PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

LEARNING
MODULE 07:
Magnetism

ELEMENTARY ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING

Prepared by:
AERO-AT FACULTY

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TIME
TOPIC PAGE
ALLOTMENT

Introduction 6 5 minutes
The Nature of Magnetism 6
Magnetic Fields 6
30 minutes
Magnetic Flux 7
Magnetic Flux Density 8
Electromagnetism 8
Polarity of a Single Conductor 9
Magnetic Field and Polarity of a Coil 9 40 minutes
Magnetomotive Force 11
Magnetic Field Intensity 11
Magnetization Curve 13 15 minutes
Magnetic Circuit 14
Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits 14 25 minutes
Reluctance 15
Electromagnetic Induction 17
25 minutes
Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law 17

TABLE OF ACTIVITIES

TIME
ACTIVITY PAGE
ALLOTMENT

Practice Problem 7.1 12 10 minutes

Practice Problem 7.2 14 7.5 minutes
Practice Problem 7.3 16 7.5 minutes
Practice Problem 7.4 17 5 minutes
Problem Set 18 40 minutes
Formative Assessment 5: Online Quiz - 30 minutes

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

GENERAL INSTRUCTION
Input your work on an A4-sized paper with your complete name, year, section, and
course. Always provide your signature over printed name indicating that you are
accepting the terms indicated by the honesty clause. Compile all accomplished
practice problems on a single pdf file only which can be either scanned or digitally
hand-and-typewritten and set the file name to “AE 213 Practice Problem 7 – Surname”
for all the practice problems. Also, save your problem set as a pdf file which can be
either scanned or digitally hand-and-typewritten and set the file name to “AE 213
Problem Set 3 – Surname” for the problem set. Outputs should be submitted on
Google Classroom, or any Learning Management System (LMS) platform, and on the
dates designated by the instructor.

HONESTY CLAUSE

As an institution of higher learning, students are expected to display highest degree of

honesty and professionalism in their class work, requirements, and activities; thus, in
no case that cheating—or any form of it, may it be plagiarism, copying other students'
works, and fabrication of materials—shall be tolerated. The college assumes as a
simple and minimal preferred of habits in academic matters that students be truthful
and that they publish for deposit solely the merchandise of their personal efforts .

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. REFERENCE

Fig. 7-1
Fig. 7-2
Fig. 7-3
Fig. 7-4
Fig. 7-5
Fig. 7-6
Fig. 7-7 Gussow, M. (1983). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Basic
Fig. 7-8 Electricity. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Fig. 7-9
Fig. 7-10
Fig. 7-11
Fig. 7-12
Fig. 7-13
Fig. 7-14

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. REFERENCE

Gussow, M. (1983). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Basic

Table 4-1
Electricity. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

REFERENCES

Gussow, M. (1983). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Basic Electricity. United
States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
Bueche, F. & Hecht, E. (1997). Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of College
Physics Ninth Edition. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

CLO 1. Express and practice
effectively the principles, fundamental
concepts and basic laws in electrical Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
MLO 1. Explain the fundamental and
engineering by applying to different principles of magnetism and
computational problems and process electromagnetism by solving problems TLO 7. Explain the fundamental
concerning electricity and magnetism. using Ohm’s law. concepts and principles of magnetism
CLO 3. Analyze the operation and and electromagnetism using by solving
MLO 2. Compute problems involving problems and/or numerical
behavior of electricity in a magnetic magnetic circuits using the principles
circuit through applying the principles calculations.
and basic laws of magnetism and
of electromagnetism. electromagnetism. TLO 8. State the process and
CLO 9. Apply analytical and critical operation of magnetic circuits using
thinking skills such as problem-solving Ohm’s law.
in computing electrical and magnetic
circuits.
CLO 10. Display professional
commitment by complying with the
academic requirements such as
problem sets, research papers, and
other modular activities.

This module discusses the fundamental concepts and basic principle of magnetism,
as well as electromagnetism, its relation to electric circuits and Ohm’s law, and
electromagnetic induction.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

INTRODUCTION
Most electrical equipment depends directly or indirectly upon magnetism. Without
magnetism the electrical world we perceive today would not exist. There are few
electrical devices used today that do not make use of magnetism.

THE NATURE OF MAGNETISM

The phenomenon of magnetism was discovered by the Chinese about 2637 B.C. The
magnets used in their primitive compasses were called lodestones or leading stones.
It is now known that lodestones were crude pieces of iron ore known as magnetite.
Since magnetite has magnetic properties in its natural state, lodestones are classified
as natural magnets. The only other natural magnet is the earth itself. All other magnets
are human-made and are known as artificial magnets.

Magnetic materials are those materials which are attracted or repelled by a magnet
and which can be magnetized themselves. Iron and steel are the most common
magnetic materials. Permanent magnets are those of hard magnetic materials, such
as cobalt steel, that retain their magnetism when the magnetizing field is removed. A
temporary magnet is one that has no ability to retain a magnetized state when the
magnetizing field is removed.

Classifying magnetic materials as either magnetic or nonmagnetic is based on the

strong magnetic properties of iron. However, since weak magnetic materials can be
important in some applications, classification includes three groups:

1. Ferromagnetic materials. These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial
alloys such as alnico and Permalloy. The ferrites are nonmagnetic materials that
have ferromagnetic properties of iron. A ferrite is a ceramic material. A common
application is a ferrite core in the coils for RF (radio-frequency) transformers. The
permeability of ferrites is in the range of 50 to 3000.

2. Paramagnetic materials. These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and

chromium. Relative permeability is slightly more than 1.

3. Diamagnetic materials. These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury,

gold, and silver. Relative permeability is less than 1.

Magnetic Fields

Every magnet has two points opposite each other which most readily attract pieces of
iron. These points are called the poles of the magnet: the north pole and the south
pole. Just as like electric charges repel each other and opposite charges attract each
other, like magnetic poles repel each other and unlike poles attract each other.

A magnet clearly attracts a bit of iron because of some force that exists around the
magnet. This force is called the magnetic field. Although it is invisible to the naked eye,
its force can be shown to exist by sprinkling small iron filings on a sheet of glass or
paper over a bar magnet. If the sheet is tapped gently, the filings will move into a
definite pattern which describes the field of force around the magnet. The field seems
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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

to be made up of lines of force that appear to leave the magnet at the north pole, travel
through the air around the magnet, and continue through the magnet to the south pole
to form a closed loop of force. The stronger the magnet, the greater the number of
lines of force and the larger the area covered by the field.

Fig. 7-1. Magnetic field outlined by iron fillings.

In order to visualize the magnetic field without iron filings, the field is shown as lines
of force in the figure. The direction of the lines outside the magnet shows the path a
north pole would follow in the field, repelled away from the north pole of the magnet
and attracted to its south pole.

Fig. 7-2. Magnetic field indicated by lines of force.

Magnetic Flux (𝛟)

The entire group of magnetic field lines, which flow outward from the north pole of a
magnet, is called the magnetic flux. The symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek
lowercase letter ϕ (phi). The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb).

One weber equals 1 × 108 magnetic field lines. Since the weber is a large unit for
typical fields, the microweber (µWb) is used (1 μWb = 10−6 Wb).

Example: If a magnetic flux has 3000 lines, find the number of microwebers.

1 Wb
Solution: ϕ = 3000 lines × 1×108 magnetic field lines → ϕ = 3 × 10−5 Wb ≈ 30 μWb ✓

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

Magnetic Flux Density (B)

The magnetic flux density is the magnetic flux per unit area of a section perpendicular
to the direction of flux. The equation for magnetic flux density is:

ϕ
B=
A

where: B is the magnetic flux density in tesla (T)

ϕ is the magnetic flux in Weber (Wb)
A is the area in m2

One weber per square meter is called a tesla.

Example: What is the flux density in tesla when there exists a flux of 600 µWb
through an area of 0.0003 m2?

Solution: ϕ = 600 μWb ≈ ϕ = 600 × 10−6 Wb

ϕ 600×10−6 Wb
B=A→B= →B= 2T✓
0.0003 m2

ELECTROMAGNETISM

In 1819 a Danish scientist named Oersted discovered a relation between magnetism

and electric current. He found that an electric current flowing through a conductor
produced a magnetic field around that conductor. Shown in the figure, filings in a
definite pattern of concentric rings around the conductor show the magnetic field of
the current in the wire.

Fig. 7-3. Circular pattern of magnetic lines around current in a conductor.

Every section of the wire has this field of force around it in a plane perpendicular to
the wire. The strength of the magnetic field around a conductor carrying current
depends on the current. A high current will produce many lines of force extending far
from the wire, while a low current will produce only a few lines close to the wire.

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AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

Fig. 7-4. Strength of the magnetic field depends on the amount of current.

Polarity of a Single Conductor

The right-hand rule is a convenient way to determine the relationship between the flow
of current in a conductor (wire) and the direction of the magnetic lines of force around
the conductor. Grasp the current-carrying wire in the right hand, wrapping the four
fingers around the wire and extending the thumb along the wire. If the thumb points
along the wire in the direction of current flow, the fingers will be pointing in the direction
of the lines of force around the conductor.

Fig. 7-5. Right-hand rule.

Magnetic Field and Polarity of a Coil

Bending a straight conductor into the form of a single loop has two results. First, the
magnetic field lines are denser inside the loop, although the total number of lines is
the same as for the straight conductor. Second, all the lines inside the loop are aiding
in the same direction. A coil of wire conductor is formed when there is more than one
loop or turn. To determine the magnetic polarity of a coil, use the right-hand rule. If the
coil is grasped with the fingers of the right hand curled in the direction of current flow
through the coil, the thumb points to the north pole of the coil.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

Fig. 7-6. Right-hand rule for coil of wire with several turns.

Fig. 7-7. Right-hand rule to find north pole of an electromagnet.

Adding an iron core inside the coil increases the flux density. The polarity of the core
is the same as that of the coil. The polarity depends on the direction of current flow
and the direction of winding. Current flow is from the positive side of the voltage
source, through the coil, and back to the negative terminal. The north pole is found by
using the right-hand rule.

Fig. 7-8. Polarity of a coils with different construction.

The correct polarities are circled. In B, the battery polarity is opposite from A to reverse
the direction of current. In C, the direction of winding is reversed from A; and in D, it is
reversed from B.

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

Magnetomotive Force (F)

The strength of a magnetic field in a coil of wire depends on how much current flows
in the turns of the coil. The more current, the stronger the magnetic field. Also, the
more turns, the more concentrated are the lines of force. The product of the current
times the number of turns of the coil, which is expressed in units called ampere-turns
(At), is known as the magnetomotive force (mmf).

F = NI

where: F is the magnetomotive force in ampere-turns (At)

N is the number of turns
I is the current in ampere (A)

Example: Calculate the magnetomotive force a coil with 1500 turns and a 4 mA
current.

Solution: F = NI → F = 1500 turns × (4 × 10−3 A) → F = 6 At ✓

Magnetic Field Intensity (H)

If a coil with a certain number of ampere-turns is stretched out to twice its original
length, the intensity of the magnetic field, that is, the concentration of lines of force,
will be half as great. The field intensity thus depends on how long the coil is.

F
H=
𝑙

where: H is the magnetic field intensity in ampere-turns per meter (At/m)

F is the magnetomotive force in ampere-turns (At)
𝑙 is the length between poles of the coil in meters (m)

Note that the equation is for a solenoid, H is the intensity at the center of an air core.
With an iron core, H is the intensity through the entire core and 𝑙 is the length or
distance between poles of the iron core.

Example: Find the field intensity of a 40-turn, 10-cm long coil,

with 3 A current flowing shown in the figure.

Solution: F = NI → F = 40 turns × 3 A → F = 120 At

𝑙 = 10 cm ≈ 0.1 m
F 120 At At
H=𝑙 →H= → H = 1200 m ✓
0.1 m
Fig. 7-9.

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

Example: If the same coil is stretched to 20 cm, with the wire length and current
remaining the same, what is the new value of field intensity?

Fig. 7-10.

Solution: F = NI → F = 40 turns × 3 A → F = 120 At

𝑙 = 20 cm ≈ 0.2 m
F 120 At At
H=𝑙 →H= → H = 600 m ✓
0.2 m

Example: The 10-cm coil in previous examples with the same 3 A flowing is now
wound around an iron core that is 20 cm long. What is the field intensity?

Fig. 7-11.

Solution: F = NI → F = 40 turns × 3 A → F = 120 At

𝑙 = 20 cm ≈ 0.2 m
F 120 At At
H=𝑙 →H= → H = 600 m ✓
0.2 m

PRACTICE PROBLEM 7.1: On an A4-sized paper, solve the following problems

and show your complete solutions.

Problem 1: Consider a coil with an air core. The coil is 5 cm long and has 8 turns.
When the switch is closed, a current of 5 A flows in it. Find (a) the mmf
and (b) H.
𝐴𝑡
Answer(s): (a) 40 At, (b) 800 𝑚

Problem 2: If a 2 m iron core were slipped into the coil in Problem 1, what is now the
(a) mmf and (b) H?
𝐴𝑡
Answer(s): (a) 40 At, (b) 20 𝑚

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

MAGNETIZATION CURVE
The flux-field curve, also known as BH curve, is used to show how much flux density
(B) results from increasing the amount of field intensity (H). This curve is for two types
of soft iron plotted for typical values.

Fig. 7-12. Flux-field curve for two types of soft iron.

It shows that soft iron number 1 increases rapidly in flux density with an increase in
At
field intensity before it develops a “knee” and becomes saturated at H = 2000 m and
B = 0.2 T. Past the knee an increase in field intensity has little effect on the flux density
value. Soft iron number 2 needs much more field intensity to reach its saturation level
At
at H = 5000 m and B = 0.3 T. Similar curves are obtained for all magnetic materials.
Air, being nonmagnetic, has a very low BH profile.

The permeability (µ) of a magnetic material is the ratio of flux density (B) to field
Tm
intensity (H), with unit of At . Its average value is measured at the point where the knee
is first established.

B
μ=
H
B 0.2 T Tm
μsoft iron 1 = H → μsoft iron 1 = At → μsoft iron 1 = 1 × 10−4
2000 At
m
B 0.3 T Tm
μsoft iron 2 = H → μsoft iron 2 = At → μsoft iron 2 = 6 × 10−5 At
5000
m

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AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism
Tm
The permeability of air is μo = 4π × 10−7 . To calculate µ, the value of relative
At
permeability µr must be multiplied by µo.

μ = μr × μo

Example: If a magnetic material has a relative permeability μr of 100, find its

permeability μ.
Tm Tm
Solution: μ = μr × μo → μ = 100 × (4π × 10−7 ) → μ = 1.26 × 10−4 ✓
At At

PRACTICE PROBLEM 7.2: On an A4-sized paper, solve the following problems

and show your complete solutions.

Problem 3: An iron ring has a mean circumferential length of 40 cm and a cross-

sectional area of 1 cm2. It is wound uniformly with 500 turns of wire.
Measurements made with a search coil around the ring show that the
current in the windings is 0.06 A and the flux in the ring is 6 × 10−6 Wb.
Find the (a) flux density, (b) field intensity, (c) permeability, and (d)
relative permeability.
𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑚
Answer(s): (a) 0.06 T, (b) 75 𝑚 , (c) 8 × 10−4 𝐴𝑡 , (d) 636.62

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
A magnetic circuit can be compared with
an electric current in which an emf
produces a current flow. Consider a
simple magnetic circuit, shown in the
figure. The ampere-turns of the
magnetomotive force produce the
magnetic flux. Therefore, the mmf
compares to emf or voltage and the flux
compares to current. Opposition to the
production of flux in a material is called its
reluctance, which corresponds to
resistance. Fig. 7-13. Magnetic circuit with closed iron path.

Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits

V
Ohm’s law for magnetic circuits, corresponding to I = R, is:

F
ϕ=
ℛ

where: ϕ is the magnetic flux in Weber (Wb)

F is the magnetomotive force (mmf) in ampere-turns (At)
At
ℛ is reluctance in Wb

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

Example: A magnetic circuit has a 10

V battery connected to a 50
Ω coil of 500 turns with an
iron core of 20 cm in length,
shown in the figure. Find (a)
magnetomotive force, (b)
field intensity, (c) flux
density in a core with µr of
600, and (d) the total flux at Fig. 7-14.
each pole with an area of 4
cm2.

V
Solution: (a) F = NI ≈ I = R
NV 500 turns×10 V
F= R →F= 50 Ω
F = 100 At ✓

(b) l = 20 cm ≈ 0.2 m
F 100 At At
H = 𝑙 → H = 0.2 m → H = 500 ✓
m

Tm Tm
(c) μ = μr × μo → μ = 600 × (4π × 10−7 ) → μ = 7.54 × 10−4
At At
B Tm At
μ = H → B = μH → B = (7.54 × 10−4 At ) × 500 m → B = 0.377 T ✓

1m
(d) A = 4 cm2 × (100 cm)2 → A = 4 × 10−4 m2
ϕ
B = A → ϕ = BA → ϕ = 0.377 T × 4 × 10−4 m2
ϕ = 1.508 × 10−4 Wb ✓

Reluctance (𝓡)

The symbol for reluctance is ℛ. Reluctance is inversely proportional to permeability.

Iron has high permeability and therefore low reluctance. Air has low permeability and
hence high reluctance.

Different forms of electromagnets generally have different values of reluctance. The

air gap is the air space between the poles of a magnet. Since air has high reluctance,
the size of the air gap affects the value of reluctance.

The shorter the air gap, the stronger the field intensity in the gap. Since air is not
magnetic and thus is unable to concentrate magnetic lines, a larger air gap only
provides more space for the magnetic lines to spread out.

Reluctance can be expressed as an equation as follows:

𝑙
ℛ=
μA

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Learning Module 07: Magnetism
At
where: ℛ is reluctance in Wb
𝑙 is the length of coil in meter (m)
Tm
μ is the permeability of magnetic material in At
A is the cross-sectional area of coil in m2

Example: A coil has an magnetomotive force of 500 At and a reluctance of

At
2 × 106 Wb. Compute the total flux ϕ.

F 500 At
Solution: ϕ=ℛ→ϕ= At → ϕ = 2.5 × 10−4 Wb ≈ 250 μWb ✓
2×106
Wb

For additional information about Magnetism, refer to this YouTube link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csMqfwJRjCs

PRACTICE PROBLEM 7.3: On an A4-sized paper, solve the following problems

and show your complete solutions.

Problem 4: A core of annealed steel with a flux density of 0.72 T has a permeability
Tm
µ of 8 × 10−3 At . If the length of the coil is 20 cm and the area of the
core is 3 cm2, find the reluctance of the path.
𝐴𝑡
Answer(s): 83333.33 𝑊𝑏

Problem 5: If the magnetic circuit of Problem 4 has an air gap of 0.2 cm in addition
to the 20 cm of annealed steel path, (a) what is the reluctance of the air
gap and (b) how much magnetomotive force would be needed to
maintain a flux density of 0.72 T? Assume that the area of the air gap is
the same as the area of the steel core.
At
Answer(s): (a) 5305164.77 Wb, (b) 1163.92 At

Table 7-1. International system of units for magnetism.

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
In 1831 Michael Faraday discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction. It
states that if a conductor “cuts across” lines of magnetic force, or if lines of force cut
across a conductor, an emf, or voltage, is induced across the ends of the conductor.

The most important application of relative motion between conductor and magnetic
field is made in electric generators. In a dc generator, fixed electromagnets are
arranged in a cylindrical housing. Many conductors in the form of a coil are rotated on
a core within the magnetic field so that these conductors are continually cutting the
lines of force. As a result, voltage is induced in each of the conductors. Since the
conductors are in series in the coil, the induced voltages add together to produce the
output voltage of the generator.

Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law

According to Faraday’s law, the value of the induced voltage depends upon the
number of turns of a coil and how fast the conductor cuts across the lines of force or
flux. Lenz’s law states that an induced voltage always has such a direction as to
oppose the change in magnetic flux that produced it. For example, if the flux is
increasing through a coil, the current produced by the induced voltage will generate a
flux that tends to cancel the increasing flux. Or, if the flux is decreasing through the
coil, that current will produce a flux that tends to restore the decreasing flux.

Induced voltage is determined by three factors:

1. Amount of flux. The more lines of force that cut across the conductor, the higher
the value of induced voltage.

2. Number of turns. The more turns in a coil, the higher the induced voltage.

3. Time rate of cutting. The faster the flux cuts a conductor, or the conductor cuts the
flux, the higher the induced voltage because more lines of force cut the conductor
within a given period of time.

∆ϕ
ℰ=N
∆t

where: ℰ is the induced voltage in volts (V)

N is the number of turns in a coil
∆ϕ Wb
is the rate at which the flux cuts across the conductor in sec
∆t

Example: The flux of an electromagnet is 6 Wb. The flux increases uniformly to

12 Wb in a period of 2 s. Calculate the voltage induced in a coil that has
10 turns if the coil is stationary in the magnetic field.

Solution: ∆ϕ = 12 Wb − 6 Wb → ∆ϕ = 6 Wb
∆ϕ 6 Wb
ℰ = N ∆t → ℰ = 10 turns × 2 s → ℰ = 30 V ✓

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AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

Example: A coil of 50 loops is pulled in 0.02 s from between the poles of a magnet,
when its area intercepts a flux of 3.1 × 10−4 Wb, to a place where the
intercepted flux is 0.1 × 10−4 Wb. Determine the voltage induced in the
coil.

Solution: ∆ϕ = 3.1 × 10−4 Wb − 0.1 × 10−4 Wb → ∆ϕ = 3 × 10−4 Wb

∆ϕ 3×10−4 Wb
ℰ = N ∆t → ℰ = 50 turns × → ℰ = 0.75 V ✓
0.02 s

For additional information about Electromagnetic Induction, refer to this YouTube link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz92oOkJFNA

PRACTICE PROBLEM 7.4: On an A4-sized paper, solve the following problems

and show your complete solutions.

Problem 6: A magnetic flux of 1000 lines cuts across a coil of 800 turns in 2 µs. What
is the voltage induced in the coil?
Answer(s): 4 kV

Problem 7: If a conductor cuts 3.5 Wb in 0.25 s, what is the voltage induced in the
conductor?
Answer(s): 14 V

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING – AIR TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 07: Magnetism

PROBLEM SET 3

Direction: On an A4-sized paper, answer the following problems and show your
complete solutions, if necessary. Box your final answers for computational problems.

1. Fill in the indicated values.

2. What is the (a) magnetomotive

force and (b) magnetic field
intensity of the circuit shown in
the figure?
3. A coil of 100 turns is 8 cm in
length. The current in the coil is
0.2 A. If the core is cast iron
with flux density of 0.13 T, find
(a) the field intensity, (b) its
permeability, and (c) its relative
permeability.
4. A core of annealed sheet steel is wound with 1500 turns of wire through which a
current of 12 mA is flowing. If the length of the coil is 20 cm, find (a) the
magnetomotive force and (b) field intensity.
5. A coil has a field intensity at 300 At. Its length is doubled from 20 to 40 cm for the
same magnetomotive force. What is the new magnetic field intensity?
6. An iron core has 250 times more flux density than air for the same field intensity.
What is the value of its relative permeability?
7. When it has an annealed iron core, a coil has a flux density of 1.44 T at a field
intensity of 500 At/m. Find (a) its permeability and (b) its relative permeability.
8. A coil has 200 At with a flux of 25 µWb in the iron core. (a) Calculate the reluctance.
At
If the reluctance of the path with an air gap were 800 × 106 , (b) how much
Wb
magnetomotive force would be needed for the same flux of 25 µWb?
9. In a stationary field coil of 500 turns calculate the induced voltage produced by the
following flux changes: (a) 4 Wb increasing to 6 Wb in 1 s; (b) 4000 lines of flux
increasing to 5000 lines in 5 µs; (c) 4 Wb remaining the same over 1 s.
Tm
10. The permeability of an annealed iron core is 5600 × 10−6 At when the current is
80 mA. The coil consists of 200 turns on core 20 cm in length. Find (a) the field
intensity, (b) the flux density, and (c) its relative permeability.

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