I ll\,.. V l l':::'11 1'-"1 ' "H' ,.. _.

·-- ·
1995 and the commercial inter net services replaced
them . By early 1990's, inter net e xpan ded dram atica
and the tool which was mad e for comm unic ation in lly
wars foun d its way into gene ral and com merc ial
use
(i.e., business, hom e, educ ation, etc.).

I INTERNET TERMINOLOGY
Let us now learn abou t som e basic term s relat ed to
Inter net we com e acro ss in our d aily lives.

We b Ser ver s
A web serve r is the principal com pute r or serve r that
store s the cont ents of diffe rent web sites . It prov
data and infor mati o n to com pute rs o n requ est whic ides
h are conn ect ed t o it thro ugh t he netw ork via Inter
net.
 -----...----.. Web Server
quest & '.

" --._/' '

pond b y \
~ e b Bro wse~

Client
\ltl 6 . .
II" .., ~
Web Pages &
Graphic Files 1ifi1

and runs softwa re t hat is desig ned t o

In other words, it can be said that it is a compu ter that stores data
send web pages in file format when reques ted by web browsers,
storage capacit y and hig h speed
The server is usually a compu ter of high configu ration i.e., with large
proces sor that stores data and executes the instruc tions very fast.
i.e., web browse r and respon di ng in
Web server is respon sible for accept ing requests from the client
and whenev er an HTM L docum ent is
the form of web pages. It accepts connec tions from web browsers
have a high-speed connec tio n to
reques ted, it is sent using HTTP protoco l. The server compu ter should
neous connec tions at the same
the I nterne t and should be powerf ul enough to handle multipl e simulta
time.
ation Server (!IS)' of Micros oft, etc.
Some popula r web servers are Apache, IBM Lotus, 'Interne t Inform
Apache is an open source web server. ,
s from the web server. The cl ients
A web client is the host compu ter that requests differe nt types of service
j

may be PCs, Softwa re or workst ations.

Web Clien ts
compu ter that reques ts inform ation
'Client ' and 'Server ' are two parts of an on line connec tion. A client is any
and the source applica tion,
from the server and a web server is a compu ter that stores the data
the requests to the rem ot e server. A
A web client is actuall y the browse r on client's compu ter that makes
compu ter that uses a web (client) browse r is referred to as a web client.

Web Site
organiz ation upload s its inform ation
A locatio n on the web server where an individ ual or a compa ny or any
that display inform ation with the help
is known as a website. It is a collect ion of one or more web pages
ins differe nt chapte rs in the form of
of a web browser. A website can be compa red to a book that conta
web pages.
are linked to one anothe r and a
The first page of a webs ite is called 'Home Page'. Th e pages on a website
links'.
person ca n naviga te to any page by clicking on the links called 'Hyper
et Service Provid ers'. In o rder to
Websites are hosted on the web server on a rental basis by t he 'Intern
s may be owned by individ uals,
access them, every websit e is provide d with a unique name. The website
agencie s, compa nies, colleges, univers it ies, govern ment bod ies, etc.

Netwo rkin g 13
 · Berners- Lee had create d t h e t·1rst we b site.
Tim · Its URL 1s
· http:;;·in fo.ce rn •ch · The first o nline website was
launched in 1991.

Web Page
A web page is a document of information that can be accessed and viewed through a w eb browse r. A
web page is generally contained in a website and co nstitutes as a source of information that fl oats o n the
world wide web. The information is usually coded in HTML. Web pages may be retri eved from a loca l host
computer o r from a remote computer with the help of the Internet. Web pages are requ ested and served
from a web server using protocols like Hyper Text Transfer Protoco l (HTTP).

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Web pages may consist of static pages (which are stored with in a file system of a web server) and/ or
dynamic pages (whic h contain files of run -time nature i.e., which facilitates online data t ransformation).
Web pages may contain information in the form of text, images, pictures, sound, audio, video, etc.
HTM L is used to publish web pages. A web page is designed by web developers with the help of markup
languages like HTML. It is not technically a programming language but it was developed to create
electronic pages that could be displayed on the Internet.

Web Browser
A web browser is an application software that helps a user to navig ate through different websites on the
Internet and d isplay web pages. The user requests a page from a web server with the h f bb
e Ip o we rowser.
After receiving th e request through the web browser, the web server makes it ava·ilabl f bb
e or a we rowser
to display the page.

W eb browsers can also display animated images, play sound and video p. rovi de se . d
' cure connections an
uch more. Some co mmon web browsers are 'Internet Explorer', 'Mozilla Firefox' . , 'A S f .,
./ m , , , 0 pera , pp Ie a an ,
~ 'Google Chrome', 'Microsoft Edge, Lynx' (Text only mode web browser), etc.

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Mozilla Firefox
(i'
Google Chrome
0 Opera

• Safar i
~
Mircosoft Edge
~
Internet Explorer

r
Mosaic was the first graphical web browser.

Web Address
Web Address is the name for identifying a website on the Internet. On Internet, there are numerous web
sites; it is on ly with the help of web address that we can find a particular website.
Text based add ressing syst em o n Internet is called Domain Name System (DNS). In thi s system, each
website has a unique name such as www.orang eeducation .in, www.googl e.com, etc.
The last two or three letters of the web address is called Top Level Domain (TLD) that provides informatio n
about the root o f the domain for the type of organizatio n to which the address belongs to. It is alphabetic al
and helps to identify an address in Domain Name System.

Som e common Top Level Domains are:

Abbreviat ions Used to Denote

.com Commercia l firms

.edu Universitie s/Education al firms

.gov Governme nt Bodies/Org anisations

.mil Military Organisatio ns

.net ISP's/Networ ks

.o rg N o n -Governme nt/Non-Prof it Organisati o ns

.co N ational and Multinatio nal Companies

.int Internation al Org anisations

In DN S, codes of countries ca n also be inclu ded . The co de co mprises of two letters. Some common codes
of cert ain co untries are:

Networking 15