Chapter20

SetTheory
A set is a collection of well defined objects. If an
object
belongs toa set, it is said to be a member or element of that
Subsets Aset 'A' is the subset of set B, if and onlvit
set and is denoted by symbole. So, aeAmeans 'a' is an
every element of Ais an element of B. The symbol
is used to denote "subset of. IfA is a subset of B
element of set A'. By well defined, means that the objects then Bis called a superset of Aand denoted by BA
follow a given rule or rules.
For example the collection of short students in a class is not
eg., If A= (x:xis amultiple of 10)
defined and hence is not a set. However collection of = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50,....
students whose height is less than 5 feet is a set. B= {y:yis a multiple of 5)
Representation of Set A set can be represented in two forms. = (5,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...
(a) Roster or Tabular Form A set is described by listing AçB.
its elements enclosed in curly brackets, the
all If Ais a subset of Band A is not equal to B, then Ais
elements are
seperated by commas and each element is written only called the proper subset of Band is represented by
Once. the relation A c B.
e.g., Set of even natural numbers less than 10 is Note 1. Every set is a subset of itself.
represented by (2, 4, 6, 8). 2. The empty set is a subset of every set;
(b) Set Builder Form A set is defined by specifying the cA,¢c.
property which determines the elements of the set 3. IfAc Band BcC, then Ac C.
uniquely. 4. Aset having nelements has 2 subsets.
e.g., Set of odd natural numbers more than 1 is Difference of Sets If Aand Bare two sets, then the
represented by (x:x= 27n +1, n21, ne N). set of all elements which belong to A but do not
belong toBis called the difference of sets Aand B
Types of Sets and denoted by A-B. The set of all elements which
Finite Set Aset is called to be finite, if it contains definite belong to Bbut do not belong to Ais called the
number of different elements. difference of sets Band A and is denoted by B-A.
eg., Set of vowels of alphabets la, e, i, o, 4 A-B= (x:xe Aand x B)
Infinite Set A set is called to be infinite, if it contains infinite like wise B-A= x:xeB and xA).
number of elements. Note IfAand Bare any two sets, then
e.g., Set of natural numbers n:nis a natural number). 1. AB #B-A

Empty Set or Null Set The set, which contains no elements 2. IfA c B, then A- B= ¢
at all, is called an empty set or null set. The enmpty set is 3. A-BcA
written as ( or ¢. 4. The sets A- B, AnB and B-A are mutually disjoint.
5. A-B=AnB'
e.g., Set of even prime number greater than 5 is null set. 6. B -A =BoA'
Singleton Set Aset containing only one element is a 7. (A-B) UB=AUB.
singleton set.
Universal Set A set which contains all the sets in a
e.g, Set of integers lying between 5and 7is a singleton set given context is a universal set.
and represented by 6}.
Ouantitative Aptitude Set Theory 139

Venn-diagram Representation
oSet of natural numbers is the universal set for
all the sets of natural numbers. A B
Set of real number is the universal set for all the
C
sets of natural numbers, whole numbers,
integers and rational numbers.
ii) The set of alphabets is the universal set for the
sets of all alphabets.
Complement of a Set Let Ube the universal set and
Let A= (4, b, c, d)
the set AcU. Complement of set Awith respect and B= (4, e, f,b)
n the universal set U is the set of all those elements then AnB= (a, b).
fl which are not elements of Aand is denoted Shaded region represents An B.
by A'.
A'= (x:xeUand xeA) Formula Frenz
88. if U= (1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 10) IfA, BandC are three finite sets, then
and A= (3,4, 5,6} 1. n(AU B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A B)
Then, A'= (1, 2, 7, 8,9, 10) 2. n(AUB) = n(A)+n(B), if sets Aand Bare disjoint I.e,
nAn B)=
Note
3. n(A- B) =n(A) -n(AnB)
1. Complement of theuniversal set is the null set and 4. n(AUBUC) =n(A) +n(8) +n(C)-n(An8) n(BnC)
vice-verSa.
-n(AnC) + n(An BnC)
2. (A')'=A
3. IfAc B, then B'A' 5. n(A'U B') = n((AU B)' )=n(U)-n(AnB)
Union of Set The union of two sets A and Bis a set Rapid Refresher
which contains all the elements of A and all the
elements of B. The symbol U denotes union. 1. Commutative laws If A and Bare two sets, then
AUB=BUA
AUB= (x/xeA or xeB)
Venn-diagram Representation
and AnB= Bo A.
2. Associative laws IfA, B and Care three sets, then
A B (AUB) UC =Av(BUC)
and An(BUC) =(An B) UC
3. Distributive laws If A, BandC are three sets, then
AU(BnC) =(AuB) n(AUC)
An(BuC) =(An B) U(AnC)
Let A= (a, b, c, d 4. Identity laws
and B= la, e,f, b} Au=A, where is the null set.
Then, AUB= la, b, c, d, e, fl AnU=A, where Uis the universal set.
Shaded region represents Au B.
Note Directions (Ex. Nos. 1-3) In a certain examination, the
1. AUB=BUA candidates can offer papers in English or Hindi or both the subjects.
2. AUA'=u(Universal Set) The number of candidates who appeared in the examination is l000
3. Au=A of whom 650 aypeared in English and 200 appeared in both English
and Hindi.
Intersection of Sets The intersection of the two sets
Aand Bis the set of common elements of A and B. Ex. 1) Find the number of candidates who offered paper in
The symbol n denotes intersection Hindi.
AnB=(x:xe Aand xe B (a) 400 (b) 425 (c) 550
(d) 500 (e) 600
 140 Prep Guide MAH-MBAMMS

Sol. (c) Let A be the set of candidates who offered paper Thumps up and Limca, 18% prefer Limca and
in English and Bbe the set of candidates who offered paper
in Hindi.
and 20% prefer Thumps up and Coca-Cola.
Ex. 4) How many citizens preter Thumps up only?
Coca-Cola
Therefore, n(AuB) =1000 (a) 10% (b) 15% (c) 8%
n(A) = 650 (d) 12% (e) 14%
n(An B) = 200 Sol. (b) Based on the information given in the question
n(AUB) =n(A) +n(B) n(An B) can drawa venn-diagram as below. Assuming set T,
1000 = 650 + n (B) - 200 and set C who prefer Thumps up, Limca and Coca-Cola,set L.
n (B) = 1000 450 respectively.
n(B) = 550.
T(40)
Ex. 2) Find the number of candidates who offered
15
paper in English only. L(32)
(a) 300 (b) 350 (c) 450 1513
(d) 225 (e) 200 17 /C (50)
Sol. (c) n(A- B) =n(A) -n(AnB)= 650 - 200 =450.
Ex. 3)Find the number of candidates who offered Percentage of citizen who prefer Thumps up only
paper in Hindi only. =Percentage of citizens who prefer Thumps up
(a) 250 (b) 350 (c) 400 (Percentage who prefer T, L, C+Percentage who prefer T.
(d) 375 (e) 450 L+ Percentage who prefer T,C) =40 -(5+5+15)=15
Sol. (b) n(B-A) =n (B) - n(AnB)=550 - 200 = 350 Required percentage =15.
We can solve these questions with the help of the Ex. 5) Find the ratio of those who prefer Limca only to
venn-diagram also. those who prefer Coca-Cola only.
From this figure it is very clear that, (a) 2:3 (b) 1:2
(c) 8:17 (d) 9:17
1000 (e) 7:17
EH
Sol. (d) Percentage of those who prefer Limca only
450 350
= 32-(5 +5+ 13) = 9%
Percentage of those who prefer Coca-Cola only
-50 - (15 +5+ 13) = 17%
450 whooffered English only. . Ratio of those who prefer Limca to Coca-Cola = 9:17.
350 whooffered Hindi only. Ex. 6) What is the ratio of those who prefer Coca-Cola
650 who offered English. only to those who prefer either Thumps up or Limca
550 who offered Hindi. or both?
Note The word only is very important to note while answering (a) 17:62 (b) 17:80 (c) 17:29
the question. (d) 17:49 (e) 17:47
Directions (Ex. Nos. 4-6) Read the following information Sol. (a) Percentage of those who prefer Coca-Cola only
and answer the questions based on them. =50- (15 +5 +13) =17
If asurvey conducted in a city, it is found that 40% and percentage of those who prefer either Thumps up or
citizens prefer Thumpsup, 32% prefer Limca and50% Limca or both =15 +9 +5 +5+ 15+ 13 = 62
prefer Coca-Cola. Only 5% prefer all the three. 10% prefer Hence, the required ratio =17:62.
 EXERCISES
Chapter Challenges
these, 20 used both the
Ahas the three elements and set Bhas six and 30 borrowed books of used their own
1.Set
elements. What can be the minimum number of college library and their own, 15 used the
AUB? library and borrowed books and 10
plements in the set many
(b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 12 (e) 15 college library and borrowed books.ofHow
books?
(a)9 students used all the three sources
finite sets have mand nelements. The total (d) 25 (e) 35
2.Two (a) 30 (b) 28 (c) 20
number subsets of the first set is 56 more than
speak English
he total number of subsets of the second set. Find 10. In a group of 800 persons, 600 carn speak
the values of m
andn. and 400 can speak Telugu. If all the people
how many
(a) 6,3 (b) 1,
2 (c) 1, 1 (d) 2, 2 (e) 2, 3 at least one of the two languages, find
can speak exactly one languages?
Directions (Q.Nos. 3-5)Read thefollowing information (a) 300 (b) 400 (c) 600 (d) 200 (e) 500
found that 40%
rcfully In a town of 10,000 families it was and 11. A survey shows that 63% of the
Americans like
ntilies buy newspaper A, 20% jamilies buy newspaper B3%
% families buy newspaper C, 5% families buy A and B. apples whereas 76% like gems. What percentage of
American's like both apples and gems?
&and Cand 4% buy Cand A If2% families buy all the (e) 52%
MENSPapers. (a) 40% (b) 32% (c) 49% (d) 39%
2Find the number of families which buy newspaper 12. In the above question, what is the maximum
Aonly. percentage of employees who invest in all the
(c) 1200 (d) 3300 (e) 3600 three schemes?
(a) 1175 (b) 2225
(a) 33.33 % (b) 30% (c) 45%
4. Find the number of families which buy newspaper (d) 40% (e) 46%
Bonly. 13. Set A has 4 elements and set B has 7 elements.
(a) 2150 (b) 1400 (c) 1200 (d) 3300 (e) 1600 What can be the minimum number of elements in
5. Find the number of families which buy none of the AUB?
three newspapers A, Band C. (a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 6 (d) 5 (e) 8
(a) 2100 (b) 2250 (c) 4000 (d) 3000 (e) 3500 14. In a group of 20 adults there are 8 females, 9 literate
6. Participation in sports is compulsory in a school. A and 6 female literate. Find the number of male
class has 80 students out of which 60 students play illiterates in the group.
football and 40 students play basketball, find how (a) 15 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12 (e) 18
many students play both football and basketball?
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 30 (e) 35 15. A class of 30 students comprises boys who can
play Cricket, Hockey and Football. 3 boys play
7. In the above question, find how many students only Cricket, 3boys play only Hockey and 2play
play basketball only ? only football, 4 boys could play all the three
(a) 19 (b) 18 (c) 22 (d) 20 (e) 24 games, while 11 could play Football and Cricket,
8. In an examination, 70% of the students passed in and 10 boys could play Football and Hockey. How
English, 65% in Mathematics, 27% failed in both many boys played Cricket and Hockey but not
the subjects and 248 passed in both the subjects. Football?
Find the total number of students. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 5 (e) 6
(a) 610 (b) 725 (c) 225 (d) 400 (e) 450
16. In the above question, how many boys can play
3. In a survey of 100 students it was found that 50 atleast two games?
used the college library, 40 had their own library (a) 22 (b) 18 (c) 16 (d) 12 (e) 24
 24. Consider23. What22. is 21. 20. 19. students
basketball, Directions 100 18. 17.
can In subjects? the ofand Five
(a) two examination atleast
100(a) (a)25alWhat
l (a)25playallWhat 130(a) play What is play (d) (a) the (a) find totalHindiHindi In
Describe 142
a0.078 candidates the play
cricket, (a) (A
newspaper? a
speakgroup percentage
Mathematics.hundred and
1620
how
three is is atleast and - number survey
one
the games?
threethe the the bot h (Q.Nos. B) newspaper
newspaper,42%
the game? the 45
Tamil, of (b) 130(b) (b)20 (b)20 (b)125 playcricket play
50 (c) (b) many
minimum maximum number maximum one
number
persons 1.00 comprising
who appeared in
ofcandidates diagram minimum games? shaded 1260
conducted
of
Hindi 23 game? both hockey 19-23) read
families
15 candidatesfailed The and (e) (b)
or
can 6.(c8) (c90
) (c30
) (c30) 120(c) basketball hockey None (A - region. 1400(c) both English
traveling
speak
diagram 10 given
number number and In English
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in of a ofB)' B in
different tests 6)12
15 14
school
35 6 these Hindi the city
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Hindi in (d7.)8 gives in 120(d) )35 of (d)35 of 115(students
(dplaying
of students d) who of play (d) city every
Maths English
students basketball. there
cricket. and
a failed English, students both (c) 1350
is
and bus, tests. the
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18000, family
hockey 200 A
n
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( e
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) (e40
) 135(e) B' (e) 65%
can 6 atleastWhat Hindi
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students. 1500 then
and read read
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30. 29.In 28. 27. 26. 25.

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)threethe Commerce,
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Qantiative, Aptitude Set Theory 143

Challenges Count Your Score

2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
12. (c) 13. (b) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d)
14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
22. (d) 23. (d) 17. (b)
24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (d)

The Solutions Zone

Minimum number of elements 8. (d) Percentage of those who failed n (An B) =n (A) + n (B)
(c) 4UB=n(A) + n((B) - max -n (AU B)
in English =(100 70)% = 30%
n(An B)) Percentage of those who failed in =63 + 76-100 =39%.
=3+6- 3=6 Maths =(100 65)% = 35%
3, 12. (c) To calculate the maximum
.. Maximum n(A n B)]= :. Percentage of those who failed number of employees investing in
whenA cB in English only =(30 - 27) = 3% all the three schemes, let
and percentage of those who
2,la) Let
Aand Bbe two sets having failed in Maths only (An B) =(BnC) =(A nC)= 0.
respectively.
mand nelements,subsets of Let (A n BoC)=x
=(35-27) =8%.
Then, number of Total percentage of failed
Then, x + (60- x) + (60-x)
A= 2", number of subsets of + (50- x) = 80
=(3 + 8+ 27) = 38%
B=2". 2x =170 80= 90.
and percentage of passed
2m - 2" =56.
Given,
Using options we find that m=6 Given,
=(10038)
62
=62%
x total students = 248
X=
9045%.
2

and n=3 100 PPF

NSC
’ Total students= 400. 60-x/0\ 60-x
sal. (0.Nos. 3-5) Let set represent
persons reading newspapers, 9. (d) A ’ College library, B’Own
respectively. The following library, C’ borrow books -’and
venn-diagram represents the 50-X /ULIP
let x’ All the three sources, then
information given in the question.
A
13. (b) Minimum number of elements
|4
B 50 (20+x) / (5+x) 40 in Au B=7.
14. (c) F
-o
5 8 12
30 (5+x)

3. (d) Number of families which buy 6 3

newspaper A only = 33% of 10000
Now,given Literate Literate
=3300. 100=(20 + x) +(5 + x) +(5 + x) + 2 9
(20- x) +(10- x) +(15 -x) +x literate literate
4. (b) Number of families which buy X= 25
newspaper Bonly =14% of 10,000 Number of male illiterate in the
= 1400 10. (c) People who speaks both group =12 - 3 =9.
language
5. (c) Number of families which buy = (400+ 600) - 800 = 200 15. (d)
none of three newspapers
=100 -(33 +14+5 + 3+2+2+1) Persons who speak English only 3
-(600 - 200) = 400
=40% of 10,000 = 4000.
Persons who speak Telugu only 3
6. (b) A’ Football, B’ Basketball. =(400 200) =200
Then, n(AnB) Hence, persons who can speak
=n(A) +n (B) n (A U B) exactly one language X= 30-(3+ 3+ 2+7+4+ 6) =5
= 60 + 40- 80 = 20. =(400+ 200) = 600.
16. (a) Number of boys playing atleast
7. (d) n(B - A) =n(B) n (A nB) 11. (d) Total number of Americans, two games
= 40 - 20= 20. n(AU B) =100% =(7 +4 +6+5) =22.
 (Q.Nos.
19-22)
Sol.
24. 23. Minimum22.(d) 21. 20. 19. Shaded(18.d) 17. 144
minimum .:. value
:. should (c) playing .:. playing (a) (A number :. =(b)
Required
Tamil Now,
speaking
persons persons
Hindi who (c) (d) playing playing For(b) who
Maximum Maximum =100 x.+ Cricket 65
Let
Required minimum -15 xAgain For (100 =
Total = - Required+
play (30-
50 100, B)
(10
it X and sets = be
of
calculating =(100 or -18000 x 42-
=A is + 100+atleast all x) - x, atleast +x-15atleast
number 25+x

+ given Gujrati, X, 500 12 three value to all

>0
>0 ve.none regionA
represents
n 100 %
B+ percentage+
can Y, ofnumber and
calculate numnber
the of number
+
B 12+ x=100 number one of three
or of 30) one one 30 X-20 B'
100 =
7%
D+E=6 that G speak Z
Tamil, games + of 7
represent x x, xs
numbers the =
game game
35
students
respectively. 5) game - X-15 =1260.
=7.8%100 x + 20>0
of thgames
e 30. maximum 130students of - Basket
20=120.students students x students x 60= Hockey
= + 40
50
20. x- ball
...(i) is
30. 20)

27. 26.(a) n 25.

play .:.
instruments Number
play +b+c+d+e+ftg=120 a the Let(c)
Given,violin and n
(B
Hence,
.newspaper.either (d)Eqs.On get On (vi),getweOnand
oradding now, Persons Personsspeaking
haveWe persons
Gujratispeaking
persons
Hindi
=b+c= Number
=120 musicians - n n n
(A
A
B+C+D+2F+
+
..(ci)
G=19 adding subtracting
violin any (A- n A) (B) (AuB)
(An news
and sets =
- 20% u +C+ B + A D+F=2 ...(ix)
F+G=5B+ D+ B A
languages
speaking
two D+ B+C
(40 two of =n(B)= =50 =n(AU B) +C+ +speaking B+
120alone of a=
40
musicians flute A, B)39- B) persons on B+C+D+ Eqs. -F= A 3 B+ E=1
+musicians = = D+ E+
30+ -(a or dand respectively. and
B=11. ==n
who 21-10 10-n21+
- =50,
=
10
T.V. 65 D+ and(x) (viil) Eq. D=5 +
+ C
g=5% (A) F= F+G=6 E+
e+f=30. only can C =
(An
B) n or do40-
+
E+ (ix) three F=
6) flute
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-n 29 10 n (A )
read
and 14 2 F=15
=
+e+f two of represents
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44 only who B
120 (A B) 39 n(A) = (vii),
ofcan (A 21, watcha =80. E=1) (:
can =6. guitar, o Eq ...(vii)...(vii)
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