Introduction

• Importance and necessity

Water is a chemical compound and may occur in a liquid form or in a solid
form or in a gaseous form. All these three forms of water are extremely useful to
human, and providing the comforts and in addition to fulfilling his basic necessities
of life.
Therefore, in order to ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good
quality water, it becomes almost imperative in a modern society, to plan and build
suitable water supply schemes, which may provide portable water to the various
sections of community in accordance with their demands and requirements.
1.2 Planning for water supply system
• Find sources of water in the town or city. Water may be available nearby or
far away.
• Necessary to seek out all possible sources. And evaluate in terms of quantity,
quality and cost.
• Suitable systems should be designed for collecting, transporting and treating
this water. The treated water is finally distributed.
1.3 Objectives of water supply system
1. To supply safe water to the people for Drinking, Cooking, Bathing,
Washing, etc.
2. To keep the disease away from the water.
3. To supply sufficient quantity of water to the people.
1.4 Water demands:
Evaluate the amount of water available and the amount of water demanded
(Needed) by the public. To find sources to fulfil that demand.

• Types of water demand:

a. Domestic water demand:
The water required in buildings for drinking, cooking, bathing, gardening,
sanitary purpose. The average domestic water consumption is 135 lit/head/day.
b. Industrial water demand:
 It means the water demand of industries. The average industrial water
consumption is 50 lit/head/day.
c.Commercial water demand:
Water needed for hospitals, hotels, schools, colleges, railway stations and
offices, etc… The average water consumption is 20 to 50 lit/head/day.
d. Demand for public uses:
The water required for public utility purpose such as public parks, gardening
etc…The average water consumption is 10 lit/head/day.
e.Fire demand:
Populated and industrial areas, fires generally break out and may lead
serious damages, if not controlled effectively.
Fire demand is calculated by
• Kuichling's formula:
Q = 3182 (P)1/2
Where
Q= Amount of water in lit/min.
P = Population in thousands.
2. Freeman formula:
Q = 1136 [ (P/10) + 10 ]
Where
Q= Amount of water in lit/min.
P = Population in thousands.
3. Bustons formula
Q = 5663 (P)1/2
Where
Q= Amount of water in lit/min.
P = Population in thousands.
1.5 Per capita demand (q):
 The annual average daily water consumption of one person is called per
capita demand.
q = Totalyearly water in a city in litres / (365 x population)
1.5.1. Factors affecting per capita demand:
i. Size of city:
The per capita demand for big cities is large as compared to that for smaller
towns.
ii. Types of gentry and habits of people:
Rich people consume (use) more water due to their living standards. Middle
people consume average amount.
iii. Industrial activity:
Many industries use huge amount of water and such as, increase the water
demand considerably.
iv. Climate conditions:
At hotter and dry places water consumption is more and cold countries water
consumption is less.
v. Quality of water:
If the quality and taste of the water is good, it will be consumed more.

vi. System of supply:

Water is supplied continuously 24 hours, the water consumption is more. But
intermittent supply means water consumption is less.
vii. Cost of water:
If the water rate is high, lesser quantity may be consumed.
1.6 Design period:
The future period for designing the various components of the water supply
system is known as design period.
Example:1. Dam having design period 50 years.
2. Water distribution system 30 years.
1.7 Population data and population growth
1.7.1 Population data:
The present population of a town or city can be determined by an officially
is called census.
The government of every country carries these official surveys at every 10
years (onedecade).
1.7.2 Population growth:
In order to predict the future population, as correctly as possible, it is
necessary to know the factors affecting population growth.
Factors affecting population growth:
1. Births
2. Deaths
3. Migrations
• Population forecasting methods
• Arithmetical increase methods
• Geometric increase methods
• Incremental increase methods
• Decreasing rate of growth method
• Simple graphical method
• Comparative graphical method
• Master plan method
• Logistic curve method

a. Arithmetical increase methods

This method is based upon the assumption that population increases at a
constant rate.
The future population is calculated by
Pn = P + n x

Where,
Pn= Future population after ‘n’ decades
 P = Present population (i.e. last known census)
n = No. of decades
x = Average of population increase in the known decades.
Example 1.0 The population of 4 decades from 1930 to 1970 are given below in
table 1.0. Find out the population after one, two and three decades from the last
known decades, by using arithmetic increase method.
Table 1.0
Year 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Population 25000 28000 34000 42000 47000

Solution:
The given data in table 1.0 is extended in table 1.1
Table 1.1
Year Population Increase in population
1930 25000
1940 28000 3000
1950 34000 6000
1960 42000 8000
1970 47000 5000
Total 22000
Average x = (22000/4)
increase per = 5500
decades

Using the equation, Pn = P + n x

• Population after one decades from 1970, n =1
P1980 = 47000 + (1 x 5500)
= 52500. Ans.
• Population after two decades from 1970, n =2
P1990 = 47000 + (2 x 5500)
= 58000. Ans.
• Population after three decades from 1970, n =3
P2000 = 47000 + (3 x 5500)
= 63500.Ans.
b. Geometric increase method
The future population is calculated by
Pn= P (1+r/100)n
Where,
 Pn= Future population after ‘n’ decades
P = Present population (i.e. last known census)
n = No. of decades
r = Assumed growth rate (%)
= n√r1 x r2 x r3….. or
= n√(P2/P1) -1
Where,
P1 = Initial population
P2 = Final population
Example 1.1Solve example 1.0 by geometric increase method.
Solution
The given data in table 1.0 is extended in table 1.2
Table 1.2
Year Population Increase in % increase in population
population
1930 25000
1940 28000 3000 (3000/25000) x 100 = 12%
1950 34000 6000 (6000/28000) x 100 = 21.4%
1960 42000 8000 (8000/34000) x 100 = 23.5%
1970 47000 5000 (5000/42000) x 100 = 11.9%

The growth rate (r) = n√r1 x r2 x r3xr4 = n√12 x 21.4 x 23.5 x 11.9
r = 16.37 %
Pn= P (1+r/100)n
= P (1 + 16.37/100)n
= P (1.1637)n
• Population after one decades from 1970, r =1
P1980 = P (1.1637)n = P (1.1637)1
= 54694. Ans.
• Population after two decades from 1970, r =2
P1990 = P (1.1637)n = P (1.1637)2
= 63647. Ans.
• Population after three decades from 1970, r =3
P2000 = P (1.1637)n = P (1.1637)3
= 74066.Ans.
Example 1.2Compute the population of the year 2000 and 2006 for a city whose
population in the year 1930 was 25000 and in the year 1970 was 47000. Use
geometric increase method.
Solution.
r = n4√(P2/P1) -1
= √(47000/25000) -1
= 0.17095 = 17.095%
Using the equation,Pn= P (1+r/100)n
Population in the year 2000,
P2000 = 47000 [1 + (17.095/100)]3
= 75459 Ans.
Population in the year 2006,
P2000 = 47000 [1 + (17.095/100)]3.6
= 82954 Ans.
c. Incremental increase methods
The future population is calculated by,
Pn= P + nx + [n(n+1)/2] y
Where,
Pn= Future population after ‘n’ decades
P = Present population (i.e. last known census)
n = No. of decades
y = Average of incremental increase
Example 1.3 Solve example 1.0 by Incremental increase method.
The given population data table 1.0 is extended in the table 1.3
Table 1.3
Year Population Increase in population Incremental increase
in population
1930 25000
1940 28000 3000 (+) 3000
1950 34000 6000 (+) 2000
1960 42000 8000 (-) 3000
1970 45000 5000
Total 22000 + 2000
Average
per x = 22000/4 y = 2000/3
 decade = 5500 = 667

Using the equation, Pn= P + nx + [n(n+1)/2] y

Population after 1 decade, P1980 = 47000 + (1 x 5500) + [1(1+1)/2] 667
= 53167 Ans.
Population after 2 decade, P1990 = 47000 + (2 x 5500) + [2(2+1)/2] 667
= 60001 Ans.
Population after 3 decade, P2000 = 47000 + (3 x 5500) + [3(3+1)/2] 667
= 67502 Ans.
d. decreasing rate of growth method
Example 1.4. Solve 1.0 by using decreasing rate of growth method.
Solution. The given population data table 1.0 is extended in the table 1.4
Table 1.4
Year Population Increase in Incremental increase in Decrease in the %
population population increase
1930 25000
1940 28000 3000 (3000/25000) x 100 = 12% 12-21.4 = -9.4%
1950 34000 6000 (6000/28000) x 100 = 21.4% 21.4-23.5=-2.1%
1960 42000 8000 (8000/34000) x 100 = 23.5% 23.5-11.9 = 11.6%
1970 45000 5000 (5000/42000) x 100 = 11.9%
Total 22000 -11.5+11.6=0.1%
Average 0.1/3 = 0.03%
per decrease
decade

The future population in the year 1980 = 47000 + (11.9-0.03/100 )x 47000

= 47000 + (11.87/100) x 47000
= 52570 Ans.
The future population in the year 1980 = 52570 + (11.87-0.03/100 )x 52570
= 52570 + (11.84/100) x 52570
= 58800 Ans.
The future population in the year 1980 = 58800 + (11.84-0.03/100 )x 58800
= 58800 + (11.81/100) x 58800
 = 65750 Ans.
e. Simple graphical method
In this method a graph is plotted from the available data. The curve is
smoothly extended up to the desired year. In this method given approximate result
only.
Year 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940
Population 25000 27500 33000 39000 45000 54500 61000

Fig. 1 Simple graphical Method

f. Comparative graphical method
In this method a graph is plotted from the available data for different cities
(Four cities). Then we will draw an approximate proposed extension city (average
from four).

Fig. 2 Comparative graphical method

g. Master plan method
In this method divide the city in various zones like residence, commerce,
industrial, etc… and fix the constant population rate for each zone.
Example:
1. For residential zone number of population is 250 to 2500
2. For commercial zone number of population is 40 to 75.
h. Logistic curve method
P = Ps/ (1 + m loge-1 n.t)
Ps = [2P0 P1 P2 – P12 (P0 + P1)] / [P0 P2 – P12]
m = (Ps – P0) / P0
n = (2.3/t1) log10 [P0 (Ps – P1)] / [P1 (Ps – P0)]
where, P = Future population
Ps = Saturation population
P0 = Initial population
P1 = Intermediate population
P2 = Final population
t = population interval
Example 1.5in two periods of each of 20 years, a city has a population from 30000
to 170000 and then to 300000. Determine (a) saturation population (b) future
population after the next 20 years.
Solution.Given,
P0 = 30000 t0= 0
P1 = 170000 t1=20 yrs.
P2 = 300000 t2=40 yrs.
We have, Ps = [2P0 P1 P2 – P12 (P0 + P1)] / [P0 P2 – P12]
= [2 x 30000 x 170000 x 300000 – (170000)2 (30000 + 300000)] / [(30000 x 300000) - (170000)2]

Ps = 326000.
m = (Ps – P0) / P0
= (326000 – 30000) / 30000
m= 9.87
n = (2.3/t1) log10 [P0 (Ps – P1)] / [P1 (Ps – P0)]
= (2.3/20) log10 [30000 (326000– 170000)] / [170000 (326000 – 30000)]
n = - 0.119
P = Ps/ (1 + m loge-1 n.t)
 = 326000 / [1 + 9.87 loge-1 (-0.119 x 60)]
= 326000 / [1 + 9.87 loge-1 (-7.14)]
= 326000 / [1 + 9.87 X]
Where X = loge-1 (-7.14)
logex = - 7.14
2.3 log10x = - 7.14
log10x = - 7.14 / 2.3
log10x = - 3.1
Take anti log, x = 10 -3.1
X = 0.000795
P = 326000 / [1 + 9.87 X]
= 326000 / [1+9.87 x 0.000795]
= 323000 Ans.
1.8 Sources of water:
• Surface sources
i. Ponds and lakes
ii. River
iii. Storage reservoirs
iv. Oceans (sea)
2. Sub surface sources
i. Springs
ii. Wells
1.8.1 Selection of source
The following points to be consider before selection of sources of water.
• The quantity of available water.
• The quality of available water
• Distance of the source of supply
 • Topography of the area
• Elevation of the source of supply.
1.9 Characteristics of water
The raw water can be checked and analysed by studying their physical,
chemical and biological characteristics, as explained below.
The followings are the three characteristics of water.
a. Physical characteristics
b. Chemical characteristics
c. Biological characteristics
• Physical characteristics:
i. Turbidity
ii. Colour
iii. Taste
iv. Odour
v. Temperature
vi. Total solids and suspended solids.
• Turbidity
It means large amount of suspended matters such as clay, silt present in the water.
The turbidity is measured by turbidity rod or turbidity meter.The maximum
allowable limit is 0.5 to 1.0 mg/lit.
ii. Colour:
Dissolved organic matters from decaying vegetation and inorganic materials
and soils may form colour to the water.The excessive growth of algae and
microorganism may impart colour to the water. The maximum permissible colour
for domestic water supplies is 20ppm.
iii.Taste and odour:
Dissolved organic materials and inorganic salts may form Taste to the water.
Taste and odour may be caused by the presence of dissolved gases such as H 2S,
CH4, and CO2etc.…..

iv. Temperature:
 Testing the temperature of water has usually no practical in the sense that it
is not possible to give any treatment to control the temperature of water. The
temperature above 250c are considered acceptable.
v. Total solids and suspended solids:
The amount of solids particles present in the water. The suspended solids can
be found by filtering the water sample and weighing the residue left on the filter
paper. The allowable limit of solid particle is 500 mg/lit.
b. Chemical characteristics
• pH value
• Hardness
• Chloride
• Nitrogen etc……
i. pH value
The pH value of water means logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion
concentration present in the water. The lower hydrogen ion concentrations
represent alkaline solution and the higher hydrogen ion concentrations represent
acidic solution. The allowable limit is 6.5 to 7.5.
ii. Hardness
Hardness means the calcium carbonate and magnesium salt present in the
water.
Types of hardness:
• Temporary hardness:
Temporary hardness means the calcium carbonate and magnesium salt
present in the water. It is removed by boiling of water.
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent hardness means the presence of calcium carbonate and
magnesium salt with other chemicals in the water. It is removed by special
treatment for softening of water (lime soda process).
iii. Chloride:
It means chloride (cl2) content present in the water. It will produce salty taste
in drinking water. Allowable limit is 250 mg/lit.
iv. Nitrogen:
 It is presented in the water in the form of free ammonia, nitrites and nitrates.
It is not exceed 0.15 mg/lit.
c. Biological characteristics:
It means some biological parameters present in the water like bacteria, algae,
fungi and virus…..