’ Chapter 2

™ Electrostatic
Potential and
Capacitance

 Weightage for CBSE Board 2024

Unit I and II Combined À Chapter 1

Weightage is À Chapter 2
16 Marks À Chapter 3

It’s not fixed which chapters will

have more weightage, but overall weightage
will be 16 Marks. It may vary too in your
question paper.
` Syllabus
Electric potential, potential difference, electric
potential due to a point charge, a dipole and
system of charges; equipotential surfaces,
electrical potential energy of a system of
two-point charges and of electric dipole in an
electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and
bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics
and electric polarization, capacitors and
capacitance, combination of capacitors in series
and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor with and without dielectric medium
between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor
(no derivation, formulae only).
§ 2024 SQP Official
š Question 1
Which of the following is not the property of an
equipotential surface?
(a) They do not cross each other.
(b) The work done in carrying a charge from one
point to another on an equipotential surface
is zero.
(c) For a uniform electric field, they are
concentric spheres.
(d) They can be imaginary spheres.

A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
Option (c) is not the property of an equipotential
surface.

š Question 2
Assertion (A) : An electron has a higher
potential energy when it is at a location
associated with a negative value of potential and
has a lower potential energy when at a location
associated with a positive potential.
 Reason (R) : Electrons move from a region of
higher potential to a region of lower potential.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true

and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true,
but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also
false.

A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

š Question 3
Charges (+𝑞) and (−𝑞) are placed at the points A
and B respectively which are a distance 2L apart.
C is the midpoint between A and B. What is the
work done in moving a charge +𝑄 along the
semicircle CRD.
A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
VC = 0
1 h 𝑞 𝑞 i −𝑞
VD = − =
4𝜋𝜀0 3L L 6𝜋𝜀0L
−𝑄𝑞
W = Q [ VD − VC ] =
6𝜋𝜀0L

š Question 4
(i) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor with air present
between the two plates.
(ii) Obtain the equivalent capacitance of the
network shown in figure. For a 300 V supply,
determine the charge on each capacitor.
A Answer ¥ 5 Marks

(i) Let the two plates be kept parallel to each

other separated by a distance 𝑑 and
cross-sectional area of each plate is 𝐴.
Electric field by a single thin plate
𝜎
𝐸= [𝜎 = surface charge density]
2𝜖 𝑜
Outer region I (region above the plate 1),
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= − =0
2𝜖 𝑜 2𝜖 𝑜
Outer region II (region below the plate 2)
𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= − =0
2𝜖 𝑜 2𝜖 𝑜
Therefore the total electric field due to inner
region between the plates 1 and 2, the electric
 fields due to the two charged plates add up
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝑄
𝐸= + = =
2𝜖 𝑜 2𝜖 𝑜 𝜖 𝑜 𝜖 𝑜 𝐴
Potential difference between the plates
1 𝑄𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 =
𝜀0 𝐴
The capacitance 𝐶 of the parallel plate capacitor
is then
𝑄 𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑑
which depends only on the geometry of the
system

(ii)
 200
The equivalent capacitance = pF
3
200 −12 −8
Charge on C4 = × 10 × 300 = 2 × 10 C
3
Potential difference across
−12
200 × 10 × 300
𝐶4 = 12
= 200 V
3 × 100 × 10 −
Potential difference across
𝐶1 = 300 − 200 = 100 V
−12 −8
Charge on 𝐶1 = 100 × 10 × 100 = 1 × 10 C
Potential difference across 𝐶2 and 𝐶3 series
combination = 100 V
Potential difference across 𝐶2 and 𝐶3 each = 50 V
Charge on 𝐶2 and 𝐶3 each
−12 −8
= 200 × 10 × 50 = 1 × 10 C

š [OR Section]
(i) A dielectric slab of thickness 𝑡 is kept between
the plates of a parallel plate capacitor with
plate separation 𝑑 (𝑡 < 𝑑) . Derive the
expression for the capacitance of the
capacitor.
(ii) A capacitor of capacity C1 is charged to the
potential of V0. On disconnecting with the
 battery, it is connected with an uncharged
capacitor of capacity C2 as shown in the
adjoining figure. Find the ratio of energies
before and after the connection of switch S.

A Answer ¥ 5 Marks

(i)
The capacitance 𝐶 of the parallel plate capacitor
is
𝑄 𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑑
where 𝐴 is the area of parallel plates.
Suppose that the capacitor is connected to a
battery, an electric field E0 is produced.
Now if we insert the dielectric slab of thickness
𝑡 = less than 𝑑 , the electric field reduces to E.
Now the gap between the plates is divided in two
parts, for distance 𝑡 there is electric field E and
for the remaining distance (𝑑 − 𝑡) , the electric
field is E0.
If V be the potential difference between the
plates of the capacitor, then
V = E𝑡 + E0 (𝑑 − 𝑡) [ Given: 𝑡 < 𝑑]
E0
 
= 𝐾 −→ ratio of dielectric constant
E
E0 1
 
V = 𝑡 + E0 (𝑑 − 𝑡) = E0𝑡 − 1 + E0 𝑑
𝐾 𝐾
𝜎 𝑞
As E0 = =
𝜀0 𝜀0 𝐴
1
 
𝑞 𝑞
V= ·𝑡 −1 + ·𝑑
𝜀0 𝐴 𝐾 𝜀0 𝐴
1
   
𝑞
V= 𝑡 −1 +𝑑
𝜀0 𝐴 𝐾
So finally, the capacitance when the slab of
thickness 𝑡 is inserted between the parallel
plates of the capacitor is
𝑞 𝜀0A 𝜀0 A 𝐾
𝐶= =  =
1

𝑉 𝑡 − 𝐾𝑡 + 𝐾𝑑
𝑡 −1 +𝑑
𝐾
𝜀0 A 𝐾 𝜀0A 𝐾
⇒𝐶= or
𝑡 − 𝐾 (𝑡 + 𝑑) 𝑡( 1 − 𝐾) + 𝐾𝑑
Same type of question was asked in CBSE
2013 Board Exam

A slab of material of dielectric constant 𝐾 has

the same area as that of the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor but has the thickness 𝑑/2, where
𝑑 is the separation between the plates. Find out
the expression for its capacitance when the slab
is inserted between the plates of the capacitor.
[2013]

A Solution
The capacitance 𝐶 of the parallel plate capacitor
is
𝑄 𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑑
where 𝐴 is the area of parallel plates.
Suppose that the capacitor is connected to a
battery, an electric field E0 is produced.
Now if we insert the dielectric slab of thickness
𝑡 = 𝑑/2, the electric field reduces to E.
Now the gap between the plates is divided in two
parts, for distance 𝑡 there is electric field E and
for the remaining distance (𝑑 − 𝑡) , the electric
field is E0.
If V be the potential difference between the
plates of the capacitor, then
V = E𝑡 + E0 (𝑑 − 𝑡)
E𝑑 E0 𝑑
 
𝑑 𝑑
V= + = ( E + E0 ) Given: 𝑡 =
2 2 2 2
E0
 
= 𝐾 −→ ratio of dielectric constant
E
𝑑 E0 𝑑 E0
 
V= + E0 = ( 1 + 𝐾)
2 𝐾 2𝐾
𝜎 𝑞 𝑑 𝑞
E0 = = and V = · ( 1 + 𝐾)
𝜀0 𝜀0 A 2 𝐾 𝜀0 A
𝑞 2 𝐾𝜀0A
𝐶= =
𝑉 𝑑 ( 1 + 𝐾)
Same type of questions can come in your exam
by just twisting the question as thickness of the
slab to 𝑑/4, 3/4𝑑 , etc.
(ii) Let V1 be the common potential of both
capacitor after the complete flow of charge.
From conservation of charge we have
C1V0 = ( C1 + C2) V1
C1
V1 = V0
( C1 + C2)
Energy before connecting the switch
1 2
U1 = C1V0
2
Energy after connection switch
1 2
U2 = ( C1 + C2) V1
2
2 2
1 C1V0
U2 = ( C1 + C2) 2
2 ( C1 + C2)
2 2
1 C1V0
U2 = × 2
2 ( C1 + C2)
Now ratio is given by,
2 2
U2 C 1 V0 2
= 2
× 2
U1 2 ( C1 + C2) C1V0
Therefore, the ratio of energies before and after
the connection of switch S
U2 C1
=
U1 ( C1 + C2)
§ 2023 55(B) Compart
š Question 5
(i) How will the capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor change if :
(1) the plates area is doubled ?
(2) the separation between the plates is doubled ?

(ii) The effective capacitance of three capacitors

of the same capacitance connected in series is
1 F. Find the :
(1) effective capacitance if they are connected in
parallel.
(2) ratio of energy stored in the parallel
combination of the capacitors to that in the
series combination, if the combinations are
connected to the same source one by one.

A Answer ¥ 5 Marks
(i.1) 𝐶 ∝ 𝐴 Capacitance gets doubled
1
(i.2) 𝐶 ∝ Capacitance reduces to half
𝑑
(ii) Given that the effective capacitance of three
capacitors of the same capacitance
connected in series is 1 F.
𝐶
= 1𝜇𝐹 ∴ 𝐶 = 3𝜇𝐹
3
(1) Effective capacitance in parallel
𝐶 𝑃 = 3𝐶 = 3 × 3𝜇𝐹
𝐶 𝑃 = 9𝜇𝐹
1 2
(2) 𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉
2
𝑈𝑃 𝐶 𝑝 9
= = =3:1
𝑃𝑆 𝐶 𝑆 3
 š Question 6
Case Study :
A charged body inside an electric field. A
−13
charged latex sphere of mass 1.85 × 10 kg is
held stationary in between two horizontal plates
which are separated by a distance 0·62 cm. The
potential difference between the plates is
3
1.24 × 10 V with the upper plate being positive.
Based on the above facts, answer the following
questions :
(i) What is the nature of charge on the latex
sphere ?
(ii) What is the direction of electric field between
the plates ?
(iii) What is the magnitude of electric field
between the plates ?
OR
What is the magnitude of charge on the latex
2
sphere ? (Take 𝑔 = 10 ms )

A Answer ¥ 4 Marks
(i) Negative Charge
(ii) Downwards
 𝑉
(iii) 𝐸 =
𝑑
3
1.24 × 10 V 5 −1
𝐸= 2
= 2 × 10 Vm
0.62 × 10− m

OR
𝑞𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔
−13
𝑚𝑔 1.85 × 10 × 10
𝑞= = 5
𝐸 2 × 10
−18
= 9.25 × 10 C
§ 2023 55/C Compart
š Question 7
A uniform electric field E of 500 N/C is directed
along +𝑥 axis. O, B and A are three points in the
field having 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordinates (in cm) ( 0, 0),
( 4, 0) and ( 0, 3) respectively. Calculate the
potential difference between the points
(i) O and A (ii) O and B.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
(i) VOA = E (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) = 500 × 0 = 0 V
−2
(ii) VOB = −E (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) = −500 × 4 × 10 = −20 V

š OR
Three point charges 1 𝜇 C, −1 𝜇 C and 2 𝜇 C are kept
at the vertices A, B and C respectively of an
equilateral triangle of side 1 m.A1, B1 and C1 are
the midpoints of the sides AB, BC and CA
respectively. Calculate the net amount of work
done in displacing the charge from 𝐴 to 𝐴1, from
𝐵 to 𝐵1 and from 𝐶 to 𝐶1.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
Initial electrostatic potential energy of the
system
𝑘 −12
Ui = [ 1 × (−1) + (−1) × 2 + ( 1) × ( 2)] × 10
𝑟
9
9 × 10 −12
= [−1 − 2 + 2] × 10
1
−3
= −9 × 10 J
1
Now A1 B1 = B1C1 = A1C1 = m
2
Final electrostatic potential energy of the system
−9
−9 × 10 −3
𝑈𝑓 = = −18 × 10 J
1/2
Amount of work done W = 𝑈 𝑓 − 𝑈𝑖
−3 −3 −3
W = −18 × 10 + 9 × 10 = −9 × 10 J

š Question 8
A parallel plate capacitor is an arrangement of
two identical metal plates kept parallel, a small
distance apart. The capacitance of a capacitor
depends on the size and separation of the two
plates and also on the dielectric constant of the
medium between the plates. Like resistors,
capacitors can also be arranged in series or
 parallel or a combination of both. By virtue of
electric field between the plates, charged
capacitors store energy.

(a) The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor

increases from 10 𝜇 F to 80 𝜇 F on introducing a
dielectric medium between the plates. Find
the dielectric constant of the medium.

A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
𝐶 80 𝜇𝐹
𝐾= = =8
𝐶0 10 𝜇𝐹

(b) n capacitors, each of capacitance C, are

connected in series. Find the equivalent
capacitance of the combination.
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
1 1 1 1
= + +.........+
𝐶𝑆 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛
1 𝑛 𝐶
= Therefore, 𝐶𝑆 =
𝐶𝑆 𝐶 𝑛

(c) A capacitor is charged to a potential (V) by

connecting it to a battery. After some time, the
battery is disconnected and a dielectric is
introduced between the plates. How will the
potential difference between the plates, and
the energy stored in it be affected ? Justify
your answer.
OR
Find the equivalent capacitance between
points A and B, if capacitance of each
capacitor is C.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
The charge on the plates does not change as the
capacitor is disconnected from the battery. The
presence of dielectric slab increases the
capacitance, which decreases the potential
difference. Thus, the energy stored is reduced.
Charge is constant.
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 𝐶2 = 𝐾𝐶1 𝐶1𝑉1 = 𝐾𝐶1𝑉2
𝑉1
𝑉2 =
𝐾
1
Potential difference decreases by a factor
2 2 2
𝐾
1𝑄 1𝑄 1
 
𝑄
𝑉2 = = =
2 𝐶2 2 𝐾𝐶1 𝐾 2𝐶2

OR

As we can see, the capacitors form a Wheatstone

bridge. The effective capacitance between M and
N is the sum of effective capacitance between P
and Q and the effective capacitance between S
and T.

𝐶 𝑀𝑁 = 𝐶 𝑃𝑄 + 𝐶𝑆𝑇
Wheatstone bridges can be divided into two
halves which have similar capacitance.
∴ 𝐶 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐶𝑆𝑇
The capacitance 𝐶 𝑃𝑄 is the reciprocal of the sums
of the reciprocal of the capacitances P and Q.

1
𝐶 𝑃𝑄 =
1 1
+
𝐶𝑃 𝐶𝑄
The capacitance of the capacitor 𝑃 is 𝐶 and
capacitance of 𝑄 is 𝐶 .
1
𝐶 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑃 = 𝐶, 𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶
1 1
+
𝐶𝑃 𝐶𝑄
1 1 𝐶
𝐶 𝑃𝑄 = = =
1 1 2 2
+
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
The capacitance 𝐶 𝑃𝑄 is equal to the capacitance
𝐶𝑆𝑇
 𝐶
𝐶 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐶𝑆𝑇 =
2
𝐶 𝐶
=⇒ 𝐶 𝑀𝑁 = 𝐶 𝑃𝑄 + 𝐶𝑆𝑇 = +
2 2
=⇒ 𝐶 𝑀𝑁 = 1𝐶
The effective capacitance between the point M
and point N is 1C.
Now only two capacitors in parallel left between
A and B, so the effective capacitance between the
point A and point B is ( 1 + 1) C = 2C.
§ 2023 55/1/1 All Sets
š Question 9
(a) Twelve negative charges of same magnitude
are equally spaced and fixed on the
circumference of a circle of radius R as shown
in Fig. (i). Relative to potential being zero at
infinity, find the electric potential and electric
field at the centre C of the circle.
(b) If the charges are unequally spaced and fixed
on an arc of 120° of radius R as shown in Fig.
(ii), find electric potential at the centre C.

A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
(a) Electric potential due to point charge
 𝑘𝑞
V=
𝑅
Value of each charge = −𝑞,
Total charge = −12𝑞
𝑘(−12𝑞)
Total potential V =
𝑅
−12𝑘𝑞 −12𝑞
V= =
𝑅 4𝜋 ∈0 𝑅
By symmetry the resultant of all electric field
vectors becomes zero. So electric field is zero.
(b) Electric potential is a scalar quantity and does
not depend on placement of charges
−12𝑘𝑞 −12𝑞
Therefore V = =
𝑅 4𝜋 ∈0 𝑅

š Question 10
A 100 𝜇 F capacitor is charged by a 12 V battery.
(a) How much electrostatic energy is stored by
the capacitor ?
(b) The capacitor is disconnected from the
battery and connected in parallel to another
uncharged 100 𝜇 F capacitor. What is the
electrostatic energy stored by the system ?
A Answer ¥ Set 2, 3 Marks
−6
C = 100 𝜇𝐹 = 100 × 10 𝐹, 𝑉 = 12 V
1 2
1 −6 2
(a) U = 𝐶𝑉 = × 100 × 10 × ( 12)
2 2
1 −4
= × 10 × 144
2
−4
= 72 × 10 J = 7.2 m J

(b) Ceq = C1 + C2 = 200 𝜇𝐹

−6 −4
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 = 100 × 10 × 12 = 12 × 10 C
2 4 2
12 × 10−


𝑄 144 −4
𝑈= = 6
= × 10
2𝐶𝑒𝑞 2 × 200 × 10 − 4
−4
= 36 × 10 J = 3.6 m J

š Question 11
Three point charges Q1 (−15 𝜇 C) , Q2 ( 10 𝜇 C) and
Q3 ( 16 𝜇 C) are located at (0 cm, 0 cm),(0 cm, 3 cm)
and (4 cm, 3 cm) respectively. Calculate the
electrostatic potential energy of this system of
charges.
A Answer ¥ Set 3, 3 Marks
 1 𝑄1𝑄2
UQ1Q2 =
4𝜋 ∈𝑜 𝑟12
9 −6 −6
9 × 10 × −15 × 10 × 10 × 10



= 2
3 × 10 −

= −45 J
1 𝑄2𝑄3
UQ2Q3 =
4𝜋 ∈𝑜 𝑟23
9 −6 −6
9 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 16 × 10



=
4 × 10−2
= 36 J
1 𝑄1𝑄3
UQ1Q3 =
4𝜋 ∈𝑜 𝑟13
9 −6 −6
9 × 10 × −15 × 10 × 16 × 10



=
5 × 10−2
= −43.2 J
Unet = UQ1Q2 + UQ2Q3 + UQ1Q3
= −45 + 36 − 43.2 = −52.2 J
§ 2023 55/2/1 All Sets
š Question 12
A point P lies at a distance 𝑥 from the mid point
of an electric dipole on its axis. The electric
potential at point P is proportional to
1 1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1/2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
If you know the formula of electric potential due
to dipole which is
1 𝑝
𝑉 =±
4𝜋𝜖𝑜 𝑟 2
1
From formula it is clear that 𝑉 ∝ 2
𝑟
1
So 2 is the correct option.
𝑥
š Question 13
A point charge 𝑞0 is moving along a circular path
of radius a, with a point charge −𝑄 at the centre
of the circle. The kinetic energy of 𝑞0 is
𝑞0 𝑄 𝑞0 𝑄
(a) (b)
4𝜋𝜖0a 8𝜋𝜖0a
𝑞0 𝑄 𝑞0 𝑄
(c) (d)
4𝜋𝜖0a2 8𝜋𝜖0a2

A Answer ¥ Set 3, 1 Marks

To find the kinetic energy of the moving point
charge 𝑞0, we need to consider the electrostatic
potential energy between the charges and the
kinetic energy of the charge in motion.
The electrostatic potential energy between two
point charges 𝑞0 and 𝑄 separated by a distance 𝑟
is given by:
𝑘 · |𝑞0 · 𝑄|
𝑈= ,
𝑟
1
▲ 𝑘 is Coulomb’s constant, 𝑘 =
4𝜋𝜖0
9 2 2
approximately equal to 9 × 10 N m /C ,
▲ 𝑟 is the distance between the charges, and
▲ |𝑞0 · 𝑄| is the product of their magnitudes.
The kinetic energy 𝐾 of the moving point charge
𝑞 is given by:
1 2
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 ,
2
where 𝑚 is the mass of the moving point charge,
and 𝑣 is its velocity.
Since 𝑞 is moving in a circular path of radius 𝑎
around the charge −𝑄 at the center, there must
be a centripetal force acting on 𝑞 to keep it in
circular motion.
This force is provided by the electrostatic force
between the two charges.
At any point on the circular path, the
electrostatic force (𝐹𝑒) between 𝑞 and −𝑄 is given
by Coulomb’s law:
𝑘 · |𝑞 · 𝑄| 1
𝐹𝑒 = 2
, where 𝑘 =
𝑎 4𝜋𝜖0
where 𝑎 is the radius of the circular path.
The centripetal force (𝐹𝑐) required to keep 𝑞 in
circular motion is:
2
𝑚𝑣
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑎
Since 𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝑒, we can equate the two expressions:
 2
𝑚𝑣 𝑘 · |𝑞 · 𝑄|
=
𝑎 𝑎2
2
Solving for 𝑣 , we get:

2 𝑘 · |𝑞 · 𝑄|
𝑣 = .
𝑚·𝑎
2
Now, substituting this value of 𝑣 into the
expression for kinetic energy, we get:

1
 
𝑘 · |𝑞 · 𝑄| 𝑘 · |𝑞 · 𝑄|
𝐾 = 𝑚· =
2 𝑚·𝑎 2𝑎
1 𝑞𝑄
Replacing by 𝑘 = , we get
4𝜋𝜖0 8𝜋𝜖0a

To explain you line by line, the answer

has become long but you don’t have
to write so long in your answer sheet.
Just write the correct option as it’s of
1 Mark only.

š Question 14
Two charged conducting spheres of radii a and b
are connected to each other by a wire. Find the
ratio of the electric fields at their surfaces.
A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
When connected by a conducting wire both
spheres will be at the same potential.
𝑞1 𝑞2 1
∴𝑉 =𝑘 =𝑘 where 𝑘 =
𝑎 𝑏 4𝜋𝜖0
1 𝑄
∵ 𝑉 (𝑟) =
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
𝑞1 𝑎
∴ =
𝑞2 𝑏
𝑞1
𝐸1 𝑘 2 𝑏
𝑎
= 𝑞 =
𝐸2 𝑘 2 𝑎
𝑏2

š OR
A parallel plate capacitor (A) of capacitance C is
charged by a battery to voltage V. The battery is
disconnected and an uncharged capacitor (B) of
capacitance 2C is connected across A. Find the
ratio of
(i) final charges on A and B.
(ii) total electrostatic energy stored in A and B
finally and that stored in A initially.
A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
(i) Initially 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉
Finally 𝑞 𝐴 = 𝐶 𝐴𝑉1 & 𝑞𝐵 = 𝐶 𝐵𝑉1
𝑞𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 1
= =
𝑞𝐵 𝐶𝐵 2 
2𝑄

𝑄
(ii) 𝑞 𝐴 + 𝑞𝑏 = 𝑄 ∴ 𝑞𝐴 = & 𝑞𝐵 =
3 3
𝑈 𝑓 𝑈 𝐴 + 𝑈𝐵
=
𝑈𝑖 𝑈 𝐴𝑖
2 2
𝑞𝐴 𝑞𝐵
+
2𝐶 𝐴 2𝐶 𝐵 1
= 2
=
𝑄 3
2𝐶 𝐴
Alternatively,
Common potential
𝑄1 + 𝑄2
𝑉1 =
𝐶1 + 𝐶2
 
𝑄 𝑉 𝑄
= = ∵ =𝑉
3𝐶 3 𝐶
1 2
𝑈𝑓 2 𝐶 𝑉
𝑒𝑞 1
=
𝑈𝑖 1 2
𝐶 𝐴𝑉
2
  2
1 𝑉
3𝐶 ×
2 3 1
= =
1 2 3
𝐶𝑉
2

š Question 15
(i) Consider two identical point charges located
at points ( 0, 0) and ( a, 0) .
(1) Is there a point on the line joining them at
which the electric field is zero?
(2) Is there a point on the line joining them at
which the electric potential is zero?
Justify your answers for each case.

(ii) State the significance of negative value of

electrostatic potential energy of a system of
charges.
Three charges are placed at the corners of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side 2.0 m as
shown in figure. Calculate the electric
potential energy of the system of three
charges.
 A Answer ¥ 5 Marks
(i.1) Yes , electric field is zero at mid point.
Electric field being a vector quantity, its
resultant is zero.
(i.2) No, potential cannot be zero on line joining
the charges. Electric potential being a scalar
quantity, the net potential due to two
identical charges cannot be zero.
(ii) Negative value of electrostatic potential
energy of a system signifies that the system
has attractive forces and is stable.
 1 𝑞1𝑞2
𝑈= ×
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
1 h 𝑞 𝐴𝑞 𝐵 𝑞 𝐵𝑞𝑐 𝑞𝑐 𝑞 𝐴 i
𝑈= + +
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
9
9 × 10 −12
= [−16 − 8 + 8] × 10
2
−2
= −7.2 × 10 J
§ 2023 55/3/1 All Sets
š Question 16
(i) Define electric potential at a point and write
its SI unit.
(ii) Two capacitors are connected in series.
Derive an expression of the equivalent
capacitance of the combination.
(iii) Two point charges +𝑞 and −𝑞 are located at
points ( 3𝑎, 0) and ( 0, 4𝑎) respectively in 𝑥 − 𝑦
plane. A third charge 𝑄 is kept at the origin.
Find the value of 𝑄, in terms of 𝑞 and 𝑎, so
that the electrostatic potential energy of the
system is zero.

A Answer ¥ 5 Marks
(i) Electrostatic potential at any point in a region
with electrostatic field is the work done in
bringing a unit positive charge (without
acceleration) from infinity to that point.
Work Done ∫ →−
𝑉= =− 𝐸® · 𝑑𝑙
𝑞
S.I. unit of electrostatic potential is Volt or J/C.
(ii)
𝑄 𝑄
𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = +
𝐶 1 𝐶
 2
1 1

𝑄
=𝑄 +
𝐶𝑒𝑞. 𝐶1 𝐶2
1 1 1
= +
𝐶𝑒𝑞. 𝐶1 𝐶2
(iii) Potential energy of the system
2
 
−𝑄𝑞 𝑄𝑞 𝑞
= + −
4𝑎 3𝑎 5𝑎
2
 
−𝑄𝑞 𝑄𝑞 𝑞
∴𝐾 + − =0
4𝑎 3𝑎 5𝑎
−𝑄 𝑄 𝑞 𝑄 𝑞
⇒ + − =0 ⇒+ − =0
4 3 5 12 5
12𝑞
⇒𝑄=+
5
§ 2023 55/4/1 All Sets
š Question 17
Obtain an expression for electrostatic potential
energy of a system of three charges 𝑞, 2𝑞 and
−3𝑞 placed at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle of side 𝑎.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks

1 𝑞1𝑞2
𝑈= ·
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
 2 2 2
1 2𝑞 6𝑞 3𝑞

𝑈= − −
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
2
1 −7 𝑞


𝑈=
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑎
š OR
Two small conducting balls A and B of radius 𝑟1
and 𝑟2 have charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 respectively. They
are connected by a wire. Obtain the expression
for charges on A and B, in equilibrium.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
According to law of conservation of charge
𝑞𝑖 = 𝑞 𝑓
′ ′
𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = 𝑄
When two balls are connected with wire
𝑉1 = 𝑉2
′ ′ ′ ′
𝑘𝑞1 𝑘𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞2
= or =
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2
′ ′
𝑞1𝑟2 = 𝑞2𝑟1
′ ′


𝑞1𝑟2 = 𝑄 − 𝑞1 𝑟1
′ ′
𝑞1𝑟2 = 𝑄𝑟1 − 𝑞1𝑟1
′
𝑞1 (𝑟1 + 𝑟2) = 𝑄𝑟1
′ 𝑄𝑟1 (𝑞1 + 𝑞2) 𝑟1
𝑞1 = =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
′ ′ 𝑄𝑟 1 𝑄𝑟2 (𝑞 1 + 𝑞2 ) 𝑟2
𝑞2 = 𝑄 − 𝑞1 = 𝑄 − = =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
š Question 18
Electrostatics deals with the study of forces,
fields and potentials arising from static charges.
Force and electric field, due to a point charge is
basically determined by Coulomb’s law. For
 symmetric charge configurations, Gauss’s law,
which is also based on Coulomb’s law, helps us to
find the electric field. A charge/a system of
charges like a dipole experience a force/torque
in an electric field. Work is required to be done
to provide a specific orientation to a dipole with
respect to an electric field.
Answer the following questions based on the
above :
(a) Consider a uniformly charged thin conducting
shell of radius R. Plot a graph showing the
→
−
variation of | E | with distance 𝑟 from the
centre, for points 0 ≤ r ≤ 3R.

A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
(b) The figure shows the variation of potential 𝑉
with 1/r for two point charges Q1 and Q2,
where V is the potential at a distance r due to a
point charge. Find Q1/Q2.

A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
𝑄
V=𝑘
r
Slope of graph is proportional to 𝑄
𝑄1 tan 60 ◦
= = 3
𝑄2 tan 30◦
(c) An electric dipole of dipole moment of
−7
6 × 10 C − m is kept in a uniform electric field
4
of 10 N/C such that the dipole moment and
the electric field are parallel. Calculate the
potential energy of the dipole.

A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
𝑈 = −𝑝𝐸 cos 𝜃
𝜃=0 ◦
−7 4
𝑈 = − 6 × 10 × 10



−3
𝑈 = −6 × 10 J
OR
An electric dipole of dipole moment 𝑝® is initially
→− →
−
kept in a uniform electric field E such that p is
→
−
perpendicular to E . Find the amount of work
done in rotating the dipole to a position at which
→
−
𝑝® becomes antiparallel to E .
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
Work done W = −pE ( cos 𝜃2 − cos 𝜃1)
where 𝜃2 = 180 , 𝜃1 = 90
◦ ◦

◦ ◦
⇒ W = −pE ( cos 180 − cos 90 )
W = +pE
§ 2023 55/5/1 All Sets
š Question 19
The capacitors, each of 4 𝜇 F are to be connected
in such a way that the effective capacitance of
the combination is 6 𝜇 F. This can be achieved by
connecting
(a) All three in parallel
(b) All three in series
(c) Two of them connected in series and the
combination in parallel to the third.
(d) Two of them connected in parallel and the
combination in series to the third.
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
Two of them connected in series and the
combination in parallel to the third

š Question 20
Depict the orientation of an electric dipole in
(a) stable (b) unstable equilibrium
in an external uniform electric field. Write the
potential energy of the dipole in each case.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
 (a) 𝑈 = −𝑝𝐸 (b) 𝑈 = 𝑝𝐸

𝜃 = 0° 𝜃 = 180°

š Question 21
Three point charges 𝑄, 𝑞 and −𝑞 are kept at the
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side L as
shown in figure. What is

(i) the electrostatic potential energy of the

arrangement?
(ii) the potential at point D ?
 A Answer ¥ Set 3, 1 Marks
2
𝑘𝑄𝑞 𝑘𝑄𝑞 𝑘𝑞
(i) 𝑈 = − + −
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
2
𝑘𝑞
𝑈=−
𝐿
(ii) 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐷𝐴 + 𝑉𝐷𝐵 + 𝑉𝐷𝐶
2 𝐾𝑄 2 𝐾𝑞 2 𝐾𝑞
𝑉= √ − +
𝐿 3 𝐿 𝐿
2 𝐾𝑄
𝑉= √
𝐿 3
š Question 22
A capacitor is a system of two conductors
separated by an insulator. The two conductors
have equal and opposite charges with a potential
difference between them. The capacitance of a
capacitor depends on the geometrical
configuration (shape, size and separation) of the
system and also on the nature of the insulator
separating the two conductors. They are used to
store charges. Like resistors, capacitors can be
arranged in series or parallel or a combination
of both to obtain desired value of capacitance.
 (i) Find the equivalent capacitance between
points A and B in the given diagram

(ii) A dielectric slab is inserted between the plates

of a parallel plate capacitor. The electric field
between the plates decreases. Explain.
(iii) A capacitor A of capacitance C, having charge
Q is connected across another uncharged
capacitor B of capacitance 2C. Find an
expression for
(a) the potential difference across the
combination
(b) the charge lost by capacitor A.
OR
Two slabs of dielectric constants 2K and K fill the
space between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor of plate area A and plate separation 𝑑
as shown in figure. Find an expression for
 capacitance of the system.

A Answer ¥ 4 Marks

(i)
𝐶net = 𝐶 + 𝐶 = 2𝐶
(ii) Within the dielectric slab, the induced electric
field due to polarization decreases the electric
field. As the dielectric slab is introduced there
is some charge distribution in the slab and
 because of this the electric field between the
two plates is decreased, due to which the
capacitor can hold more charge. Thus, the
capacity to hold charge of the capacitor is
increased.
E0
E=
𝐾
(iii) (a)
′ 𝑄Total 𝑄
𝑉 = =
𝐶eqi 3𝐶
′ 𝑄 𝑉
𝑉 = =
3𝐶 3
(b)
′ 𝑉 𝑄
𝑄𝐴 =𝐶× =
3 3

𝑄 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑄
Charge lost by capacitor A is

𝑄 2𝑄
Δ𝑄 = 𝑄 − =
3 3

OR
6 𝐾 ∈0 𝐴
Capacitance of left portion, C1 =
𝑑
3 𝐾 ∈0 𝐴
Capacitance of right portion, C2 =
2𝑑
As the capacitors are in series
1 1 1
= +
𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 𝐶1 𝐶2
1 𝑑 2𝑑 5𝑑
= + =
𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 6𝐾 ∈0 𝐴 3𝐾 ∈0 𝐴 6𝐾 𝐴 ∈0
6 𝐾 𝐴 ∈0
𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 =
5𝑑
§ 2022 Term I 55/2
š Question 23
The electric potential V at any point (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is
2
given by V = 3𝑥 where 𝑥 is in metres and V in
volts. The electric field at the point (1 m, 0, 2 m)
(a) 6 V/m along −𝑥 -axis
(b) 6 V/m along +𝑥 -axis
(c) 1.5 V/m along −𝑥 -axis
(d) 1.5 V/m along +𝑥 -axis
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
−𝑑 V 𝑑 2
E= 3 𝑥 = −6 𝑥


=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Putting 𝑥 = 1,
E = 6 V/m along −𝑥 direction.
š Question 24
Which of the diagrams correctly represents the
electric field between two charged plates if a
neutral conductor is placed in between the
plates?

A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
Option (d) is correct.
Upper side of the neutral conductor will be
negatively charged. Lower side of the neutral
conductor will be positively charged. Then the
field lines will be from negative to positive as
shown in the diagram.
š Question 25
A variable capacitor is connected to a 200 V
battery. If its capacitance is changed from 2 𝜇 F
to X 𝜇 F, the decrease in energy of the capacitor is
(a) 1 𝜇 F (b) 2 𝜇 F (c) 3 𝜇 F (d) 4 𝜇 F
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
1 2
Energy = CV
2
1 −6 2 −2
E1 = × 2 × 10 × 200 = 4 × 10 J
2
1 −6 2
E2 = × (𝑋) × 10 × 200 J
2
Decrease in energy = E1 − E2
−2 −2 −2
⇒ 2 × 10 = 4 × 10 − 2 × ( X) × 10
⇒ 2 = 4 − 2𝑋
∴ X = 1𝜇 F

š Question 26
A +3.0nC charge 𝑄 is initially at rest at a distance
of 𝑟1 = 10 cm from a +5.0nC charge 𝑞 fixed at the
origin. The charge 𝑄 is moved away from 𝑞 to a
new position at 𝑟2 = 15 cm. In this process work
done by the field is
−5 5
(a) 1.29 × 10 J (b) 3.6 × 10 J
 −7 −7
(c) −4.5 × 10 J (d) 4.5 × 10 J
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
Work done = 𝑈𝑖 − 𝑈 𝑓
 
1 1  1 1
   

= 𝑘𝑞𝑄 − = 𝑘𝑞𝑄  − 
𝑟1 𝑟2  10 15 

 100 100 
 
𝑘𝑞𝑄 1 1 𝑘𝑞𝑄 1
   
= 2
− = 2
( 10 ) 10 15
− ( 10 ) 30
−

9 −9 −9
9 × 10 × 5 × 10 × 3 × 10




1
 
= 2
( 10 )
− 30
−7
= 4.5 × 10 J

š Question 27
A car battery is charged by a 12 V supply, and
5
energy stored in it is 7.20 × 10 J. The charge
passed through the battery is
4 3
(a) 6.0 × 10 C (b) 5.8 × 10 J
6 5
(c) 8.64 × 10 J (d) 1.6 × 10 C
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
𝑄 = 𝑊/𝑉
5
= 7.2 × 10 /12
4
= 6 × 10 C
š Question 28
Two charges 14 mC and −4 𝜇 C are placed at
(−12 cm, 0, 0) and (12
 cm, 0, 0) in an external
𝐵
electric field 𝐸 = 2
𝑟
6 2
where 𝐵 = 1.2 × 10 N/(cm ) and 𝑟 is in metres.
The electrostatic potential energy of the
configuration is
(a) 97.9 J (b) 102.1 J (c) 2.1 J (d) –97.9 J
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
Potential energy of the system
= the total work done in assembling the
configuration
𝑞1𝑞2 𝑘𝑞1𝑞2
= 𝑞1𝑉 + 𝑞2𝑉 + = 𝑞1𝑉 + 𝑞2𝑉 +
4𝜋𝜖0𝑟 𝑟
" #
|𝛿𝑉 | |𝛿𝑉 |
As we know, | E | = − =+
𝛿𝑙 𝛿𝑙
6
𝐵 𝐵 1.2 × 10
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑟 = 2 𝑟 = =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
6
1.2 × 10
 
−6
= 𝑞1𝑉 + 𝑞2𝑉 = ( 14 − 4 ) × 10
12 × 10−2
9 −6 −6
𝑘𝑞1𝑞2 9 × 10 × 14 × 10 × 4 × 10
And, =− 2
𝑟 ( 24 × 10 )−
Therefore, combining all
𝑘𝑞1𝑞2
= 𝑞1𝑉 + 𝑞2𝑉 + = 100 − 2.1 = 97.9 J
𝑟
š Question 29
Equipotentials at a large distance from a
collection of charges whose total sum is not zero
are

(a) spheres (c) ellipsoids

(b) planes (d) paraboloids

A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
(a) spheres is the correct answer.
The collection of charges, whose total sum is not
zero, at great distance may be considered as a
point charge. So, potential is inversely
proportional to the distance from the charge. So,
electric potentials due to point charge are the
same for all equidistant points. The locus of
these equidistant points, which are at same
potential, is a sphere.
š Question 30
Four charges −𝑞, −𝑞, +𝑞 and +𝑞 are placed at the
corners of a square of side 2L is shown in figure.
The electric potential at point A midway
between the two charges +𝑞 and +𝑞 is

1 2𝑞 1 1 2𝑞 1
   
(a) 1−√ (b) 1+√
4𝜋𝜀0 L 5 4𝜋𝜀0 L 5
1 𝑞 1
 
(c) 1−√ (d) zero
4𝜋𝜀0 2L 5
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
Electric potential due to two +𝑞 charges
1 2𝑞
= ×
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿
Electric potential due to two −𝑞 charges
1 −2 𝑞
= ×√
4𝜋𝜀0 5𝐿
1 2𝑞 1
 
Total potential at A = × 1−√
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿 5
§ 2021 55/C Compart
š Question 31
(i.a) Why does the electric field inside a dielectric
slab decrease when kept in an external
electric field?
(i.b) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor filled with a medium
of dielectric constant K.
(ii) A charge 𝑞 = 2 𝜇 C is placed at the centre of a
sphere of radius 20 cm. What is the amount
of work done in moving 4 𝜇 C from one point
to another point on its surface?
® of a
(iii) Write a relation for polarisation P
dielectric material in the presence of an
external electric field.
A Answer ¥ 5 Marks
(i.a) A dielectric material gets polarized when it is
placed in an external electric field. The field
produced due to the polarization of material
reduces the effect of external electric field.
Hence, the electric field inside a dielectric
decreases.
(i.b) Electric field in vacuum between the plates
𝜎
= E0 =
𝜀𝑜
Electric field in dielectric between the plates,
𝐸0
E=
𝐾
Potential difference between the capacitor
plates V = Et + E0 ( d − t)
where ’ 𝑡 ’ is the thickness of dielectric slab.
𝐸0
V = t + E0 ( d − t)
𝐾
   
𝜎 𝑡 𝜎 𝑡 + 𝐾 (𝑑 − 𝑡)
V= + ( d − t) =
𝜀𝑜 𝐾 𝜀𝑜 𝐾
𝑄 𝜀0 𝐴𝐾
As C = ⇒C=
𝑉 𝑡 + 𝐾 (𝑑 − 𝑡)
(ii) The surface of the sphere is equipotential. So,
the work done in moving the charge from
one point to the other is zero.
W = 𝑞ΔV = 0 (∵ ΔV = 0)
(iii) 𝑃 = 𝜖𝑜 𝜒𝑒 𝐸
 Theory Recap

Relation between Dielectric and Polarisation

The dipole moment per unit volume is called
polarisation and is denoted by P. For linear
isotropic dielectrics,
𝑃 = 𝜖𝑜 𝜒𝑒 𝐸
where 𝜒𝑒 is a constant characteristic of the
dielectric and is known as the electric
susceptibility of the dielectric medium.

š OR
(i) Obtain an expression for the potential energy
of an electric dipole placed in a uniform
electric field.
(ii) Three capacitors of capacitance C1, C2 and C3
are connected in series to a source of V volt.
Show that the total energy stored in the
combination of capacitors is equal to sum of
the energy stored in individual capacitors.
(iii) A capacitor of capacitance C is connected
across a battery. After charging, the battery is
disconnected and the separation between the
plates is doubled. How will
(a) the capacitance of the capacitor, and
(b) the electric field between the plates be
affected ? Justify your answer.

A Answer ¥ 5 Marks
(i) Consider a dipole with charges 𝑞1 = +𝑞 and
𝑞2 = −𝑞 is placed in a uniform electric field E,
as shown in Fig The dipole experiences no net
force; but experiences a torque 𝝉 given by
𝝉 = p × E which will tend to rotate it (unless p
is parallel or antiparallel to E ).

Suppose an external torque 𝝉ext is applied in

such a manner that it just neutralizes this
torque and rotates it in the plane of paper
from angle 𝜃𝑜 to angle 𝜃1 at an infinitesimal
 angular speed and without angular
acceleration. The amount of work done by the
external torque will be given by
∫ 𝜃1 ∫ 𝜃1
𝑊= 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝑝𝐸 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜃0 𝜃0
W = U = 𝑝𝐸 ( cos 𝜃0 − cos 𝜃1)
2
1𝑄
(ii) U =
2 𝐶eff
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝐶eff 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
2 2 2
1𝑄 1𝑄 1𝑄
U= + +
2 𝐶1 2 𝐶2 2 𝐶3
U = U1 + U2 + U3

(iii) When battery is disconnected then charge (𝑞)

remains constant.

(a) Capacitance is halved

′ 𝜀𝑜 𝐴 𝐶
C = =
2𝑑 2
(b) Electric field (E) is unaffected.

𝜎 𝑞
𝐸= =
𝜀 𝜀𝑜 𝐴
Alternatively for effect on electric field.
𝑉
E=
𝑑
𝑄 𝑄
V = ′=
′
= 2V
𝐶 𝐶/2
𝑉 ′
2𝑉 𝑉
E =
′
= = =E
𝑑′ 2𝑑 𝑑
§ 2020 55/C All Sets
š Question 32
A charge particle is placed between the plates of
a charged parallel plate capacitor. It experiences
a force F. If one of the plates is removed, the
force on the charge particle becomes
F
(a) F (b) 2F (c) (d) Zero
2
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
F
is the correct option.
2
š Question 33
An air-filled parallel plate capacitor is connected
across a battery. After it is fully charged, the
battery is disconnected. Now a dielectric slab is
inserted between the plates of the capacitor to
fill the space completely. Then the
(a) capacitance will decrease.
(b) electric field between the plates will increase.
(c) potential difference between the plates will
increase.
(d) charge on plates will remain the same.
A Answer ¥ Set 2, 1 Marks
(d) change on plates will remain the same

š Question 34
Two point charges 𝑞 and −𝑞 are located at
( 0, 0, −𝑎) and ( 0, 0, 𝑎) respectively.
(a) Depict the equipotential surfaces due to this
arrangement.
(b) Find the amount of work done in moving a
small test charge q0 from point (𝑙, 0, 0) to
( 0, 0, 0)
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks

(a)
(b) W = 𝑞0 ΔV
As a small test charge 𝑞0 is moving along
𝑥−axis which is equipotential line for a given
system,
therefore ΔV = 0, Hence W = 0
 š Question 35
(a) Consider a system of two parallel metal plates
of area 𝐴, each placed at a separation 𝑑 in air.
Derive the expression for the capacitance of
this parallel plate capacitor.
(b) If the two plates of the capacitor have +𝑞 and
−𝑞 charges, respectively, find the force
experienced by the negative plate due to the
positive plate.
(c) A network of four capacitors each of
capacitance 12 𝜇 F is connected to a battery as
shown in the figure. Find the total charge
stored in the network.
 A Answer ¥ 5 Marks
(a) Electric field believes the plates of parallel
plate capacitor.
𝜎 𝑄
E= =
𝜖0 𝐴𝜖0
𝜎
We know V = Ed = 𝑑
𝐴𝜖0
𝑄 𝜖0 𝐴
As capacitance C = =
𝑉 𝑑
(b) Electric Field due to the positive plate on the
negative plate

𝜎 𝜎
E= =
2𝜖0 2 𝐴𝜖0
Hence Force experienced by negative plate
due to positive plate
2
𝑞 𝑞
F = −qE = −𝑞 × =−
2 𝐴𝜖0 2 𝐴𝜖0
−𝑣𝑒 sign shows attractive force.
(c) C2, C3 and C4 are connected in series.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + +
𝐶𝑠 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝐶4 12 12 12
Cs = 4 𝜇 F
 Equivalent capacitance of the Network

C = Cs + C4
= 4𝜇 F + 12 𝜇 F
= 16 𝜇 F
Total charge
−16
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 = 16 × 10 × 100 = 1600𝜇𝐶

š Question 36
Define the SI unit of capacitance.
A Answer ¥ Set 3, 1 Marks
When a charge of one coulomb develop potential
of one volt between the plates of capacitor its
capacity is said to be one farad.
−1
1 F = 1 CV
§ 2020 55/5/1 All Sets
š Question 37
−1
The physical quantity having SI unit NC m is
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
Electrostatic potential difference or Electric
potential

š Question 38
Obtain the expression for the energy stored in a
capacitor connected across a dc battery. Hence
define energy density of the capacitor.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
Let the charge on the capacitor plates at any
instant, during charging process be 𝑞, amount of
work done to supply further charge 𝑑𝑞 to the
capacitor
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑞
where 𝑉 is the potential difference and
𝑞
equals to
𝐶
Total work done to charge the capacitor upto
charge 𝑄
∫ 𝑄
𝑊= 𝑉 𝑑𝑞
∫0 𝑄 2
𝑄 1 2 1
 
𝑞
= 𝑑𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑄𝑉
0 𝐶 2𝐶 2 2
Since Energy stored = work done
2
𝑄 1 2 1
 
⇒𝑈 = 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑄𝑉
2𝐶 2 2
Energy density: Electrical energy stored per unit
volume is known as energy density.
2
1 2
1𝜎
Energy density = 𝜀0 𝐸 =
2 2 𝜀0
š Question 39
(a) Two point charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 are kept at a
distance of 𝑟12 in air. Deduce the expression
for the electrostatic potential energy of this
system.
(b) If an external electric field (𝐸) is applied on
the system, write the expression for the total
energy of this system.

A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
(a) Work done in bringing the charge 𝑞2, from
infinity, to a point
= 𝑞2 × potential at the point due to charge 𝑞1
1 q1
= 𝑞2 ×
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12
1 𝑞1𝑞2
∴ potential energy of the system =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12
(b) Let the potentials, at two points, due to an
external electric field (E) be 𝑉1 and V2
respectively.
Now the total energy of the system is:
1 𝑞1𝑞2
 
𝑞1𝑉1 + 𝑞2𝑉2 +
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12
§ 2019 55/5/1 All Sets
š Question 40
Why is the electrostatic potential inside a
charged conducting shell constant throughout
the volume of the conductor ?
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
E = 0 inside the conductor and has no tangential
component on the surface.
No work is done in moving charge inside or on
the surface of the conductor. Therefore, Potential
is constant.
OR
Because E = 0 inside the conductor
OR
No work is done in moving a charge inside the
conductor

š Question 41
Two identical capacitors of 12 pF each are
connected in series across a 50 V battery.
Calculate the electrostatic energy stored in the
combination. If these were connected in parallel
across the same battery, find out the value of the
energy stored in this combination.
A Answer ¥ 2 Marks
𝐶 𝑠 = 6 𝑝𝐹
1 2
1 −12
𝐸 𝑠 = 𝐶 𝑠𝑉 = × 6 × 10 × 50 × 50
2 2
−12 −9
= 7500 × 10 J = 7.5 × 10 J
𝐶 𝑝 = 24 𝑝𝐹
1 2
1 −12
𝐸 𝑝 = 𝐶 𝑝𝑉 = × 24 × 50 × 50 × 10
2 2
−8
= 3 × 10 J

š Question 42
A charge Q is distributed over the surfaces of
two concentric hollow spheres of radii r and R
(R>>r), such that their surface charge densities
are equal. Derive the expression for the
potential at the common centre.
A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
2 2
𝑄 = 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = 4𝜋𝜎 𝑟 + 𝑅


Potential at common centre
1 h 𝑞1 𝑞2 i
𝑉= +
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑅
2 2
1 4𝜋𝑟 𝜎 4𝜋𝑅 𝜎
 
= × +
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑅
1
 
(𝑟 + 𝑅)𝜎 𝑄(𝑟 + 𝑅)
= = 2 2
𝜀0 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 + 𝑅
š OR
Three concentric metallic shells A, B and C of
radii a, b and c ( a < b < c) have surface charge
densities +𝜎, −𝜎 and +𝜎 respectively as shown.
(a) Obtain the expressions for the potential of
three shells A, B and C.
(b) If shells A and C are at the same potential,
obtain the relation between a, b and c.
 A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
𝑘𝑄 𝐴 𝑘𝑄 𝐵 𝑘𝑄𝐶
(a) 𝑉𝐴 = + +
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
2 2 2
1 4𝜋𝑎 𝜎 4𝜋𝑏 𝜎 4𝜋𝑐 𝜎
 
𝑉𝐴 = − +
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝜎
= [𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐]
𝜀0
𝑘𝑄 𝐴 𝑘𝑄 𝐵 𝑘𝑄𝐶
𝑉𝐵 = + +
𝑏 𝑏 𝑐
2 2 2
1 4𝜋𝑎 𝜎 4𝜋𝑏 𝜎 4𝜋𝑐 𝜎
 
𝑉𝐵 = − +
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐
 2 2

𝜎 𝑎 −𝑏
𝑉𝐵 = +𝑐
𝜀0 𝑏
𝑘𝑄 𝐴 𝑘𝑄 𝐵 𝑘𝑄𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = + +
𝑐  𝑐 𝑐
2 2 2
1 4𝜋𝑎 𝜎 4𝜋𝑏 𝜎 4𝜋𝑐 𝜎

𝑉𝐶 = − +
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
 2 2 2

𝜎 𝑎 −𝑏 +𝑐
𝑉𝐶 =
𝜀0 𝑐
(b) 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐶
2 2
𝑎 −𝑏
𝑎−𝑏+𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑐
𝑐 = 𝑎+𝑏
š Question 43
Two identical capacitors of 10 pF each are
connected in turn (i) in series, and (ii) in parallel
across a 20 V battery. Calculate the potential
difference across each capacitor in the first case
and charge acquired by each capacitor in the
second case.
A Answer ¥ Set 2, 2 Marks
(i) V = 10 V (ii) Q = CV = 200 pC

š Question 44
The figure shows a network of three capacitors
C1 = 2 𝜇 F; C2 = 6 𝜇 F and C3 = 3 𝜇 F connected
across a battery of 10 V. If a charge of 6 𝜇 C is
acquired by the capacitor C3, calculate the
charge acquired by C1.
A Answer ¥ Set 3, 2 Marks
C23 = ( 6 + 3)𝜇 F = 9 𝜇 F
𝑞 𝑞
C1 = ⇒ V1 =
𝑉1 2 𝜇𝐹
𝑞 𝑞
C23 = ⇒ V2 =
𝑉2 9 𝜇𝐹
V = V1 + V2
1 1
 
⇒ 10 = 𝑞 +
2 𝜇𝐹 9 𝜇𝐹
10 × 18
⇒𝑞= 𝜇 C = 16.4𝜇 C
11
§ 2019 55(B)
š Question 45
Define the term dielectric constant of a material.
A Answer ¥ 1 Marks
The dielectric constant is the ratio of the
capacitance of a capacitor filled with the given
material (permittivity of the medium) to the
capacitance of an identical capacitor in a
vacuum without the dielectric material
(permittivity of the vacuum).
𝜖 𝐶
𝜅= OR 𝜅 =
𝜖0 𝐶0
š Question 46
A 600 pF capacitor is charged by a 100 V battery.

(i) Calculate the electrostatic energy stored by

the capacitor.
(ii) If the capacitor is disconnected from the
battery and connected to another 600 pF
capacitor, calculate the electrostatic energy
stored by the system.
A Answer ¥ 3 Marks
1 2 1 −12
U = CV = × 600 × 10 × 100 × 100
2 2
−6
U = 3 × 10 J
When connected across another capacitor of
capacitance 600pF, energy stored by the system
2
′ 1 𝑞
𝑈 =
2 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2)
2
1 (𝐶1𝑉 )
=
2 (𝐶1 + 𝐶2)
−12 2
600 × 10 × 100


1
= ×
2 ( 600 + 600) 10−12
′ −6
𝑈 = 1.5 × 10 J.