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    2.2 The Cell Cycle including Mitosis MS

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    2.2 The Cell Cycle including Mitosis MS

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    raniaa
    8 views4 pages

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    8 views4 pages

    2.2 The Cell Cycle including Mitosis MS

    Uploaded by

    raniaa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    The Cell Cycle including Mitosis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

    com

    M1.(a) 1. Push hard – spread / squash tissue;


    2. Not push sideways – avoid rolling cells together / breaking
    chromosomes.
    Neutral – to see cells clearly
    2

    (b) No (no mark)


    Yes (no mark)

    1. Chromosomes / chromatids are (in two groups) at poles of spindle / at


    ends of spindle;
    Do not accept ‘ends of cell’

    2. V-shape shows that (sister) chromatids have been pulled apart at their
    centromeres / that centromeres of (sister) chromatids have been pulled
    apart.
    2

    (c) 28.8 / 29.


    If incorrect, allow:

    = 1 mark
    2
    [6]

    M2.(a) (D)CBEA.
    1

    (b)
    Step Reason

    (Taking cells Region where


    from the root mitosis / cell division
    tip) occurs;

    (Firmly To allow light


    squashing through /

    Page 2
    The Cell Cycle including Mitosis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

    the root tip) make tissue layer


    thin;

    (c) (Increase)
    1. Chromosomes / DNA replicates;
    (First decrease)

    2. Homologous chromosomes separate;


    (Second decrease)

    3. Sister chromatids separate.


    3

    (d) 1. (DNA would) double / go to 2 (arbitrary units).


    1
    [7]

    M3.(a) 1. Rank all STs in ascending order;


    2. Find value with same number (of people) above and below.
    Accept find middle value
    2

    (b) Not ethical to fail to treat cancer.


    1

    (c) Yes since with ipilimumab:

    1. Median ST increased by 2.1 months;


    2. Percentage of patients showing reduction in tumours increased from
    10.3% to 15.2%;

    No because:
    3. No standard errors shown / no (Student) t- test / no statistical test carried
    out;
    4. (So) not able to tell if differences are (statistically) significant / due to
    chance (alone);
    5. Improvement might only be evident in some patients / no improvement in
    some patients;

    Page 3
    The Cell Cycle including Mitosis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

    6. Quality of (extra) time alive not reported;


    If answers relate only to ‘Yes’ or ߢNo’, award 2 marks max
    4 max

    (d) 1. Faulty protein recognised as an antigen / as a ‘foreign’ protein;


    2. T cells will bind to faulty protein / to (this) ‘foreign’ protein;
    3. (Sensitised) T cells will stimulate clonal selection of B cells;
    4. (Resulting in) release of antibodies against faulty protein.
    3 max
    [10]

    M4.(a) Variable that is changed;


    Reject ‘the variable that changes’.
    1

    (b) 1. Idea of a confounding variable;

    2. (So) genetically similar;


    2. Do not accept ‘genetically identical / same DNA’.

    3. (So) have similar salt tolerance / response to salt water / response to


    watering treatment;

    4. (So) have similar yield / mass of seeds;


    Do not accept ‘amount / number of seeds’ or ‘growth rate’.
    2 max

    (c) Mitosis;
    Ignore cell division
    1

    (d) 1. Irrigation with sea water / C / D increased yield compared with no


    irrigation / A;
    For ‘yield’ accept ‘mass of seed’ throughout.

    2. Yield was lower when irrigated with sea water / C / D compared with
    fresh water / B;
    Only penalise once for use of ‘amount / number of seeds’.

    Page 4
    The Cell Cycle including Mitosis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

    3. Yield was lower when watered with sea water throughout growth and
    seed formation / C than when watered with sea water just at seed
    formation / D;
    Accept use of figures from table.
    ’It’ refers to watering with seawater / mixture.
    2 max

    (e) 1. Irrigation with sea water / C / D increases concentration of salt in soil;


    Ignore reference to standard deviation / quality of the data.

    2. Lower water potential in the soil linked to reduced uptake of water;

    3. Salt concentration in the soil might / might not increase in the future;
    Mark point 3 includes the principle for mark point 1 so mp3
    gains 2 marks (for mp1 and mp3)

    4. Might decrease plant growth / yield in the future;

    5. Less food / fewer seeds for future planting;


    Mp 3 and 4. Allow ‘further’ for the idea of ‘in the future’.
    3 max
    [9]

    Page 5

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