Radar system using

Arduino and Ultrasonic

sensor
THIS PROJECT GUIDES YOU THROUGH CREATING A BASIC RADAR SYSTEM
USING AN ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER AND AN ULTRASONIC SENSOR.
LEARN HOW TO ASSEMBLE THE CIRCUIT, PROGRAM THE ARDUINO TO
CALCULATE DISTANCE, AND EXPLORE POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS.
CONTENT
Introduction
Literature Review Summary
Components Required
◦ Arduino UNO board
◦ Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04)
◦ Servo Motor (SG-90)
Working & Circuit Diagram
Objective
Application
Conclusion & Expected Outcome
Future Scope
Reference
Introduction
Definition:
• Ultrasonic radar system measures distance using ultrasonic waves.
Working Principle:
• Emits ultrasonic pulses; calculates distance based on echo return time.
Role of Arduino:
• Microcontroller processes sensor data and controls output devices.
Radar Basics Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) uses radio waves to detect and locate
objects.
Ultrasonic Sensors ,Ultrasonic sensors emit sound waves to measure distance. The sensor
calculates the time it takes for the sound to return and determines the distance to an object.
 Abstract
•Objective: The primary objective is to create a simple proximity detection system that uses an
ultrasonic sensor and Arduino to measure distances and detect objects in a specified range

•Principle: The system works by emitting ultrasonic sound waves and measuring the time it takes for
them to reflect off objects, allowing the calculation of the distance using the speed of sound.

•Real-Time Processing: The Arduino processes the data in real time, providing continuous feedback
on the distance to the nearest object, offering real-time insights into the environment.

•Radar-Like Scanning (Optional): By integrating a servo motor, the system can rotate the ultrasonic
sensor to scan a wider area, mimicking radar functionality by detecting objects at different angles

•Applications: This system can be applied in various domains such as robot navigation (obstacle
avoidance), parking assistance, and safety automation, providing cost-effective proximity sensing
solutions for real-world challenges.
Over view of RADAR SYSTEM
•Radar, which stands for "Radio Detection and Ranging," is a technique that locates and detects
near by objects using electromagnetic radiation.
•Radar systems operate based on the principle of emitting radio waves or microwaves, which
bounce off objects and return as echoes.
•Radar systems come in various types, each tailored to specific applications:
Literature Review Summary
S.NO PAPER AND AUTHOR CONTENT
PUBLICATION

1. Arduino Based Radar Anuj Dutt,2014 Basic Introduction of

System Radar and Components
Required

2. Ultrasonic Radar Nithya V, Robin Alias, Practical Implementation

Shreepriya N S ,Vivek and Experimental results
Joseph, Yathukrishna K.T Of Ultrasonic Radar

3. Implementation of Radar Srijan Dubey, Supragya Study of Implementation

using Ultrasonic Sensor Tiwari, Sumit Roy and collecting outputs of
and Arduino Radar using Arduino
 Components Required
Arduino:
The Arduino board serves as the central controller,
processing sensor data and controlling the servo motor.
It communicates with the ultrasonic sensor and displays information
on the screen.

Ultrasonic Sensor:
The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to objects by
emitting sound waves and calculating the time taken for the
echo to return. It provides distance readings to the Arduino for further processing.
Servo Motor:
The servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor,
enabling it to scan the environment by changing
its orientation. It is controlled by the Arduino to
sweep through a specified range.

PC Board: The PC board (breadboard or PCB)

is used to mount and wire the electronic components
together. It provides the necessary connections for the
system to function.

Display: The display (e.g., LCD or OLED screen) shows

real-time distance measurements from the ultrasonic sensor.
It provides feedback to the user, visualizing the radar data
collected by the system.
Working & Circuit Diagram
1.Servo Movement: The servo motor rotates the ultrasonic sensor, scanning the environment at different
angles (e.g., 180° or 360°).

2.Distance Measurement: The ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves and measures the time it takes for the
echo to return, calculating the distance to any object in its path.

3.Data Processing: The Arduino processes the distance data and tracks the servo motor’s angle,
correlating the distance with the sensor’s position.

4.Display Update: The measured distance is displayed on an LCD or OLED screen, providing real-time
feedback to the user.

5.Continuous Scanning: The servo motor continuously rotates, and the sensor keeps measuring
distances, creating a sweeping radar-like effect, with the system powered by a battery.
Objective
Distance Measurement and Object Detection: The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure the
distance to nearby objects by emitting sound waves and calculating the time it takes for them to
return, enabling basic proximity detection.

Radar-Like Scanning :With the addition of a servo motor, the sensor can rotate, mimicking the
scanning function of a radar, detecting objects in different directions to create a basic 2D map of
surrounding obstacles.

Real-Time Feedback: The Arduino processes the distance data in real-time and provides visual
feedback (via an LCD or LEDs) or auditory signals (via a buzzer) to indicate the proximity of objects or
obstacles.
 Application

•Obstacle Avoidance in Robotics:

The system can be used in autonomous robots (e.g., mobile robots or drones) to detect and avoid
obstacles in their path. The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance to nearby objects, and the Arduino
processes this information to control the robot's movement, steering it away from obstacles.

•Parking Assistance Systems:

Ultrasonic sensors are commonly used in parking sensors for cars. This system can be replicated with
Arduino to help measure the distance between a vehicle and obstacles (such as walls or other vehicles)
to aid in safe parking, providing alerts when an object is too close.

•Proximity Sensing for Automation and Safety:

In industrial or home automation systems, this radar setup can be used for proximity detection to trigger
certain actions. For example, it could automatically turn on lights when a person is detected in a room, or
it could serve as a safety sensor to stop machinery when an object or person is too close.
 Expected Outcome

•Accurate Distance Measurement: The system will accurately measure the distance between the
ultrasonic sensor and nearby objects, providing real-time data on proximity with an expected range
depending on the sensor used (e.g., 2 cm to 4 meters for an HC-SR04 sensor).

•Obstacle Detection and Feedback: The system will detect obstacles within the sensor’s range and
provide feedback (e.g., visual display or auditory signal) to alert the user when an object is too close,
enabling real-time decision-making or action (e.g., stopping a robot or parking a vehicle).

•Radar-Like Scanning : By rotating the sensor using a servo motor, the system will be able to scan a
wider area, providing a 2D map of detected objects and allowing for object detection across different
angles, similar to a radar system.
Conclusion
Functionality: The radar system uses an ultrasonic sensor (e.g., HC-SR04) to measure the distance
to objects by emitting sound waves and timing their reflection. The Arduino processes this data to
detect objects' positions and visualize them in a radar-like display.

Basic Operation: The Arduino calculates the distance from the sensor’s echo, allowing for detection
of objects within a specified range. The system simulates radar by rotating the sensor to scan different
angles.

Applications: The system can be used in simple object detection, obstacle avoidance for robots, and
educational demonstrations of distance measurement and sensor integration.

Limitations: The range and accuracy of ultrasonic sensors are limited (typically 2 cm to 4 meters),
and the narrow field of view may require mechanical rotation or multiple sensors for wider coverage.

Improvements: Enhancements could include using multiple sensors for a 360° scan, integrating a
servo motor for dynamic scanning, and using a more advanced display for better visualization of the
radar scan.
 Future Scope
•Enhanced Sensing with Advanced Sensors:
Integrating more advanced sensors (e.g., LiDAR, infrared) could improve the radar's
range, accuracy, and reliability, making it suitable for more complex environments and
longer detection distances.

•360-Degree Scanning:
Adding a rotating servo motor or multiple sensors would enable full 360-degree
coverage, allowing the system to scan and monitor larger areas in real-time, enhancing
its utility in navigation and surveillance.

•AI and Machine Learning Integration:

Incorporating AI algorithms could enable the system to classify and recognize objects,
improving its ability to distinguish between different types of obstacles or detect moving
targets.

•Autonomous Navigation:
The radar system could be integrated into robots, drones, or autonomous vehicles to
assist in navigation, obstacle avoidance, and path planning, allowing for safer and more