Lecture_2

FlOW AND NON-FLOW PROCESSES,
AIR STANDARD POWER CYCLES.

CONTENTS
In this lecture , the following will be discussed:-

➢Energy and systems
➢Applications of Steady Flow Energy Equation
(SFEE) in power plants components/systems.
ENERGIES AND SYSTEMS
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study. The mass or region outside the
system is called the surroundings.
➢Systems may be considered to be closed or open,
depending on whether a fixed mass or a fixed volume in
space is chosen for study
➢A closed system consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no
mass can cross its boundary.
➢An open system, or a control volume, as it is often called,
is a properly selected region in space. It usually encloses a
device that involves mass flow such as a compressor,
turbine, or nozzle.
ENERGIES AND SYSTEMS…
PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some
familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T,
volume V, and mass m.
➢When a system undergoes a change, some or all
system properties change.
➢The change of properties can be used to predict energy
changes.
PROCESSES AND CYCLES
Any change that a system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another is called a process, and the
series of states through which a system passes during a
process is called the path of the process. Example of a
process is a compression of a cylinder.
A process between states 1 and 2 and the process path

PROCESSES AND CYCLES
A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to
its initial state at the end of the process. That is, for a
cycle the initial and final states are identical.
➢During a process, energy may enter or leave a system.
➢A system may contain many forms of energy and some
forms of energy may transform from one form to
another during a process.
➢Sum of all energies of the system is called total energy.
The total energy may include magnetic, electric, and
surface tension effects in some specialized cases but are
usually ignored.
In the absence of such effects, the total energy of a
system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal
energies and is expressed as
This expression is called energy equation.

Applications of Steady Flow Energy Equation
(SFEE) in power plants components
Flow and non flow process
Flow process-A flow process is a process in which fluid
enters the system and leaves it after work interaction.
➢As mass interaction takes place, hence each mass fraction
entering or leaving the system either performs work on
the system or system performs work on it.
➢Not only that but also a portion of work is required to
push the fluid into system and out of the system. This
portion of work required for the flow is called flow work.
Flow work is the product of pressure and volume, i.e. PV
Flow of steam across the turbine, flow of fluid inside
the pipe, flow through nozzles are examples of flow
processes.
• A non-flow process is a process in which no mass
interaction takes place across the boundary of the
system, flow work in this case is zero. Expansion of
gas in a cylinder is an example of non-flow process.
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
• Steady flow refers to flow in which its properties at
any point remains constant with time.
➢As energy is conserved, inlet total energy plus heat is
equal to outlet total energy plus work. When the
energy balance is applied on an open system, steady
flow energy equation (SFEE) is obtained. SFEE for
the open system is given by
SFEE....
APPLICATION OF SFEE
• TURBINE: A turbine is a device in which fluid
with high temperature and pressure is expanded to
low temperature and pressure resulting into positive
work at the turbine shaft (Figure S7). Therefore, the
turbine is a work-producing device.
Figure S7: Flow through turbine

FLOW THROUGH TURBINE-ENERGY
BALANCE.
FLOW THROUGH COMPRESSOR-
ENERGY BALANCE.
• COMPRESSOR: A compressor (Figure S9) is a
device for compressing or increasing the pressure of
fluid by applying external work. increase of pressure is
accompanied with increase of temperature. If
compression is adiabatic, then minimum work is to be
applied for compression to increase pressure.
Figure S9: Flow through Compressor

FLOW THROUGH COMPRESSOR..
FLOW THROUGH PUMP
• PUMP: A pump (Figure S11) is a device used for pumping liquid
Figure S11: Flow throughh pump

FLOW THROUGH PUMP...
BOILER ENERGY BALANCE
• BOILER: A boiler (Figure S13) is a device used
for steam generation at constant pressure. Heat is
given to water in the boiler to convert water into
steam at constant pressure.
Figure S13: Boiler

BOILER ENERGY BALANCE...
CONDENSER ENERGY BALANCE
• CONDENSER: A condenser (Figure S15) is a device
used for condensing vapour into liquid at constant
pressure. It is nothing but a heat exchanger for
condensing vapour by taking out heat through cold
water.
Figure S15: Condenser

CONDENSER ENERGY BALANCE...
FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES AND
DIFFUSERS
• NOZZLE : A nozzle (Figure S18) is a device for
increasing the velocity of fluid at the expense of its
pressure drop. the enthalpy of fluid decreases as velocity
of fluid increases. The velocity of fluid increases from
the inlet to the exit.
➢For subsonic flow, the nozzle has a converging cross
section whereas for supersonic flow, it has a
diverging cross section. The nozzle is used in a jet
engine to get high thrust. Thrust is equal to the
change of momentum and it depends upon higher
outlet velocity.
DIFFUSER:A diffuser is a device which is required to
perform the opposite of a nozzle. It has also a
passage of varying cross section that serves to
achieve reduction in velocity of the flowing fluid to
gain pressure
NOZZLES AND DIFUSSERS...

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FlOW AND NON-FLOW PROCESSES,

AIR STANDARD POWER CYCLES.

In this lecture , the following will be discussed:-

A process between states 1 and 2 and the process path

This expression is called energy equation.

Figure S7: Flow through turbine

Figure S9: Flow through Compressor

Figure S11: Flow throughh pump

Figure S13: Boiler

Figure S15: Condenser

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