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Three schema Architecture

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Sayan Adhikary
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15 views

Three schema Architecture

Uploaded by

Sayan Adhikary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Three schema Architecture: - The three-schema architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or three-level

architecture. This framework is used to describe the structure of a specific database system. The three-schema
architecture is also used to separate the user applications and physical
database. The three-schema architecture contains three-levels. It breaks the database down into three different
categories
In the above diagram: - It shows the DBMS architecture.
Mapping is used to transform the request and response between various database levels of architecture.
Mapping is not good for small DBMS because it takes more time.
In External / Conceptual mapping, it is necessary to transform the request from external level to conceptual schema.
In Conceptual / Internal mapping, DBMS transform the request from the conceptual to internal level.
Objectives of Three schema Architecture: -The main objective of three level architecture is to enable multiple users
to access the same data with a personalized view while storing the underlying data only once. Thus, it separates the
user's view from the physical structure of the database. This separation is desirable for the following reasons: -
Different users need different views of the same data. The approach in which a particular user needs to see the data
may change over time. The users of the database should not worry about the physical implementation and internal
workings of the database such as. compression and encryption techniques, hashing, optimization of the internal
structures etc. All users should be able to access the same data according to their requirements. DBA should be able
to change the conceptual structure of the database without affecting the users. Internal structure of the database
should be unaffected by changes to physical aspects of the storage
1.Internal Level: - The internal level has an internal schema which describes the physical storage structure of the
database. The internal schema is also known as a physical schema. It uses the physical data model. It is used to define
that how the data will be stored in a block. The physical level is used to describe complex low-level data structures in
detail. The internal level is generally is concerned with the following activities: - Storage-spaceallocations. For
Example: B-Trees, Hashing etc. Access-paths. For Example: Specification of primary and secondary keys, indexes,
pointers, and sequencing. Data compression and encryption techniques. Optimization of internal structures.
Representation of stored fields.
2.Conceptual Level: - The conceptual schema describes the design of a database at the conceptual level. Conceptual
level is also known as logical level. The conceptual schema describes the structure of the whole database. The
conceptual level describes what data are to be stored in the database and describes what relationship exists among
those data. In the conceptual level, internal details such as an implementation of the data structure are hidden.
Programmers and database administrators work at this level.
3.External Level: - At the external level, a database contains several schemas that sometimes called as subschema.
The subschema is used to describe the different view of the database. An external schema is also known as view
schema. Each view schema describes the database part that a particular user group is interested and hides the
remaining database from that user group. The view schema describes the end user interaction with database
systems.
Empno Ename Empno Ename Salary DeptNo
External View
Mapping between Views: - The three levels of DBMS architecture don't exist independently of each other. There
must be correspondence between the three levels i.e., how they correspond with each other. DBMS is responsible
for correspondence between the three types of schemas. This correspondence is called Mapping.
There are basically two types of mapping in the database architecture: Conceptual/ Internal Mapping, External /
Conceptual Mapping
Conceptual/ Internal Mapping: - The Conceptual/ Internal Mapping lies between the conceptual level and the
internal level. Its role is to define the correspondence between the records and fields of the conceptual level and files
and data structures of the internal level.
External/ Conceptual Mapping: - The external/Conceptual Mapping lies between the external level and the
Conceptual level. Its role is to define the correspondence between a particular external and the conceptual view.
Data Models is the modelling of the data description, data semantics, and consistency constraints of the data. It
provides the conceptual tools for describing the design of a database at each level of data abstraction. Therefore,
there are following four data models used for understanding the structure of the database: 1) Relational Data Model
2) Entity-Relationship Data Model 3) Object-based Data Model 4) Semi structured Data Model

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