLA OR INTERCELLULAR LAYER
E. PLASMODESMATA
- Holds the cells together
– pores through which strands of cytoplasm
- Made up of pectic substances (e.g. calcium
extend from one cell to another, facilitating
pectate)
transfer of materials and impulses
- Pectin functions as cementing material
II. PROTOPLASM (living part of the cell)
between adjacent cells
A. CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE
B. PRIMARY WALL
or PLASMALEMMA)
- Inner to middle lamella
- Made up of two layers phospholipids with
- Mainly composed of cellulose embedded proteins in between

- Capable of extension as the cell grows; B. CYTOPLASM

becomes more rigid as the cell matures and
- found inside the cell membrane and
more layers of cellulose are added
outside the nucleus
- Cutin, a fatty material usually found as a
1. Hyaloplasm (Cytosolor Groundplasm)
layer, the cuticle, on outer walls of cells
forming the exterior surfaces of land plants; * liquid part of the cell
is impermeable to water and protect leaves
2. Cytoplasmic Organelles BOUNDED BY
and stems against water loss
SINGLE UNIT MEMBRANE
C. SECONDARY WALL
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Between primary wall and protoplasm
* System of extensive flattened vesicles that
- Thicker than the primary wall form branched, interconnected, closed
systems
* Forms the intercellular transport MITOCHONDRIA
* May function as a communication system - Second largest organelle
through the cell due to its close association in a plant cell
with the plasmodesmata - Sausage-shaped cells
with smooth outer
* Rough ER –associated with ribosomes on
membrane and an inner
its outer membrane
membrane with folds
* Smooth ER –without ribosomes called cristae containing
oxysomes(the functional
GOLGI BODIES or DICTYOSOMES - small
units of mitochondria)
globular bodies or vesicles around the
- DNA containing, self-
edges of these discs
replicating cells
- Packagers of the cells and - Powerhouse of the cell
dictyosomes (in plants)
PLASTIDS
MICROBODIES
2 Types:
– smallest single membrane bounded
CHLOROPLASTIDS – green plastids
organelles
containing chlorophyll or green pigments
A. SOGAERISINES
found in leaves
also called plant lysosomes-filled with
CHROMOPLASTIDS – colored plastids other
hydrolytic enzymes for fat synthesis
than green
B. PEROXISOMES
Carotenoids – yellow pigment
– contains enzymes for peroxide
formation and destruction-isolated Anthocyanin – may appear red,
from leaves; associated with purple, or blue depending on the pH
photosynthesis in plants
Anthoxanthin – pigment which
C. GLYOXYSOMES
range from white to yellow in color
– largest microbody-contains enzymes
involved in the conversion of fats to Xanthophylls – red and yellow
carbohydrates during germination of pigments
fat storing seeds
LEUCOPLASTIDS – colorless plastids which
– isolated from castor oil seeds
may be involved in the synthesis and
D. SPHAEROSOMES
storage of substances
– spherical organelles with a single
Amyloplasts – starch
limiting membrane specialized for
storage and are abundant the Proteoplasts/Aleuroplasts – protein
cotyledons of many seeds; maybe in the
Elaioplasts – lipids
form of fat bodies or wax bodies
RIBOSOMES TONOPLAST - Membrane enclosing vacuoles
- Smallest organelle CELL SAP - Fluid part
without a membrane
- Highly dilute solution of
- Protein factories of the
substances like gases,
cell
inorganic salts, organic
Types: acids, sugars, water-
soluble proteins,
Free Ribosomes & Bound or Attached
alkaloids, and certain
Ribosomes
pigments, within the
vacuole

3. Cytoskeleton (Cell skeleton) CRYSTALS - Waste products of metabolism

associated with vacuoles and composed of
MICROTUBULES - Made up of tubulin
calcium oxalate
Examples: Cilia, Flagella,
Raphides – needle like which may occur
Spindle-fibers
singly or in bundles
MICROFILAMENTS - Made up of actin
Prismatic – prism-like or pyramid like
- Associated with the crystals
movement of cell
Rosette – aggregate of crystals which has a
contents (cyclosis)
flower-like appearance
Note: Calcium carbonate crystals which are
C. NUCLEUS – the control center of the cell grape-like (crystolith) may be found within
the cell hanging from the cell wall
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE OR NUCLEAR
ENVELOPE - Double-layered membrane
which encloses the nucleus
NUCLEOPLASM (Karyoplasm) - Liquid part of
the nucleus
NUCLEOLUS - One or more spherical
structures containing RNA and protein
CHROMATINS - Thread-like structure which
contains DNA

III. VACUOLES – non-living portion of the

cell separated from the protoplasm by the
tonoplast