PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

UiTM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang

Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam
81750 Masai, Johor Darul Ta’zim
Tel : 607-3818000

NO STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID

1 MUHAMMAD ADAM MUKHRIZ BIN MOHD NUR SHAIRRAY 2023498498
2 MOHAMED RAFIQI BIN MOHD RAZIF 2023624838
3 NUR ATHIRAH BATRISYIA BINTI MOHD AMIR 2023804354
4 PUTRI HADARIAH BINTI SYAHRAZAD 2023457842

GROUP : J4CEEH1103C (GROUP 3)

EXPERIMENT : 1 (OSBORNE REYNOLDS)
DATE PERFORMED : 24 NOVEMBER 2024
DATE SUBMITTED : 1 DECEMBER 2024
LECTURER : NURUL HAZWANI BINTI SABRI

No Title Marks

1 Objectives

2 Data/Result

3 Discussion

4 Conclusion

TOTAL (marks) 20

Checked by:

Date:
1. Objectives

In experiment A:

1. To compute Reynolds Number (R).

2. To observe the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow.

In experiment B:

1. To determine the Reynolds Number (R).

2. To determine the upper and lower critical velocities at transitional flow.

2. Results

EXPERIMENT 1

Laminar flow

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate ,Q Reynolds

(L) (s) (L/s) 3
(m /s ) Number
0.3 46.43 0.006461 0.000006461 616.2607
0.3 44.49 0.006743 0.000006743 643.1583
0.3 49.68 0.006039 0.000006039 575.9760

Example of calculation :

0.3 L
Flow rate (L/s) =
46.43 s

= 0.006461 L/s

3
0.0003 m
Flow rate (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ =
46.43 s

= 0.000006461 m 3 /s

3
(0.000006461 m /s)×(0.015 m)
Reynolds Number =
( 0.0001767 m2 ) ×( 0.00000089 m/ s)
= 616.2607
Transitional Flow

Volume Time Flow Rate, Q Flow Rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (s) (L/s) (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ Number
0.3 17.58 0.01706 0.00001706 1627.2105
0.3 23.55 0.01273 0.00001273 1214.2080
0.3 25.76 0.01165 0.00001165 1111.1959

Example of calculation :

0.3 L
Flow rate ( L/s ) =
147.58 s

= 0.01076 L/s
3
0.0003 m
Flow Rate (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ =
14.61 s

¿ 0.00001706 m3 /s
3
(0.0000205 m /s)×(0.015 m)
Reynolds Number =
( 0.0001767 m2 ) ×( 0.00000089 m/ s)
=1627.2105

Turbulent Flow

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Renolds

(L) (s) (L/s) (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ Number
0.3 7.80 0.03846 0.00003846 3668.3772
0.3 10.18 0.02947 0.00002947 2810.8964
0.3 10.27 0.2921 0.00002921 2786.0972

Example of calculation :

0.3 L
Flow rate (L/s) =
7.80 s

= 0.03846 L/s

3
0.0003 m
Flow rate (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ =
7.80 s

= 0.00003846 m 3 /s
 3
(0.00003846 m /s)×(0.015 m)
Reynolds Number =
( 0.0001767 m2 ) ×( 0.00000089 m/ s)
= 3668.3772

EXPERIMENT 2

Lower Critical Flow ( Changing from laminar to transitional flow )

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (s) (L/s) (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ Number
0.3 31.29 0.009588 0.000009588 914.5190
0.3 39.24 0.007645 0.000007645 729.1925
0.3 34.08 0.008803 0.000008803 839.6444

Example of calculation :

0.3 L
Flow rate (L/s) =
31.29 s

= 0.009588 L/s

3
0.0003 m
Flow rate (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ =
31.29 s

= 0.000009588 m 3 /s

3
(0.000009588 m /s)×(0.015 m)
Reynolds Number =
( 0.0001767 m2 ) ×( 0.00000089 m/ s)
= 914.5190
Upper Critical Flow ( Changing from turbulent flow to transitional flow )

Volume Time Flow rate, Q Flow rate, Q Reynolds

(L) (s) (L/s) (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ Number
0.3 9.75 0.03077 0.00003077 2934.8925
0.3 13.09 0.02292 0.00002292 2186.1468
0.3 11.56 0.02595 0.00002595 2475.1531

Example of calculation :

0.3 L
Flow rate (L/s) =
9..75 s

= 0.03077L/s

3
0.0003 m
Flow rate (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿ =
9.75 s

= 0.00003077 m 3 /s

3
(0.00003077 m /s)×(0.015 m)
Reynolds Number =
( 0.0001767 m2 ) ×( 0.00000089 m/ s)
= 2934.8925
3. Discussion

The Osborne Reynolds experiment holds a significant place in fluid mechanics

because it provided clear evidence of how fluid flow can transition from laminar to
turbulent states, a phenomenon critical to various engineering and scientific applications.
In this experiment, Reynolds meticulously observed the behavior of fluid in a pipe, using a
dye to trace the flow. At low flow velocities, the dye would move through the pipe in
smooth, parallel lines, indicating laminar flow where the fluid moved in orderly layers with
minimal mixing. As the flow rate increased, the behavior of the dye shifted dramatically; it
began to spread irregularly, breaking into swirling eddies and vortices, signalling the onset
of turbulence. This transition marked a point where the predictable, stable flow changed
into a chaotic, unpredictable state.

Reynolds was the first to quantify this transition using a dimensionless number
known today as the Reynolds number (Re). The Reynolds number represents the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous forces and serves as a key indicator of flow type. Specifically,
flows with a low Reynolds number (typically less than 2000) tend to be laminar, where
viscous forces dominate, ensuring smooth movement of the fluid. When the Reynolds
number exceeds a critical threshold (around 4000), the flow becomes turbulent as inertial
forces take over, leading to chaotic fluid movement. The range between 2000 and 4000 is
particularly interesting because it is the transitional zone where flow can shift from laminar
to turbulent under the influence of small disturbances.

Reynolds’ insights were transformative because they allowed engineers and

scientists to predict and analyse fluid behaviour in various settings without needing to
conduct extensive direct observations. This concept has had profound implications across
multiple disciplines. In engineering, the Reynolds number informs the design of pipelines,
aircraft, and water systems, helping to ensure that these structures operate efficiently
under different flow conditions. In meteorology, it contributes to understanding weather
patterns and developing climate models. In the medical field, the study of blood flow in
arteries is enhanced by Reynolds’ work, enabling the assessment of health and the design
of treatments like stents and artificial heart valves.

Despite advancements in computational tools and fluid modelling, the complexities

of turbulence remain a challenge, showcasing how Reynolds’ experiment opened the door
to a deeper exploration into the nature of fluid dynamics. His work laid the groundwork for
modern fluid mechanics, illustrating how an understanding of dimensionless analysis, like
the Reynolds number, is crucial to studying and engineering systems involving fluid flow.
4. Conclusion
To conclude, in this experiment consists of two experiment which are Experiment
1, where to observe the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow while Experiment 2, where
to determine the upper and lower critical velocities at transitional flow. As shown on result
table in Experiment 1, laminar flow taking longer time than transitional and turbulent flow
due to the nature of how the fluid moves. In laminar flow, the fluid moves in smooth,
parallel layers with minimal mixing between them. This orderly movement means that the
fluid’s velocity is lower compared to turbulent flow, where the fluid moves chaotically with
eddies and swirls. The comparison between turbulent flow, in turbulent flow, the fluid
particles move chaotically with eddies and swirls, which increases the overall mixing and
momentum transfer. This results in a higher average velocity compared to the orderly,
parallel layers of laminar flow. Hence, it taking less time than laminar flow.
For the Experiment 2, as shown on result table of Experiment 2, the comparison of
lower critical flow (the changing from laminar to transitional flow) and upper critical flow
(changing from turbulent to transitional flow) can be determine where, the Reynold’s
number in upper critical flow higher than lower critical flow due to the nature of the
transition between different flow regimes. At lower Reynolds numbers, the flow is more
stable and remains laminar. As the Reynold’s number increases, the flow becomes more
susceptible to disturbances and transitions to transitional flow while the Reynold’s number
continues to increase, the flow becomes increasingly unstable and turbulent.
Overall, the objectives of this experiment were achieved.