NCERT Exemplar Solutions For Grade 12

Mathematics
Chapter 1: Relations and Functions

Solved Examples

Example 1 Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3} and define a relation R on A as follows:

R = {(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 3), (1, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0), (3, 3)}. Is R reflexive?
symmetric? Transitive?
Ans: R is reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
Since, for (1, 0) ∈ R and (0, 3) ∈ R whereas (1, 3) ∉ R.

Example 2 For the set A = {1, 2, 3}, define a relation R in the set A as follows: R =
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}. Write the ordered pairs to be added to R to make it is
the smallest equivalence relation.
Ans: (3, 1) is the single ordered pair which needs to be added to R to make it the
smallest equivalence relation.

Example 3 Let R be the equivalence relation in the set Z of integers given by R =

{(a, b):2 divides a – b}. Write the equivalence class [0].
Ans: [0] = {0, ± 2, ± 4, ± 6,...}.

Example 4 Let the function f : R → R be defined by f (x) = 4x – 1, ∀ x ∈ R. Then,

show that f is one-one.
Ans:For any two elements x1, x2∈ R such that f (x1) = f (x2),
we have 4 x 1 – 1 = 4 x 2 – 1

⇒ 4 x 1 = 4 x 2 , i.e., x 1 = x 2

Hence, f is one-one.

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Example 5 If f = {(5, 2), (6, 3)}, g = {(2, 5), (3, 6)}, write f o g.
Ans: Since, f o g = f(g(x))
Now, f(g(2)=f(5)=2 and f(g(3))=f(6)=3
Thus, fog = {(2,2), (3,3)}.

Example 6 Let f : R → R be the function defined by f (x) = 4x – 3 ∀ x ∈ R. Then

write f-1.
Ans: Given that f(x) = 4 x- 3 = y (say), then
4x=y+3
y+3
x=
4
y+3
Hence f -1  y  =
4
x+3
 f -1  x  =
4

Example 7 Is the binary operation * defined on Z (set of integer) by m * n = m – n

+ mn∀ m, n ∈ Z commutative?
Ans: No. Since for 1, 2 ∈ Z, 1 * 2 = 1 – 2 + 1.2 = 1 while 2 * 1 = 2 – 1 + 2.1 = 3 so
that 1 * 2 ≠ 2 * 1.

Example 8 If f = {(5, 2), (6, 3)} and g = {(2, 5), (3, 6)}, write the range of f and g.
Ans: The range of f = {2, 3} and the range of g = {5, 6}.

Example 9 If A = {1, 2, 3} and f, g are relations corresponding to the subset of A ×

A indicated against them, which of f, g is a function? Why?
f = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
g = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 1)}

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Ans: f is a function since each element of A in the first place in the ordered pairs is
related to only one element of A in the second place while g is not a function because
1 is related to more than one element of A, namely, 2 and 3.

Example 10 If A = {a, b, c, d} and f = {(a, b), (b, d), (c, a), (d, c)}, show that f is
one one from A onto A. Find f-1.
Ans: f is one-one since each element of A is assigned to a distinct element of the set
A. Also, f is onto since f (A) = A.
Moreover, f 1 = {(b, a), (d, b), (a, c), (c, d)}.

Example 11 In the set N of natural numbers, define the binary operation * by m *

n = g.c.d (m, n), m, n ∈ N. Is the operation * commutative and associative?
Ans: The operation is clearly commutative since
m * n = g.c.d (m, n) = g.c.d (n, m) = n * m ∀ m, n ∈ N.
It is also associative because for l, m, n ∈ N, we have
l * (m * n) = g. c. d (l, g.c.d (m, n))
= g.c.d. (g. c. d (l, m), n)
= (l * m) * n.

Example 12 In the set of natural numbers N, define a relation R as follows: ∀ n,

m ∈ N, nRm if on division by 5 each of the integers n and m leaves the remainder
less than 5, i.e. one of the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Show that R is an equivalence
relation. Also, obtain the pairwise disjoint subsets determined by R.
Ans: R is reflexive since for each a ∈ N, aRa. R is symmetric since if aRb, then bRa
for a, b ∈ N. Also, R is transitive since for a, b, c ∈ N, if aRb and bRc, then aRc.
Hence R is an equivalence relation in N which will partition the set N into the pairwise
disjoint subsets.
The equivalent classes are as mentioned below:
A0 = {5, 10, 15, 20 ...}
A1 = {1, 6, 11, 16, 21 ...}
A2 = {2, 7, 12, 17, 22, ...}

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A3 = {3, 8, 13, 18, 23, ...}
A4 = {4, 9, 14, 19, 24, ...}
It is evident that the above five sets are pairwise disjoint and


4
A0∪A1 ∪A2∪A3∪A4= i 0
Ai = N .

x
Example 13 Show that the function f : R → R defined by f (x) = , ∀x∈ R,
x 1
2

is neither one-one nor onto.

Ans: For x 1 , x 2 ∈ R, consider

f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 )

x1 x2
⇒ =
x 12  1 x 2 2  1

⇒ x1 x 2 2 + x 1 = x 2 x12 + x 2

⇒ x1 x 2 ( x 2 - x 1 ) = x 2 - x 1

⇒ x 1 = x 2 or x 1 x 2 =1

We note that there are point, x 1 and x 2 with x 1 ≠ x 2 and f ( x 1 ) = f ( x 2 ), for instance,
1 2
if we take x 1 = 2 and x 2 = , then we have f ( x 1 ) = and
2 5
2 1
f ( x2 ) = but 2 ≠ .
5 2
Hence f is not one-one. Also, f is not onto for if so then for 1∈R ∃ x ∈ R such that f (x)
=1
x
Which gives = 1. But there is no such x in the domain R, since the equation
x 1 2

x 2  x  1 =0 does not give any real value of x.

Example 14 Let f, g : R → R be two functions defined as f (x) = x + x and g (x) =

x - x ∀ x ∈ R. Then, find f o g and g o f.

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Ans: Here f (x) = x + x which can be redefined as

f (x) = { 2x ,if x ≥ 0
0, if x <0
Similarly, the function g defined by g (x) = x - x may be redefined as g (x) = {0 if x
≥ 0 -2 x if x < 0
Therefore, g o f gets defined as:
For x ≥ 0, (g o f) (x) = g (f (x) = g (2x) = 0
and for x < 0, (g o f ) (x) = g (f (x) = g (0) = 0.
Consequently, we have (g o f) (x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R.
Similarly, f o g gets defined as:
For x ≥ 0, (f o g ) (x) = f (g (x) = f (0) = 0,and for x < 0, (f o g ) (x) = f (g(x)) = f (–2 x)
= – 4x.
i.e. (fog)(x) = {0, x > 0-4 x , x < 0}

Example 15 Let R be the set of real numbers and f : R → R be the function

defined by f (x) = 4x + 5. Show that f is invertible and find f-1.
Ans: Here the function f:R → R is defined as f(x) = 4 x + 5 = y (say).
y-5
Then,4 x = y - 5 or x =
4
This leads to a function g: R → R defined as
y5
g(y) =
4
4 x +5 - 5
Therefore, (gof) (x) = g(f(x)) = g(4 x +5) = =x
4
Or, gof = I R

 y-5   y-5 
Similarly (fog) (y) = f(g(y) = f   = 4  +5 = y
 4   4 
Or, fog = I R

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Hence f is invertible and f 1 = g which is given by
x-5
f 1 (x) = .
4

Example 16 Let * be a binary operation defined on Q. Find which of the

following binary operations are associative
(i) a * b = a – b for a, b ∈ Q.
Ans: (i) * is not associative for if we take a = 1, b = 2 and c = 3, then (a * b) * c = (1 *
2) * 3 = (1 – 2) * 3 = – 1 – 3 = – 4 and a * (b * c) = 1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * (2 – 3) = 1 – ( –
1) = 2.
Thus (a * b) * c ≠ a * (b * c) and hence * is not associative.
ab
(ii) a * b = for a, b ∈ Q.
4
Ans: (ii) * is associative since Q is associative with respect to multiplication.
(iii) a * b = a – b + ab for a, b ∈ Q.
Ans: (iii) * is not associative for if we take a = 2, b = 3 and c = 4, then
(a * b) * c = (2 * 3) * 4 = (2 – 3 + 6) * 4 = 5 * 4 = 5 – 4 + 20 = 21, and
a * (b * c) = 2 * (3 * 4) = 2 * (3 – 4 + 12) = 2 * 11 = 2 – 11 + 22 = 13
Thus, (a * b) * c ≠ a * (b * c) and hence * is not associative.
(iv) a * b = ab2 for a, b ∈ Q.
Ans:(iv) * is not associative for if we take a = 1, b = 2 and c = 3, then
(a * b) * c = (1 * 2) * 3 = 4 * 3 = 4 × 9 = 36 and
a * (b * c) = 1 * (2 * 3) = 1 * 18 = 1 × 182 = 324.
Thus (a * b) * c ≠ a * (b * c) and hence * is not associative.

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the Examples
17 to 25.

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Example 17 Let R be a relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by nRm
if n divides m. Then R is
(A) Reflexive and symmetric
(B) Transitive and symmetric
(C) Equivalence
(D) Reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
Ans: The correct choice is (D).
Since n divides n, ∀ n ∈ N, R is reflexive.
R is not symmetric since for 3, 6 ∈ N, 3 R 6 ≠ 6 R 3.
R is transitive since for n, m, r whenever n/m and m/r ⇒ n/r, i.e., n divides m and m
divides r, then n will divide r.

Example 18 Let L denote the set of all straight lines in a plane. Let a relation R be
defined by lRm if and only if l is perpendicular to m ∀ l, m ∈ L. Then R is
(A) reflexive
(B) symmetric
(C) transitive
(D) none of these
Ans: The correct choice is (B).

Example 19 Let N be the set of natural numbers and the function f : N → N be

defined by f (n) = 2n + 3 ∀ n ∈ N. Then f is
(A) subjective
(B) injective
(C) bijective
(D) none of these
Ans: (B) is the correct option

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Example 20 Set A has 3 elements and set B has 4 elements. Then the number of
injective mappings that can be defined from A to B is
(A) 144
(B) 12
(C) 24
(D) 64
Ans: The correct choice is (C). The total number of injective mappings from the set
containing 3 elements into the set containing 4 elements is 4P = 4! = 24
3

Example 21 Let f: R → R be defined by f (x) = sin x and g: R → R be defined by

g (x) = x2, then fog is
(A) x2 sin x

(B)  sinx 
2

(C ) sin x 2
sin x
(D)
x2
Ans: (C) is the correct choice.

Example 22 Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = 3 x- 4. Then f 1 (x) is given by

x4
(A)
3
x
(B) 4
3
(C) 3x + 4
(D) None of these
Ans: (C) is the correct choice.

Example 23 Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = x 2 + 1. Then, pre-images of 17

and – 3, respectively, are

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(A) φ, {4, – 4}
(B) {3, – 3}, φ
(C) {4, –4}, φ
(D) {4, – 4, {2, – 2}
Ans: (C) is the correct choice since for f 1 (17) = x
⇒f (x) = 17 or x 2 + 1 = 17
⇒ x = ± 4 or f 1 (17) = {4, – 4} and for f 1 (–3) = x
⇒f (x) = – 3 ⇒ x 2 + 1 = – 3
⇒ x 2 = – 4 and hence f 1 (– 3) = φ.

Example 24 For real numbers x and y, define xRy if and only if x – y + 2 is an

irrational number. Then the relation R is
(A) reflexive
(B) symmetric
(C) transitive
(D) none of these
Ans: (A) is the correct choice.

Example 25 Consider the set A = {1, 2, 3} and R be the smallest equivalence

relation on A, then R = ________
Ans: R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}.

Example 26 The domain of the function f: R  R defined by f(x) = x2  3x  2 is

__________.
Ans: Here x 2  3x + 2  0
 (x- 1) (x- 2)  0
 x  1 or x  2
Hence, the domain of f = (– ∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞).

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Example 27 Consider the set A containing n elements. Then, the total number of
injective functions from A onto itself is ________.
Ans: n!

Example 28 Let Z be the set of integers and R be the relation defined in Z such
that aRb if a – b is divisible by 3. Then R partitions the set Z into ________
pairwise disjoint subsets.
Ans: Three.
Example 29 Let R be the set of real numbers and * be the binary operation
defined on R as a * b = a + b – ab ∀ a, b ∈ R. Then, the identity element with
respect to the binary operation * is _______.
Ans: 0 is the identity element with respect to the binary operation *.

State True or False for the statements in each of the Examples 30 to 34

Example 30 Consider the set A = {1, 2, 3} and the relation

R = {(1, 2), (1, 3)}. R is a transitive relation.
Ans: True.

Example 31 Let A be a finite set. Then, each injective function from A into itself
is not subjective.
Ans: False.

Example 32 For sets A, B and C, let f : A → B, g : B → C be functions such that g

o f is injective. Then both f and g are injective functions.
Ans: False.

Example 33 For sets A, B and C, let f : A → B, g : B → C be functions such that g

o f is subjective. Then g is subjective

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Ans:True.

Example 34 Let N be the set of natural numbers. Then, the binary operation * in
N defined as a * b = a + b, ∀ a, b ∈ N has identity element.
Ans: False.

Short Answer Questions

1. Let A = {a, b, c} and the relation R be defined on A as follows:

R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a, b)}.
Then, write the minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make R
reflexive and transitive.
Ans: Give relation, R={(a,a),(b,c),(a,b)}
To make R reflexive we must add (b,b) and (c,c) to R.
Also, to make R transitive we must add (a,c) to R.
So, the minimum number of ordered pairs to be added is 3.

2. Let D be the domain of the real valued function f defined by f (x) = 25  x2 .

Then, write D.

Ans: Given real valued function f(x), such that f(x) = 25  x 2 , since, f(x) is real
valued.
We must have
25  x 2  0
 x 2  25
 -5  x  5
The domain is D = [-5,5]

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3. Let f, g : R → R be defined by f (x) = 2x + 1 and g (x) = x2-2, ∀ x ∈ R,
respectively.Then, find g o f.
Ans: Given that f(x) = 2x + 1and g (x) = x2-2, ∀ x ∈ R.
Then (gof)x = g{f(x)}= g(2x + 1) =(2x + 1)2-2
= 4 x 2 + 4x +1-2
= 4 x 2 + 4x - 1

4. Let f : R → R be the function defined by f (x) = 2x – 3 ∀ x ∈ R. write f-1.

Ans: Given f(x) = 2 x - 3 ∀ x ∈ R
Now, lwt a, b ∈ R such that
f(a) = f(b)
 2a - 3  2b - 3
 2a = 2b
 f(x) is one- one.
Also, if x, y ∈R , such that,
f(x) = y  2x - 3 = y
y 3
 x= = g(y) ∀ y ∈ R
2
 f(x) is onto and therefore is bijective implies f(x) has an inverse
x 3
f-1(x) = g(x) = ∀x∈R
2

5.If A = {a, b, c, d} and the function f = {(a, b), (b, d), (c, a), (d, c)}, write f-1.
Ans: Let f:A  A , then inverse f 1 is such that
f-1 = {(b,a),(d,b),(a,c),(c,d)}
f-1: A  A and f-1 = {(b,a),(d,b),(a,c),(c,d)}

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6. If f: R  R is defined by f(x) = x2-3x+2, write f(f(x)).
Ans:Given that f(x) = x2-3x+2
f(f(x)) = f(x2-3x+2)
=(x2-3x+2)2 - 3(x2-3x+2) + 2
= x4+9x2+4-6x3-12x+4x2-3x2+9x-6+2
= x4+10x2-6x3-3x
f(f(x)) = x4+10x2-6x3-3x

7. Is g = {(1,1),(2,3),(3,5),(4,7)} a function? If g is described by g(x) = αx β , then

what value should be assigned to αandβ.

Ans: Yes g is a function since every element in the domain has a unique image.
Now, let g(x) = α x + β

Then given,
g(1) = α + β = 1

g(2) = 2 α + β = 3

Subtracting g(1) from g(2) gives,

(2 α + β ) - ( α + β ) = α = 2 and substituting it into g(1)

We have β = -1.

So, values of α and β are 2 and -1.

8. Are the following set of ordered pair’s functions? If so, examine whether the
mapping is injective or subjective.
(i){(x,y) : x is a person, y is the mother of x}
Ans: Given set of ordered pairs is:
{(x,y) : x is a person, y is the mother of x}.
It represents a function. Here the image of distinct elements of x under f are not
distinct, so it's not injective but it is subjective.

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(ii) {(a,b) : a is a person , b is the ancestor of a}
Ans: Given set of ordered pairs is:
{(a, b): a is a person, b is the ancestor of a}
Here, each element of the domain does not have a unique image.
So, it does not represent function.

9.If the mapping f and g are given by f = {(1,2),(3,5), (4,1)} and g ={ (2,3), (5,1),
(1,3)}, write fog.
Ans: Given that,
f = {(1,2),(3,5), (4,1)}
And g={(2,3), (5,1), (1,3)}
Now, fog(2) = f{g(2)} = f(3) = 5
fog(5) = f{g(5)} = f(1) = 2
fog(1) = f{g(1)} = f(3) = 5
fog = {(2,5),(5,2),(1,5)}.

10. Let C be the set of complex numbers. Prove that the mapping f: C  R given
by f(z) = z ,∀ z ∈ C, is neither one-one nor onto.

Ans: The mapping f: C  R

Given, f(z) = z ,∀ z ∈ C

f(1) = |1| = 1
f(-1) = |-1| = 1
f (1) = f(-1)
But,1  -1
So, f(z) is not one-one. Also, f(z) is not onto as there is no pre-image for any negative
element of R under the mapping f(z).

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11. Let the function f: R  Rbe defined by f(x) = cos x , ∀ x ∈ R. Show that f is
neither one-one nor onto.
Ans: Given function f(x) = cos x, ∀ x ∈ R

π π
Now, f   = cos   =0
2 2
 -π  π
f   = cos   = 0
 2  2
 π   -π 
f = f 
2  2 
 -π   π 
f  = f 
 2  2
π -π
But,  0
2 2
So, f(x) is not one-one.
Now, f(x) = cos x, ∀ x ∈ R is not onto as there is no pre- image for any real number,
which does not belong to the intervals [-1,1], the range of cos x.

12.Let X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {4, 5}. Find whether the following subsets of X ×Y are
functions from X to Y or not.
(i) f = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 5)}
Ans: f is not a function because f has no unique image.
(ii) g = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
Ans: g is a function as each element of the domain has a unique image.
(iii) h = {(1,4), (2, 5), (3, 5)}
Ans: h is a function
(iv) k = {(1,4), (2, 5)}.
Ans: k is not a function as 3 does not have any image under the mapping.

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13. If functions f: A  B and g: B  A satisfy gof=IA, then show that f is one-one
and g is onto.
Ans: Given that f: A  B and g: B  A satisfy gof= I A

Since, gof= IA,

 gof { f( x 1 )} = gof {f( x 2 )}

 g( x 1 ) = g( x 2 ) [ Since gof= IA]

 x1 = x2

Hence, f is one-one and g is onto.

1
14. Let f:R  R be the function defined f(x) = , ∀ x ∈ R. Then find the
2  cos x
range of f.
1
Ans: Given function, f(x) = ,∀ x ∈ R
2  cos x
1
Let y =
2  cos x
 2y - y cos x = 1
 y cos x = 2y - 1
2y - 1 1
 cos x =  2
y y
1
 cos x = 2 
y
 -1  cos x  1
1
 -1  2   1
y
1
 -3    -1
y
1
 3  1
y

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 1
  y 1
3
1 
So, the range of y, that is f(x) is  ,1 .
3 

15.Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R in Z as follows: ∀ a, b ∈ Z,

aRb if and only if a – b is divisible by n. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
Ans: Given that,
∀a, b ∈ Z, aRb if and only if a – b is divisible by n.
Now,
Reflexive
aRb  (a-a) is divisible by n , which is true for any integer ‘a’ as ‘0’ is divisible by n.
Hence, r is reflexive.
Symmetric
aRb
 a - b is divisible by n.
 - b+ a is divisible by n.
 - (b- a) is divisible by n.
 (b- a) is divisible by n.
bRa
Hence, R is symmetric.
Transitive
Let aRb and bRc
 (a - b) is divisible by n and (b-c) is divisible by n.
 (a - b) + (b-c) is divisible by n.
 (a - c) is divisible by n.
aRc
Hence, R is transitive.

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So, R is an equivalence relation.

Long Answers:

16. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, define relations on A which have properties of being:

(a) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
Ans: Given that: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Let R1 = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 3)}
R1 is reflexive, since (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) lies in R1
Now, (1,2) ò R1, (2,3) ò R1  (1,3) ò R1
Hence, R1 is also transitive but (1,2) ò R1  (2,1)  R1
So, it is not symmetric.
(b) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive
Ans: Given that: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Let R2 = {(1,2), (2,1)}
Now, (1,2) ò R 2 , (2,1) ò R 2

So, it is symmetric.
(c) reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Ans: Given that: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Let R 3 = {(1,2),(2,1),(1,1),(2,2),(3,3), (1,3), (3,1),(2,3)}

Hence, R 3 is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

17. Let R be relation defined on the set of natural numbers N as follows:

R = {(x, y): x ∈N, y ∈N, 2x + y = 41}.
Find the domain and range of the relation R. Also verify whether R is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive.
Ans: Given that: R = {(x, y): x ∈N, y ∈N, 2x + y = 41}.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 18

Domain = {1,2,3 …..20}
Range = {(1,39),(2,37),(3,35)......(19,3), (20,1)}
R is not reflexive as (2,2)  R
2 x 2 + 2  41
So, R is not symmetric.
As, (1,39) ∈ R but (39,1)  R
So, R is not transitive
As (11,19) ∈ R, (19,3) ∈ R but (11,3)  R
Hence,R is neither reflexive,nor symmetric nor transitive.

18. Given A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 5, 6, 7}. Construct an example of each of the
following:
(a) an injective mapping from A to B
Ans:Given that, A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 5, 6, 7}.
Let f : A  B denote a mapping
f= {(x,y) : y = x + 3}
I.e f = {(2,5),(3,-6),(4, 7)}
Which is an injective mapping.
(b) a mapping from A to B which is not injective
Ans: Given that A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 5, 6, 7}.
Let g : A  B denote a mapping
Such that g = {(2,2),(3,5),(4,7)} which is not an injective mapping.
(c) a mapping from B to A.
Ans: Given that A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 5, 6, 7}.
Let h : B  A denote a mapping
Such that h = { (2,2),(5,3),(6,4),(7,4)} which is a mapping from B  A .

19. Give an example of a map

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 19

(i) which is one-one but not onto
Ans: Let f:N  N, be a mapping defined by f(x) = 2x which is one-one
For f(x1) = f(x2)
 2x 1  2x 2

 x1  x 2

Further f is not onto, as for 1  N, there does not exist any x in N such that f(x) = 2x +
1.
(ii) which is not one-one but onto
Ans: Let f: N  N , given by f(1) = f(2) = 1 and f(x) = x- 1 for every x> 2 is onto but
not one-one.f is not one-one as f(1)= f(2) = 1. But f is onto.
(iii) which is neither one-one nor onto.
Ans: The mapping f: R  R defined by f(x) = x 2 , is neither one -one nor onto.

x 2
20. Let A = R – {3}, B = R – {1}. Let f : A → B be defined by f (x) = ∀x∈A.
x 3
Then show that f is bijective.
Ans: Given that, A = R- {3} , B = R -{1}.
x- 2
f: A  B is defined by f(x) = ∀ x ∈ A.
x -3
For injectivity
Let f(x1) = f(x2)
x1  2 x 2  2
 =
x1  3 x2  3

 ( x 1  2 )( x 2  3 ) = ( x 2  2 )( x 1  3 )

 x1 x 2 - 3 x 1 - 2 x 2 + 6 = x1 x 2 - 3 x 2 - 2 x 1 + 6

 - 3 x1 - 2 x2 = - 3 x2 - 2 x1

 - x1 = - x2

 x1 = x2

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 20

So, f(x) is an injective function.
For subjectivity,
x-2
Let y =
x -3
 x - 2 = xy - 3y
 x (1-y) = 2 - 3y
2-3y
 x=
1 y
2  3y
 x=  A ∀ y ∈B (codomain)
1 y
So, f(x) is a subjective function.
Hence, f(x) is a bijective function.

21. Let A = [–1, 1]. Then, discuss whether the following functions defined on A
are one-one, onto or bijective:
x
(i) f(x) =
2
Ans:Given : A = [-1,1]
x
f(x) =
2
Let f( x 1 ) = f( x 2 )

x1 x 2
 =
2 2
 x1 = x2

So, f(x) is one-one.

 x =2y  A,∀ y ∈A
As for y = 1 ∈A, x = 2  A
So, f(x) is not onto.
Also, f(x) is not bijective as it is not onto.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 21

(ii) g(x) = |x|
Ans: Let g(x1) = g (x2)
 |x1| = |x2|
 x1 =  x2
So, g(x) is not one-one.
Now, y = x  x =  y  A,∀ y ∈A

So, g(x) is not onto also, g(x) is not bijective.

(iii) h (x) = x |x|

Ans: h (x) = x|x|
 x1|x1|=x2|x2|
 x1 = x2
So, h(x) is one-one.
Now, let y = x|x|
 y = x 2 ∈A,∀ x ∈A
So, h(x) is onto also, h(x) is bijective.
(iv) k(x) = x2
Let k( x 1 ) = k( x 2 )

 x 12 = x 22

 x1 =  x 2

Thus, k(x) is not one-one.

Now, let y = x 2

 x= y  A, ∀ y ∈A

 x= y  A,∀ y ∈A

As for y = -1, x = 1  A
Hence, k(x) is neither one-one nor onto.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 22

22. Each of the following defines a relation on N. Determine which of the above
relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
(i) x is greater than y, x, y ∈ N
Ans: x is greater than y,x,y ∈ N
(x,x) ∈ R
For xRx, x>x is not true for any x∈ N
Therefore, R is not reflexive.
Let (x,y) ∈ R  xRy
x>y
But y> x is not true for any x, y ∈ N
Thus, R is not symmetric.
Let xRy and yRz
x > y and y>z  x>z
 xRz
So, r is transitive.
(ii) x + y = 10, x, y ∈ N
Ans: x + y = 10, x, y ∈ N
R = {(x,y); x+y = 10x,y ∈ N}
R = {(1,9),(2,8),(3,7),(4,6),(5,5),(6,4),(7,3),(8,2),(9,1)}(1,1)  R
So, R is not reflexive.
(x,y) ∈ R  (y,x) ∈ R
Therefore, R is symmetric.
(1,9) ∈ R,(9,1) ∈ R  (1,1)  R
Hence, R is not transitive.
(iii) x y is square of an integer x, y ∈ N
Ans: Given xy is the square of the integer. x, y ∈ N

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 23

 R = {(x,y): xy is a square of an integer x, y ∈ N}
(x,x) ∈ R, ∀ x ∈ N
As x2 is square of an integer for any x ∈ N
Hence, R is reflexive.
If (x,y) ∈ R  (y,x) ∈ R
Therefore, R is symmetric.
If (x,y) ∈ R, (y,z) ∈ R
So, xy is square of an integer and yz is square of an integer.
Let xy = m 2 and yz = n 2 for some m, n ∈ Z
m2 n2
x= and z =
Y Y
m2n 2
xz = , which is square of an integer.
Y
So, R is transitive.
(iv) x + 4y = 10 x, y ∈ N.
Ans: R = {(x, y): x + 4y = 10, x, y ∈ N}
R = {(2,2),(6,1)}
(1,1),(3,3) …….  R
Thus, R is not reflexive.
(6,1) ∈ R but (1,6)  R
Hence, R is not symmetric.
(x,y) ∈ R  x + 4y = 10 but (y,z) ∈ R
y + 4 z = 10  (x, z) ∈ R
So, R is transitive.

23. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ..... 9} and R be the relation in A × A defined by (a, b) R (c, d)
if a + d = b + c for (a, b), (c, d) in A ×A.Prove that R is an equivalence relation
and also obtain the equivalent class [(2, 5)].

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 24

Ans: Given that A = {1, 2, 3, ... 9}
(a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b + c for (a, b), (c, d) ∈ A ×A
So, (a, b) ∈ A ×A
(c,d ) ∈A ×A
Let (a, b) R (a,b)
 a + b = b + a, ∀ a,b ∈A which is true for any a,b ∈ A.
Hence, R is reflexive.
Let (a,b) R (c,d)
a+b=b+c
c+b=d+a
 (c,d) R (a,b)
So, R is symmetric.
Let (a,b) R (c,d) and (c,d) R (e,f)
 a + d = b + c and c + f = d+ e
 a + d = b + c and d+ e = c + f
 (a + d) - (d + e) = (b + c) - (c + f)
 (a - e) = b- f
a + f = b + e
 (a, b) R (e,f)
Now, equivalence class containing
[(2,5) is { (1,4) ,(2,5),(3,6),(4,7),(5,8),(6,9)}].

24. Using the definition, prove that the function f : A→ B is invertible if and only
if f is both one-one and onto.
Ans: A function f: x  y is defined to be invertible, if there exist a function
g = y  x such that gof = I x and fog = I y . The function is called the inverse of f and
is denoted by f 1 .
A function f = x  y is invertible if f is a bijective function.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 25

25. Functions f, g: R → R are defined, respectively, by f (x) = x 2 + 3x + 1, g(x) =
2x – 3, find
(i) f o g
Ans: Given that f(x) = x 2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = 2 x - 3
fog = f{g(x)} = f (2 x- 3)

=  2x  3   3  2 x  3   1
2

= 4 x 2 + 9 - 12 x + 6x -9x + 1
= 4 x2 - 6 x + 1
(ii) g o f
Ans: Given that f(x) = x 2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = 2 x - 3
gof = g { f(x) } = g ( x 2 + 3x + 1)
= 2( x 2 + 3x + 1 )- 3
= 2 x2 + 6 x + 2 - 3
= 2 x2 + 6 x - 1
(iii) f o f
Ans: Given that f(x) = x 2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = 2 x - 3
fof = f{f(x)} = f( x 2 + 3x + 1)

=  x 2  3 x  1  3  x 2  3 x  1  1
2

= x4  9 x 2 + 1 + 6 x 3 + 6x + 2 x 2 + 3 x 2 + 9 x + 3+ 1
= x 4 + 6 x 3 + 14 x 2 + 15 x + 5
(iv) g o g
Ans: Given that f(x) = x 2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = 2 x - 3
gog = g{g(x)} = g( 2 x- 3)
= 2(2 x -3)-3
=4x-6-3
=4x-9

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 26

26. Let * be the binary operation defined on Q. Find which of the following
binary operations are commutative
(i) a * b = a – b ∀ a, b ∈Q
Ans: a * b = a-b ∀ a, b ∈ Q and b * a = b- a
So, a * b  b * a [Since, b-a  a - b]
Hence, * is not commutative.
(ii) a * b = a2  b2 ∀ a, b ∈ Q
Ans: a * b = a 2  b2 ∀ a, b ∈ Q
b * a = b2  a 2
Hence, * is commutative. [Since,+ is on rational is commutative].
(iii) a * b = a + ab ∀ a, b ∈ Q
Ans: a * b = a + ab ∀ a, b ∈ Q
b * a = b + ab
Clearly, a + ab  b + ab
Hence, * is not commutative.

(iv) a * b =  a  b  ∀ a, b ∈ Q
2

Ans: a * b = (a-b)2∀ a, b ∈ Q
b * a = (b-a)2
Since, (a-b)2=(b-a)2
Hence, * is commutative.

27. Let * be binary operation defined on R by a * b = 1 + ab, ∀ a, b ∈ R. Then the

operation * is
(i) commutative but not associative
(ii) associative but not commutative
(iii) neither commutative nor associative

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 27

(iv) both commutative and associative
Ans:Given that a * b = 1 + ab, ∀ a, b ∈ R
a * b = ab + 1 = b * a
So, * is a commutative binary operation
Also, a* (b* c) = a * (1+ bc) = 1 + a (1+ bc)
a* (b* c) = 1 + a + abc ………. (1)
(a* b*) c = (1 + ab) * c
= 1 + (1+ab)c = 1 + c + abc ……….. (2)
From (1) and (2)
a* (b* c)  (a* b)* c
So, * is not associative
Hence, * is commutative but not associative.

Objective Type Questions

28.Let T be the set of all triangles in the Euclidean plane, and let a relation R on
T be defined as aRb if a is congruent to b ∀ a, b ∈ T. Then R is
(A) reflexive but not transitive
(B) transitive but not symmetric
(C) equivalence
(D) none of these
Ans:
Consider that aRb, if a is congruent to b, ∀ a, b ∈ T.
Then, aRa  a a,
Which is true for all a ∈ T.
So, R is reflexive----------- (i)
Let aRb  a b,
b a

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 28

 bRa
So, R is symmetric--------- (ii)
Let aRb and bRc
 a b and b c
a c
 aRc
So, R is transitive----------- (iii)
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.

29. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R
defined as aRb if a is brother of b. Then R is
(A) symmetric but not transitive
(B) transitive but not symmetric
(C) neither symmetric nor transitive
(D) both symmetric and transitive
Ans:
Given:aRb  a is brother of b.
Therefore aRa  a is brother of a, which is not true.
So, R is not reflexive.
aRb  a is brother of b.
This doesn't mean b is also a brother of a as b can be sister of a.
Hence, R is not symmetric.
aRb  a is brother of b.
And, bRc  b is brother of c.
So, a is brother of c
Hence, R is transitive.

30. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3} are

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 29

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 5
Ans:Given that, A= {1,2,3}
Now, number of equivalence relations are as follows:

R1   1,1 ,  2,2  , 3,3

R 2   1,1 ,  2,2  , 3,3 , 1,2  ,  2,1

R 3   1,1 ,  2,2 , 3,3 , 1,3 , 3,1

R 4 =  1,1 ,  2,2 , 3,3 ,  2,3 , 3,2 

R 5   1,2,3  A X A  A2 

Maximum number of equivalence relation on the set A= {1,2,3} = 5.

31. If a relation R on the set {1, 2, 3} be defined by R = {(1, 2)}, then R is

(A) reflexive
(B) transitive
(C) symmetric
(D) none of these
Ans: (B)
R on the set {1,2,3} be defined by R = {(1,2)}
It is clear that R is transitive.

32. Let us define a relation R in R as aRb if a ≥ b. Then R is

(A) an equivalence relation
(B) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(C) symmetric, transitive but

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 30

(D) neither transitive nor reflexive, not reflexive but symmetric.
Ans: (B)
Given that, aRb if a  b
 aRa  a  a , which is true.
letaRb, a  b, then b  a which is not true R is not symmetric.
But aRb and bRc
 a  b and b  c
ac
Hence, R is transitive.
33. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and consider the relation
R = {1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1,3)}. Then R is
(A) reflexive but not symmetric
(B) reflexive but not transitive
(C) symmetric and transitive
(D) neither symmetric, nor transitive.
Ans: Given that A = {1,2,3}
And R = {1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1,3)}.
Since, (1,1),(2,2),(3,3)  R
Hence, R is reflexive.
(1,2)  R but (2,1)  R
Hence, R is not symmetric.
(1,2)  R and (2,3)  R
 (1,3)  R
Hence, R is transitive.

34. The identity element for the binary operation * defined on Q ~ {0} as a * b =
ab
,∀ a, b ∈ Q ~ {0} is
2

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 31

(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 2
(D) none of these
Ans: (C)
ab
Given that a * b = ,∀ a, b ∈ Q ~ {0}
2
Let e be the identity element for *
ae
Therefore, a * e = (a* e = e* a= a)
2
ae
 a=
2
 e= 2

35. If the set A contains 5 elements and the set B contains 6 elements, then the
number of one-one and onto mappings from A to B is
(A) 720
(B) 120
(C) 0
(D) none of these
Ans: We know that, if A and B are two non- empty finite set containing m and n
elements respectively, then the number of one-one and onto mapping from A to B is
n! If m = n
0, if m  n
Given that m = 5 and n = 6
Therefore, m  n
Number of mapping = 0

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 32

36. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ...n} and B = {a, b}. Then the number of surjections from A
into B is
(A) n P2

(B) 2n-2
(C) 2n – 1
(D) None of these
Ans: (A)
Given that:
A = {1, 2, 3, ...n} and B = {a, b}
We know that, if A and B are two non- empty finite set containing
m and n elements respectively, then the number of surjectionsfrom A to B is
n
Cm  m!
(if n  m ),
0, if m < n.
Here, m = 2.
n
Cm  2!
n!
  2!
2!  n  2 !

 n C2

n  n  1 n  2 !
  2!
2  1  n  2 !

 n2– n

1
37.Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = , ∀ x ∈ R. Then f is
x
(A) one-one
(B) onto

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 33

(C) bijective
(D) f is not defined
Ans: (D)
1
Given that, f (x) = , ∀ x ∈ R.
x
For x = 0, f(x) is not defined.
Hence, f(x) is a not defined function.

x
38.Let f:R  R be defined by f(x) = 3x2-5 and g :R  R by g(x) = . Then gof
x 1
2

is:
3x 2  5
(A)
9 x 4 30x 2  26
3x 2  5
(B)
9 x 4 6x 2  26
3x 2
(C) 4
x 2x 2 4
3x 2
(D)
9x 4 30x 2 2
Ans: (A)
x
Given that f(x) = 3 x 2  5 and g(x) =
x  1
2

gof = g{f(x)}= g (3 x 2  5 )
3x 2 - 5
=
 3x - 5
2 2
+1

3x 2 - 5
=
9 x 4 -30x 2 + 25 + 1
3x 2 - 5
=
9 x 4 -6x 2 + 26

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 34

40. Let f: R  R be the functions defined by f(x) = x3  5 . Then f 1  x  is:
1

(A) (x  5) 3
1

(B) (x  5) 3

(C ) (5 x ) 3

(D) 5 - x
Ans: (B)
Given that, f(x) = x 3  5
Let y = x 3  5
 x3 = y-5
1

 x  (y  5) 3

 f 1  x  = (x  5) 3

41. Let f: A  B and g:B  C be the bijective functions. Then  gof  is

1

(A) f 1 o g 1

(B) fog
(C) g 1 o f 1

(D) gof
Ans: (A)
Given that f: A  B and g:B  C be the bijective functions.

 gof 
1
= f 1 o g 1

3 3x  2
42. Let f:R-    R be defined by f(x) = . Then
5  5x  3

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 35

(A) f 1 (x) = f(x)
(B) f 1 (x) = -f(x)
(C)(fof)x = -x
1
(D) f 1 (x) = f  x
19
Ans: (A)
3x + 2
Given that, f(x) =
5x - 3
3x + 2
Let y =
5x - 3
3x+2=5xy-3y
 x (3-5y) = -3y - 2
3x + 2
x=
5x - 3
3x + 2
 f 1 (x) =
5x - 3
 f 1 (x) = f(x)

x,if xisrational
43. Let f:[0,1]  [0,1] be defined by f(x) = 
1 - x,if xisirrational
Then (fof)x is
(A) Constant
(B) 1+x
(C) x
(D) none of these
Ans: (C)
Given that f:[0,1]  [0,1] be defined by

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 36

  x,if x is rational
f(x) = 
1 - x,if x isirrational
Therefore,
(fof)x = f(f(x)) = x

44. Let f : [2, ∞) → R be the function defined by f (x) = x2-4x+5, then the range of
f is
(A) R
(B) [1, ∞)
(C) [4, ∞)
(D) [5, ∞)
Ans: (B)
Given that, f (x) = x 2 – 4x + 5,
y = x 2 – 4x + 5
 y= x2 – 4x + 4+ 1 = (x-2)2+1
 (x-2)2 = y - 1

 (x - 2) = y 1

 x=2+ y 1

Therefore, (y -1)  0, y  1.
Range = [1, ∞)

2x  1
45. Let f : N → R be the function defined by f (x) = and g : Q → R be
2
3
another function defined by g (x) = x + 2. Then (g o f) is
2
(A) 1
(B) 3

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 37

 7
(C)
2
(D) none of these
Ans:(B)
2x - 1
Given that f (x) = and g(x) = x + 2
2
 3 
 2 × -1 
3
  3  2
(gof) = g f    = g 
2

  2   2 
 
= g(1) = 1+ 2 = 3
46. Let f : R → R be defined by
2x : x > 3

f(x) = x 2 :1 < x  3
3x : x  1

Then f (– 1) + f (2) + f (4) is
(A) 9
(B) 14
(C) 5
(D) none of these
Ans: (A)
Given that,

2x : x > 3

f(x) =  x 2 :1  x  3
3x : x  1

f(–1) + f(2) + f(4)
= 3(-1) + 22 + (2  4)
= -3 + 4 + 8
=9

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 38

47. Let f : R → R be given by f (x) = tan x. Then f-1(1) is
(A) 4
 π 
(B) nπ + : n  Z 
 4 
(C) does not exist
(D) none of these
Ans: (A)
Given that: f (x) = tan x
Let y = tan x
 x = tan 1 y
 f 1 (x) = tan 1 x
 f 1 (1) = tan 1 1
π π π
 tan 1 tan = [ Since tan = 1]
4 4 4

48. Let the relation R be defined in N by aRb if 2a + 3b = 30. Then R = ______.

Ans: Given that, 2a + 3b = 30
3 b = 30 - 2a
30 - 2a
b=
3
For a = 3, b = 8
a = 6, b = 6
a = 9, b= 4
a= 12, b = 2
R = {(3,8),(6,6),(9,4),(12,2)}

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 39

49. Let the relation R be defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by R = {(a, b) : |a2-b2|
< 8}. Then R is given by _______.
Ans: Given A = {1,2,3,4,5}
R = {(a, b) :|a2-b2| < 8}
R = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,2),(3,3),(4,3),(3,4),(4,4),(5,5)}.

50. Let f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1) and g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}. Then g o f = ______
and f o g = ________.
Ans:
Given that
f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1) and g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}.
gof(1) = g{f(1)} = g(2) = 3
gof(3) = g{f(3)} = g(5) = 1
gof(4) = g{f(4)} = g(1) = 3
gof = {(1,3),(3,1),(4, 3)}
fog(x) = f{ g(x)}
fog(2) = f {g(2)} = f(3) = 5
fog(5) = f {g(5)} = f(1) = 2
fog(1) = f {g(1)} = f(3) = 5
fog={(2,5),(5,2),(1,5)}

x
51. Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = , then ( f o f o f ) (x) = _______.
1 x 2

Ans:
x
Given that, f(x) =
1  x2
(fofof)(x) = f[f{f(x)}]

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 40

   x 
= f f  
  1 x 
2

 x 
 
= f 1  x2 
 x2 
 1 
 1  x2 
 
 x 1  x2 
= f 
 
 1  x 2 2x 2 + 1  


 x 
 
 x   1 + 2x 2 
= f 2 
f
 1 + 2x   1  x  x 
2 2

 
 1  x2 

 x 
= f 2 
 1 + 2x 
x
2
= 1 + 2x
x2
1
1  x2

x 1 + 2x 2
=
1 + 2x 2 1 + 3x 2
x
=
1 + 3x 2

52. If f (x) = [4 – (x – 7)3], then f-1(x) = _______.

Ans: Given that, f (x) = [4 -  x  7  ]

3

Let y = [4 -  x  7  ]
3

 x  7
3
=4-y

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 41

 (x - 7) =  4  y 
1/ 3

 x = 7   4  y
1/ 3

 f (x) = 7 + (4 - x)
-1 3

True/False:

53. Let R = {(3, 1), (1, 3), (3, 3)} be a relation defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3}. Then
R is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive.
Ans: The given statement is false.
Given that, R = {(3,1),(1,3),(3, 3)} be defined on the set A= {1,2,3}
(1,1)  R
So, R is not reflexive.
(3,1)  R, (1,3)  R
Hence, R is symmetric.
Since,(3,1)  R,(1,3)  R
But (1,1)  R
Hence, R is not transitive.

54. Let f : R → R be the function defined by f (x) = sin (3x+2) ∀ x ∈ R. Then f is

invertible.
Ans: The given statement is false.
Given f(x) = sin(3x + 2) ∀ x ∈ R is not one-one function for all x  R.
So, f is not invertible.

55. Every relation which is symmetric and transitive is also reflexive.

Ans: The given statement is false.
Let R be a relation defined by:

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 42

R = { (1,2),(2,1),(1,1),(2,2) } on the set A = {1,2,3}
It is clear that (3,3)  R. So, it is not reflexive.
56. An integer m is said to be related to another integer n if m is an integral
multiple of n. This relation in Z is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Ans: The given statement is false.
The given relation is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

57. Let A = {0, 1} and N be the set of natural numbers. Then the mapping f : N →
A defined by f (2n–1) = 0, f (2n) = 1, ∀ n ∈ N, is onto.
Ans: The given statement is true.
Given, A = {0,1}
F(2n - 1) = 0 , f(2n) = 1,∀ n ∈ N
So, the mapping f: N  A is onto.

58.The relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3} defined as R = {{1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)}
is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Ans: The given statement is false.
Given that R = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(3,3)}
(2,2)  R
So, R is not reflexive.

59. The composition of functions is commutative.

Ans: The given statement is false.
Let f(x) = x 2
And g(x) = x + 1
fog(x) = f{g(x)} = f (x + 1)

=  x  1  x 2  2x + 1
2

gof(x) = g{f(x)} = g ( x 2 ) = x 2 + 1

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 43

Therefore, fog(x)  gof(x).

60. The composition of functions is associative.

Ans: The given statement is true.
Let f(x) = x, g(x) = x + 1
And h(x) = 2 x - 1
Then, fo{goh(x)}
= f[g{h(x)}]
= f{g(2x - 1)}
= f(2x -1) + 1
= f(2x) = 2x
(fog)oh(x) = (fog){h(x)}
= (fog)(2x-1)
= f {g(2x-1)}
= f(2x - 1+ 1)
= f (2x ) = 2 x

61. Every function is invertible.

Ans: The given statement is false.
Only bijective functions are invertible.

62. A binary operation on a set has always the identity element.

Ans: The given statement is false.
‘+’ is a binary operation on the set N but it has no identity element.

Class XII Mathematics www.vedantu.com 44