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Mean Value Theorems-Rolle's Theorem

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27 views4 pages

Mean Value Theorems-Rolle's Theorem

Uploaded by

Gayathri Manasa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LINEAR ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

UNIT-5: Single Variable Calculus


Topic: Mean value Theorems-Rolle’s Theorem
________________________________________________________________
Definitions:
Continuity at a point: A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = a if
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = f(a).
𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑥→𝑎

Continuity in the interval: A function f(x) is said to be continuous in the interval


[a, b] if f(x) is continuous at every point c ϵ (a, b) i.e., lim 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c) and
𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = f(a) and lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = f(b).


𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑥→𝑏

Geometrically, if f(x) is continuous in [a, b], then the graph of y = f(x) is a


continuous curve for the points x in [a, b].

Derivability at a point: A function f(x) is said to be derivable at x = a if


𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
lim+ = lim− exists and it is denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑎).
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

Derivability in the interval :A function f(x) is said to be derivable in the interval


𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑐)
[a, b] if f(x) is derivable at every point c ϵ (a, b) i.e.lim exists and
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥−𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑏)
lim+ and lim− exists.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑏 𝑥−𝑏

Geometrically, if f(x) is derivable in [a, b] then there exists a unique tangent to


the curve at every point in the interval.

Note:1. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )> 0 then f(x) is an increasing function as x increases.


2. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )< 0 then f(x) is a decreasing function as x increases.
3. 𝑒 𝑥 , sin x, cos x is continuous and derivable everywhere.
4. log x is continuous and derivable in [1, ∞).
5. Every polynomial function is continuous and derivable everywhere.
6. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions then f(x) + g(x), f(x) – g(x),
𝑓(𝑥)
f(x). g(x) are also continuous and is continuous if 𝑔′ (𝑥 )≠0.
𝑔(𝑥)

Rolle’s theorem:
Statement: If f(x) is (i) continuous in [a, b] (ii) derivable in (a, b) and (iii) f(a) =
f(b) then there exists at least one point or value c ϵ (a, b) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) =0
Geometrical Interpretation:
Geometrically Rolle’s theorem states that there is at least one-point c of the
curve at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis i.e. the slope of the tangent
at c is zero.

𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔
1.Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = in the interval [-2,3].
𝒙−𝟏

𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
Sol: Given f(x) =
𝑥−1

Clearly f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 ∈ [-2,3]


∴Rolle’s theorem is not applicable for f(x)
𝒙
2.Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x) =x (x+3) 𝒆−𝟐 in [-3,0].
𝒙
Sol: Given f(x) =x (x+3) 𝒆−𝟐
It is very clear that f(x) is continuous in [-3,0]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −2 (2𝑥 + 3) + 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 −2 (− ) = 𝑒 −2 (6 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
2 2
′(
Since 𝑓 𝑥 ) exists ∀𝑥 ∈ (−3,0),therefore f(x) is derivable in (-3,0)
and f (-3) = 0 = f (0).
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied.
∴ ∃ at least one value c ϵ (-3,0) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
i.e. 6 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 2 = 0
⇒ (3 − 𝑐 )(2 + 𝑐 ) = 0
⇒ c = 3, -2
Clearly c = -2 ϵ (-3, 0).
Hence Rolle’s theorem is verified.

3.Verify Rolle’s mean value theorem for f(x) =𝒆𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ) in
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
[ , ].
𝟒 𝟒

Sol: Given f(x) = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 )


We know that 𝑒 𝑥 ,sin x, cos x are continuous and differentiable
𝜋 5𝜋
everywhere, hence f(x) is continuous and differentiable in [ , ].
4 4
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Now f( ) = 𝑒 4 (sin − cos ) = 0
4 4 4
5𝜋
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
and f( ) = 𝑒 4 (sin − cos )=0
4 4 4

Thus all the conditions of Rolle’s mean value theorem are satisfied.
𝜋 5𝜋
∴ ∃ at least one value c ∈ ( , ) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0
4 4

i.e. 𝑒 𝑐 (sin c –cos c) + 𝑒 𝑐 (cos c + sin c) = 0


⇒ 𝑒 𝑐 (2 sin c) = 0 ⇒ sin c = 0 ⇒ c = n𝜋
𝜋 5𝜋
clearly c = 𝜋 ∈ ( , )
4 4

Hence Rolle’s mean value theorem is satisfied.

4.Using Rolle’s mean value theorem show that g(x) = 8𝒙𝟑 -6𝒙𝟐 -2x+1 has a zero
between 0 and 1.

Sol: Since g(x) = 8𝑥 3 -6𝑥 2 -2x+1 is a polynomial, therefore it is continuous and


derivable in (0,1).
Also, g (0) = 1 = g (1).
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s mean value theorem are satisfied.
∴ ∃ at least one-point c ∈ (0,1) such that 𝑔′ (𝑐 ) = 0.
⇒ 24𝑐 2 -12c – 2 = 0
⇒ 12𝑐 2 -6c – 1 = 0
3±√21
⇒c= i.e., c= 0.63 or – 0.132
12

since c = 0.63 ∈ (0,1), hence there exist a root between 0 and 1


Practice Questions:
Verify Rolle’s theorem for the following functions in the indicated interval
sin 𝑥
1.𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑖𝑛 [0, 𝜋]
𝑒𝑥

2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 𝑖𝑛 [0,2√3]
3. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = |𝑥| 𝑖𝑛 [−1,1]
𝑥 2 +𝑎𝑏
4. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑖𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑥(𝑎+𝑏)

5. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑏)𝑛 𝑖𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]

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