Part 1

Experiment
Experiments based on Newton’s laws of motion
1

Aim : To perform experiments based on Newton’s laws of motion.

Requirements : A beaker or glass, a piece of cardsheet, sand, a ` 10 coin, an iron block and a wooden block
of the same size, fine soil, water, a flat container, a balloon, a plastic straw, thread.

Part A

Procedure :
(1) Take some sand in a beaker or glass.
(2) Place a cardsheet on it.
(3) Keep a ` 10 coin on the cardsheet at the centre of the beaker or glass.
(4) Now flick the cardsheet with a finger. (The movement must be very quick.)
(5) Record your observation and explain it.

Diagrams : Read the procedure and draw neat labelled diagrams accordingly.

Cardsheet coin
Cardsheet

Beaker Beaker
or glass or glass coin

Sand Sand

(a) The condition before flicking the cardsheet (b) The condition after flicking the cardsheet

Cardsheet and coin experiment

Observation and explanation : When the beaker is filled with sand it becomes heavy and does not tilt. Before

a hard strike, the beaker, cardsheet and coin are at rest. But after the strike, cardsheet sets into motion

in forward direction and the coin drops down into the beaker.

   Due to the strike on cardsheet, the external unbalanced force acts on it. It changes the state of rest

and the cardsheet moves forward with certain speed in the direction of applied force.

There is no such action of external force on coin. Therefore, coin doesn’t change its state of rest.

But due to downward force of gravity acting on coin, it moves downwards and falls into the beaker.

From this experiment, the property of inertia and the Newton’s First Law of Motion is explained.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 5

 Part B

Procedure : 
(1) Take some fine soil in a flat container.
(2) Add some water to it to form soft mud.
(3) Keep the container on the floor near the table.
(4) Keep the wooden block and iron block on the table and push them gently one at a time in such a way
that they fall on the mud in the container.
(5) Observe the impressions produced by the blocks in the mud in the container. Explain the same.

Diagrams : Read the procedure and draw neat labelled diagrams accordingly.

Wooden block Iron block

Table After
experiment Soft mud

Container

Soft Soft mud

mud
Container
Container

(a) The condition before the blocks fall on the mud (b) The condition after the blocks fall on the mud

Block and soft mud experiment

Observation : When the wooden block and iron block are kept on table and pushed one at a time they fall on

the mud in the container and produce impression in the surface of the mud.

It is observed that the impression produced by the iron block is more deeper than the wooden block.

Explanation : When one object (say block) collides with other object (say mud surface), the impact is created
on their surfaces. The intensity of this impact is directly proportional to the mass of the former object

(block) and its velocity.

   The mass of iron block is greater than that of wooden block. Therefore, the impact created by iron block

is more than the impact created by wooden block. Therefore, iron block hits deeper than the wooden block.

The intensity of impact is called as Momentum.

   From this experiment, we study the effect of momentum.

6 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Part C

Procedure :
(1) Take a piece of straw of about 10 cm in length. Insert its one end in the mouth of a balloon and tie it
tightly with a thread.
(2) Inflate the balloon by blowing air into it through the straw and close the outer end of the straw tightly
with a finger.
(3) Without removing the finger, place the balloon on a flat surface such that the balloon is horizontal as
shown in the following figure and then remove the finger.
(4) Observe what happens. Note and explain the observation.
Diagrams :

Straw and balloon experiment

Observation : When the finger is removed from the mouth of the straw that is inserted and tied to inflated

balloon one can observe that air escapes from the open mouth of the straw and the balloon moves in the

opposite direction of the escaping air.

Explanation : In this experiment, air and balloon are the two objects. Due to expansion of balloon by air a force
is exerted by balloon on the air. At the same time, the air exerts a force of equal magnitude and in opposite

direction on the balloon. Due to force by balloon (action) air escapes out in one direction and at the same time

due to force by air (reaction) on balloon it moves in opposite direction.

From this experiment, we get a verification of Newton’s Third Law of Motion.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Newton’s law of motion is called the law of inertia.
A
(A) first  (B) second  (C) third  (D) none of the above

2. Momentum = (in the usual notation)

C
(A) ½ mv2  (B) mgh  (C) mass × velocity  (D) mass × speed

3. Force = (in the usual notation)

D
(A) mv  (B) m/a  (C) weight × acceleration  (D) mass × acceleration

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 7

4. Action and reaction .
(A) are equal in magnitude and have the same direction
(B) cancel each other
(C) are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
C
(D) are unequal in magnitude and have different directions

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : 
(1) Newton’s first law explains the phenomenon of inertia, i.e. the inability of an object to change its state
of motion on its own.
(2) If the same force is applied on different objects, the change in momentum is the same.
(3) Action and reaction forces act in pairs. One force cannot exist by itself.

8 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment To study the dependence of current (I) on the potential
2 difference (V) across a resistor and determine its resistance

Aim : To study the dependence of current (I ) on the potential difference (V) across a resistor and determine
its resistance.

Requirements : A Nichrome resistor, a rheostat, dry cells, a plug key, a voltmeter, an ammeter, connecting
wires and a sand paper.

Procedure :
(1) Select a voltmeter and an ammeter of proper range and note their zero error and least count.
(2) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. (a) with connecting wires. Keep the plug key open. [Scrub the ends
of the connecting wires with a sand paper.] Show the connections to the teacher/examiner.
(3) Close the circuit by inserting the key in the plug. Adjust the rheostat by sliding the variable terminal
till desirable reading is obtained in the ammeter.
(4) Note the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter and open the circuit by removing the plug from the key.
(5) In place of a single cell, connect two cells in series in the circuit to increase the potential difference.
(6) Close the plug key to complete the circuit. Note the readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter.
(7) Take three more readings by increasing the number of cells.
(8) Keep the plug key open after taking all readings.
(9) In each case, find the ratio of the potential difference (V) across the resistor to the current (I ) through
the resistor.
(10) Plot a graph of potential difference V vs. current I.
(11) Disconnect the circuit before leaving the laboratory.
Diagrams : Label the various components in the given diagrams.

Voltmeter

E E

Fig. (b) : Two cells connected in the series to

Resistor increase the potential difference.

Ammeter Variable resistance (Rheostat)

E E E
E : Cell    K :Plug key (closed)
Fig. (c) : Three cells connected in the series to

Fig. (a) : Circuit diagram increase the potential difference.

Determination of resistance

Observations :

(1) Least count of the ammeter = 1mA (2) Least count of the voltmeter = 1Vqqqqqqq

(3) Zero error of the ammeter = 0mA (4) Zero error of the voltmeter = 0Vqqqqqqq

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 9

Observation table :

No. of cells Ammeter reading (I) Voltmeter reading (V) Resistance (R)
V
connected in Observed Corrected Observed Corrected of the resistor 
I
the circuit mA A V V 
1.5  30 
1 50 mA  0.05A 0.05 1.5V 1.5V
0.05

3  30 
2 100 mA  0.1A 0.1 3V 3V
0.1

4.5  30 
3 150 mA  0.15A 0.15A 4.5V 4.5V
0.15
4
5

Mean value of the resistance = 30 .

Graph of potential difference and current

10 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 V
Results : (1) From the observation table, it is observed that, the ratio is constant.
I
(2) 
The electric current (I) flowing in electric circuit is directly proportional to the potential

difference (V).

(3) The resistance of the given resistor (R) is 30 ohm

(4) The graph of (I) against (V) is a straight line passing through the origin O (0,0).

This indicates IV

Note : Zero error : When there is no current in the circuit, the pointer in an ammeter as well as in a
voltmeter should be at the zero mark. If suppose the pointer is at/on some scale division x instead of zero,
then x should be subtracted from the observed reading to get the corrected reading.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. When current is plotted against potential difference, a straight line passing through the origin
(0, 0) is obtained. Which of the following laws is verified by this result?
(A) Faraday’s law (B) Maxwell’s law
C
(C) Ohm’s law (D) Joule’s law

2. In a voltmeter, there are 20 divisions between the 0 mark and 0.5 V mark. What is the least count
of the voltmeter?
B
(A) 0.020 V  (B) 0.025 V  (C) 0.050 V  (D) 0.250 V

3. According to Ohm’s law which of the following statements is true?

(A) Resistance increases as current increases.
(B) Current increases as resistance increases.
(C) Resistance increases as voltage increases.
D
(D) I   V graph is linear.

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : The physical state of nichrome resistor (wire) should remain constant during the experiment.
Physical state of a conductor means its length, area of cross section, temperature and the
material it is made up of.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 11

 Experiment
Verification of the law of chemical combination
3

Aim : Verification of the law of chemical combination.

Requirements : Conical flask, test tube, rubber cork, balance, solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium
sulphate (Na2SO4), etc.
Procedure :
(1) Take a solution of calcium chloride (CaCl2) in a conical flask and a solution of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
in a test tube.
(2) Tie a thread to the test tube and insert in the conical flask.
(3) Seal the conical flask with an airtight rubber cork.
(4) Weigh the conical flask using a balance.
(5) Now tilt the conical flask so that the solution in the test tube gets poured in the conical flask.
(6) Weigh the conical flask again.
(7) Repeat the procedure 1 to 6 at least three times.
(8) Compare the weights.
Diagrams : Label the various components in the given diagrams.

Calcium chloride
Sodium sulphate solution (CaCl2)
solution (Na2SO4)

Electronic 300.23 g
Balance

Conical flask

White precipitate of
CaSO4 in NaCl solution

300.23 g

Verification of the law of chemical combination

12 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observations :

Sr. Total mass of the conical flask and its Total mass of the conical flask and its
No. contents before the reaction m1 (grams) contents after the reaction m2 (grams)

1 203 202

2 222 222

3 295 295

Chemical Reaction : CaCl2 + Na2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2NaCl

Calcium chloride Sodium sulphate Calcium sulphate Sodium chloride

Conclusion : The mass of original matter before chemical reaction and the mass of matter after the chemical

reaction are equal. There is no change in mass. This verifies the law of conservation of matter.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. The above experiment is proved on the concept .
(A) Law of constant proportion (B) Law of conservation energy
C
(C) Law of conservation of mass (D) Mole concept

2. In the above experiment, precipitate is formed.

A
(A) CaSO4 (B) CaCl2 (C) NaCl (D) NaHSO4

3. In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is the total
mass of the products formed due to the chemical reactions.
D
(A) more than (B) less than (C) double (D) the same as

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : There is no rise or drop in the mass of the matter during a chemical reaction.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 13

 Experiment To detect the basic radicals and acidic radicals
4 in the given solution

Aim : To detect the basic radicals and acidic radicals in the given solution.

Requirements : Test tubes, stand, dropper, copper chloride solution (CuCl2), sodium hydroxide solution
(NaOH), silver nitrate solution (AgNO3).

Procedure 1 :
(1) Take the copper chloride solution in a test tube.
(2) Add 2 to 3 drops of sodium hydroxide solution in it with a dropper.
[Copper chloride + Sodium hydroxide solutions]
(3) Observe the colour of the precipitate formed.

Diagrams : Label the various components in the given diagrams.

Dropper

Sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)

Copper chloride Precipitate of copper

(CuCl2) hydroxide
Stand

Detection of basic radical

Reaction : CuCl2 + 2NaOH → 2NaCl  Cu(OH)2

Observation : The colour of the precipitate is White.

Conclusion : The cationic radical/basic radical present in the given solution is Copper (Cu  )

14 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Procedure 2 :
(1) Take the copper chloride solution in a test tube.
(2) Add 2 to 3 drops of silver nitrate solution in it with a dropper.
(Copper chloride + Silver nitrate solutions)
(3) Observe the colour of the precipitate formed.
Diagrams : Label the various components in the given diagrams.

Dropper

Silver nitrate
(AgNO3)

Copper chloride Precipitate of silver

(CuCl2) chloride (AgCl)
Stand

Detection of acidic radical

Reaction : CuCl2 + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2AgCl

White precipitate

Observation : The colour of the precipitate is white.

Conclusion : The anionic radical/acidic radical present in the given solution is chloride (Cl—).

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.

1. is a simple radical.
(A) SO42– (B) NH4+
D
(C) PO43– (D) Cl–

2. is a positively charged composite radical.

(A) Sulphate (B) Carbonate
D
(C) Nitrate (D) Ammonium

3. Copper hydroxide is a .
(A) diacidic base (B) monobasic acid
A
(C) dibasic acid (D) monoacidic base

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) Different bases are distinguished from each other by the basic radical in them.
(2) The difference in the composition of various acids becomes clear by the acidic radicals in them.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 15

 Experiment To find the pH of various solutions using
5 (A) pH paper (B) universal indicator

Aim : To find the pH of the following solutions using (A) pH paper (B) universal indicator :
(1) Dilute HCl (2) Dilute NaOH solution (3) Lemon juice (4) Distilled water (5) Dilute solution of acetic
(ethanoic) acid (6) Sodium sulphate solution (7) Ammonium chloride solution (8) Sodium bicarbonate
solution.
Requirements : Test tubes, test tube stand, dropper, white glazed tile, pH paper, universal indicator solution,
distilled water and solutions of given samples.

(A) By using pH paper

Procedure : Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

(1) 
Take eight clean and dry test tubes.
Label the test tubes as 1 to 8 Dropper
respectively and place them in order in
a test tube stand. Take 10 ml of each pH paper
given sample in the test tubes. Make
the solutions of salts in distilled water
which are in powder form. White glazed tile
(2) Place a small piece of pH paper (about
2 cm) on a white glazed tile.
(3) 
With the help of a dropper, transfer Drop of given solution
1 to 2 drops of dil. HCl from test tube 1
on the pH paper. To determine the pH of a solution

(4) Observe the colour developed on pH paper and compare it with the colours in the chart on the cover
of the pH paper booklet.
(5) Determine and note down the pH of dilute HCl according to the colour formed on the pH paper.
(6) 
Repeat the same procedure for the samples (2 to 8) and note their pH in the observation table.
(See cover page 3 of this book.)

Observation table : Use of pH paper

Sr. No. Sample Colour produced Approximate pH

1 Dilute HCl Red 01

2 Dilute NaOH solution Purple 14

3 Lemon juice Orange 2

4 Distilled water Green 7

5 Acetic (ethanoic) acid solution Yellow 3

6 Sodium sulphate solution Green 7

7 Ammonium chloride solution Blue 11

8 Sodium bicarbonate solution Blue 9

16 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 (B) By using universal indicator

Procedure :
(1) Take eight clean and dry test tubes. Label the test tubes serially as 1 to 8 and place them in the same
order in a test tube stand. Take 10 ml of each given sample in the test tubes.
(2) Add two drops of (BDH) universal indicator with the help of a dropper to each test tube.
[BDH – British Drug House]
(3) Observe carefully the colour of the solution in each test tube and match it with different colour shades
given on the universal indicator bottle (or refer cover 3 of this book).
(4) Note the pH given against the colour which tallies with developed colour in the solution of each sample.

Observation table : Use of universal indicator

Sr. No. Sample Colour produced Approximate pH

1 Dilute HCl Red 0–1

2 Dilute NaOH solution Purple 14

3 Lemon juice Orange 2

4 Distilled water Green 7

5 Acetic (ethanoic) acid solution Yellow 3

6 Sodium sulphate solution Green 7

7 Ammonium chloride solution Blue 11

8 Sodium bicarbonate solution Blue 9

Conclusion :

(1) Acidic solutions (with pH less than 7) : Dilute HCl, Lemon juice, Acetic (ethanoic) acid solution.    

Basic solutions (with pH more than 7) : Dilute NaOH solution, Ammonium chloride solution, Sodium
(2) 

bicarbonate solution.                                          

(3) Neutral solutions (with pH=7) : Distilled water, Sodium sulphate solution.              

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. What is the colour of a universal indicator in neutral solution?
D
(A) red (B) blue (C) greenish yellow (D) green

2. Which of the following solutions has pH more than 7 ?

(A) Pure water (B) NaOH solution
B
(C) HCl solution (D) Lemon juice

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 17

3. Which of the following solutions has pH 7 ?
(A) Pure water (B) HNO3 solution in water
A
(C) Na2CO3 solution in water (D) HCl solution in water

4. The mixture of several indicators is known by which of the following indicators?

(A) universal indicator (B) olfactory indicator
A
(C) natural indicator (D) synthetic indicator

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) The pH of solution helps in measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
(2) A universal indicator is made by mixing several synthetic indicators in specific proportions.

18 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment
To study the neutralization with the help of acid and base
6

Aim : To study the neutralization with the help of acid and base.

Requirements : 0.1 N Hydrochloric acid, 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein indicator, burette, pipette,
conical flask, clean white tile, stand, etc.

Procedure : Diagram : Label the various components in the

(1) 
Wash the burette with water and rinse it with given diagram.
HCl solution and fill the burette with dilute
hydrochloric acid up to zero ml mark. (Remove Burette

air bubbles, if any.)

(2) 
Wash the pipette with water and rinse it with
NaOH solution, pipette out 10 ml NaOH solution
in a clean conical flask.
(3) 
Add 1 to 2 drops of phenolphthalein to the Dilute HCl
conical flask. Pipette

(4) The solution in the conical flask will turn pink.

(5) 
Keep the conical flask on the tile. Add HCl Conical flask
solution from the burette 1 ml at a time, to the
NaOH solution in the flask. NaOH Phenolphthalein
(6) Swirl the conical flask, while adding HCl solution. White tile
Do this procedure until the solution in the
Neutralization
conical flask becomes colourless.
(7) Record the reading as pilot reading on turning the solution colourless.
(8) Repeat the steps 1 to 4.
(9) Add the solution from the burette up to the pilot reading. Swirl the conical flask.
(10) Now add the HCl solution from burette drop by drop into a conical flask until the NaOH solution in
the flask just changes to colourless.
(11) Record the burette reading as soon as the solution in the conical flask turns colourless.
(12) 
Take three readings by changing the solution in the conical flask and record your observations as
follows :

Observation :

(1) Solution in the burette : Dilute HCl acid

(2) Solution in the conical flask : Dilute NaOH solution.

(3) Indicator : Phenolphthalein

(4) End Point : Faint pink to colourless

(5) Chemical reaction : HCl + NaOH →  NaCl  H2O

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 19

Observation Table :

Sr. Volume of Burette reading Constant burette

Reading Difference
No. NaOH in ml Initial Final reading in ml

1 Pilot 10 ml 0 ml 0 ml 0 ml

2 Accurate I 10 ml 0 ml 2.7 ml 2.7 ml

4
Accurate II

Accurate III
10 ml

10 ml
0 ml

0 ml
2.8 ml

2.7 ml
2.8 ml

2.7 ml
 2.7 ml

Note :
(1) While reading the volume mark, keep your line of sight horizontal at the level of the lower meniscus of
the liquid surface in the burette.
(2) While pipetting the solution just release the solution in the flask. Allow the last drop at the end of the
pipette to fall down. Do not blow or give jerks to the pipette.
(3) The three readings, as far as possible, should remain the same.

Conclusion : As the NaOH solution is added drop by drop to HCl solution, the H+ ions from acid combines with

OH— ions of NaOH and water molecules are formed. Here, the pH value of NaOH goes on increasing and the

pH value of HCl acid goes on decreasing. When this pH value becomes 7, the solution becomes neutral and gets

converted into colourless solution.

This reaction is called as Neutralization reaction.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Phenolphthalein is .
(A) the natural indicator (B) the synthetic indicator
B
(C) an olfactory indicator (D) the universal indicator

2. When 1 to 2 drops of phenolphthalein is added to NaOH, the colour of the solution will become .
(A) colourless (B) red (C) pink (D) yellow
C

3. When 1 to 2 drops of phenolphthalein is added to HCl, the colour of the solution will be .
(A) red (B) pink (C) green (D) colourless
D

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : In the neutralisation reaction, an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water.

20 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment With the use of universal indicator/litmus paper, detect
7 the acid, base and salt from the given solution

Aim : With the use of Universal indicator/litmus paper, detect the acid, base and salt from the given solution.
Requirements : Test tubes, test tube stand, dropper, sodium carbonate, bleaching powder, lemon juice, kokam
extract, etc. Indicators : Litmus paper, Universal indicator.
Procedure :
(1) Take the solutions A, B, C and D in four test tubes respectively.
(2) Add 2 to 3 drops of universal indicator in each test tube or with the help of dropper add few drops of
each solution on litmus paper.
(3) Record your observations.

Diagram :

Detection of acid, base and salt

from the given solution

Observation table : (Indicator : Litmus paper)

Sr. No. Solution Indicator The colour produced

1 A Red litmus paper Blue

2 B Red litmus paper Blue

3 C Blue litmus paper Red

4 D Blue litmus paper Red

Observation table : (Universal Indicator)

Sr. No. Solution Indicator The colour produced

1 A Universal indicator Blue

2 B Universal indicator Blue

3 C Universal indicator Orange

4 D Universal indicator Pink

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 21

 Conclusion :

Sr. No. Solution Acid / Base / Salt

1 A The given solution is basic solution.

2 B The given solution is basic solution.

3 C The given solution is acidic solution.

4 D The given solution is acidic solution.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. is a natural indicator.
(A) Phenolphthalein (B) Methyl orange
C
(C) Litmus (D) Methyl red

2. The litmus paper or the litmus solution is obtained from .

D
(A) Moss (B) Rose (C) Hibiscus (D) Lichen

3. Which of the following is not required to find the pH of a given solution?

(A) pH paper (B) Litmus paper
B
(C) Standard pH card (D) Universal indicator

4.  colour will be obtained by adding universal indicator in baking soda solution.
B
(A) Blue (B) Greenish blue (C) dark blue (D) Violet

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) Acids and bases are also classified according to their acidity and basicity respectively.
(2) A universal indicator shows different colours at different values of pH.

22 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment
Multiple images formed in two plane mirrors
8

Aim : To verify the relationship between the number of images formed in two plane mirrors and the specific
angle between the two mirrors.
Requirements : A drawing board, white paper, drawing pins, two plane mirrors, a small candle, a stand,
a protractor, etc.
Procedure :
(1) Fix a white paper on a drawing
board with pins. Draw two Plane mirror-1 Plane mirror-2
(upright) 60° (upright)
rays originating from point O
at the centre of the white
Burning candle
paper and making specific
angle (θ ) with each other.
   (See the following table.)
(2) 
Place two plane mirrors, Reflecting surfaces
mounted on stands, on these
rays. Multiple images in two plane mirrors
(3) Keep a small candle upright in between the mirrors.
(4) Count the number of images of this object (the candle) in the mirrors and write in the observation table.
(5) Change the angle between the plane mirrors and repeat the same procedure for other angles specified
in the following table.
(6) Verify the relationship between the number of images formed (n) and the angle between the mirrors (θ )
for each observation.
Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Observation table :

Angle between two Number of images formed in the Verification by formula

360°
plane mirrors (θ ) two plane mirrors (n) n = – 1
θ
360
120° 2 1312
120
360
90° 3 1413
90
360
60° 5 1615
60
360
45° 7 1817
45
360
30° 11  1  12  1  11
30

Conclusion : When two plane mirrors are placed at a certain angle to each other and a small object is placed

between them one can observe multiple images. The number of multiple images depends on the angle between

  the two plane mirrors and is given by the following formula, n  360°  1.
θ

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 23

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. What is the number of images formed when the angle between two plane mirrors is 20°?
B
(A) 18 (B) 17 (C) 19 (D) 20

2. To get 3 multiple images, what should be the angle between two plane mirrors?
C
(A) 120° (B) 60° (C) 90° (D) 30°

3. What is the type of image formed in a plane mirror?

B
(A) Real (B) Virtual (C) Inverted (D) Diminished

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : If the two plane mirrors are kept parallel to each other, the number of images formed will
be infinite.

24 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment
To find the focal length of a concave mirror
9

Method 1 : To find the focal length of a concave mirror by using the mirror formula
1 1 1
Aim : To find the focal length of the given concave mirror by using the mirror formula = + .
f v u
Requirements : A concave mirror, a mirror stand, a candle, a small wooden block to place the candle, a white
screen with a stand, a metre scale.
Procedure :
(1) First find the approximate focal length of the given concave mirror. For this, obtain a sharp and inverted
image of a distant object (such as a tree) on the screen and measure the distance between the screen
and the mirror. It is the approximate focal length of the given concave mirror.
Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Concave mirror

White screen

Metre scale

Image formation in a concave mirror (Schematic diagram)

(2) Draw a line l of length about 2 m with a chalk on the table. On this line, to one side take point P.
Mark point F at the distance equal to the approximate focal length of the concave mirror from point
P and point C at the same distance from point F as shown in the figure.
(3) Place a stand with the given concave mirror at point P.
(4) Place a burning candle on a wooden block in between points F and C.
(5) Place the stand with white screen on the line l, beyond point C.
(6) Get a clear, sharp and inverted image of the flame of the candle on the screen by moving the screen
towards or away from mirror. (The image will be larger than the object.)
(7) Measure the object distance (u), i.e., the distance between the candle and mirror.
(8) Measure the image distance (v), i.e., the distance between the screen and the mirror.
(9) Note the values of u and v in the observation table.
(10) By changing the distance of the candle from the mirror (u) repeat the procedure no. 5 to 8 to obtain
three more observation sets.
1 1 1
(11) For each set of readings, find the focal length ( f ) by using the formula = + . Find the average
f v u
value of f. This is the focal length of the given concave mirror.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 25

Observations : The approximate focal length of the given concave mirror = —10 cm. (As per sign convention)

u v uv f1 + f 2 + f3
f = Average f =
(cm) (cm) u + v 3

 30  15 f1 =  10 cm (  10)  (  10)  (  10)

f1 
3
 50  12.5 f2 =  10 cm
 30
     10 cm.
 60  12 f3 =  10 cm 3

Result : The average focal length f = 10 cm.                                

[Sign convention : According to the Cartesian sign convention, the distances u and v are negative in this
case. Also, the focal length of a concave mirror is negative.]

Remember : Concave mirror can form magnified, diminished or the same sized image (relative to the object
depending on the position of the object).

Method 2 : To find the focal length of a concave mirror by using a distant object

Aim : To find the focal length of the given concave mirror by using a distant object (approximate method).
Requirements : A concave mirror, a mirror stand, a screen with a stand, a metre scale.
Procedure :
(1) Mount a concave mirror in the holder.
(2) Select a distant object like an electric pole. Turn the reflecting surface of the mirror towards it.
(3) Mount a white screen in the screen holder and place it in front of the mirror.
(4) Move the screen towards or away from the mirror and obtain a sharp image of the object.
(5) Measure the distance between the pole (P) of the mirror and the screen (image).
(6) Repeat the procedure by selecting two more distant objects like a tree, a house, a telephone pole.

Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Parallel rays coming

from distant object Concave mirror

Principal axis
White screen

Focus Reflected ray

Screen holder Mirror stand

Metre scale

Focal length of a concave mirror

26 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observation table : Least count of the metre scale : 1 mm.
Distant object Distance between the pole of the mirror and the image

Distant window d1 = 10.1 cm

Distant tree d2 = 10.2 cm

Distant house d3 = 10.0 cm

d1 + d2 + d3
Mean distance = f = = 10.1 cm
3

Result : The rays coming from distant object are parallel to principal axis of the concave mirror. Therefore, when

they incident on the surface of concave mirror get reflected to meet at focus of the lens.

Therefore, in this experiment the distance between the mirror and screen is approximately equal to the focal

length of the given concave mirror.

[Sign convention : According to the Cartesian sign convention, the focal length of a concave mirror is negative.]

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which of the following diverges the parallel rays of light falling on it?
(A) Concave mirror (B) Convex mirror
B
(C) Plane mirror (D) Convex lens

2. Which type of mirror is used by a dentist?

C
(A) Plane (B) Convex (C) Concave (D) Any type

3. Which type of the image cannot be obtained on the screen?

(A) Virtual (B) Real
A
(C) Magnified (D) Inverted

4. A ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror is incident on the
mirror. State which of the following paths will be followed by the reflected ray.
(A) Parallel to the principal axis
(B) Through the focus
(C) Through the pole
D
(D) Same path but in the opposite direction

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : A concave mirror converges the rays of light falling on it. For spherical mirror f  R/2.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 27

 Experiment
Study of reflection of sound
10

Aim : To study the reflection of sound (by clock and ear method).
Requirements : A wooden drawing board, drawing paper, two wooden planks with smooth surfaces, two long
and hollow tubes (of metal, plastic or cardboard), a clock or watch (the ticking of which can be heard
clearly), a protractor.

Procedure :
(1) Fix a drawing paper on the wooden board using drawing pins. Draw a line AB on the drawing paper
and the normal CD at a point C on line AB as shown in the figure. Place one of the wooden planks on
line AB (this plank is the reflector) and the other on the line CD (this plank is the screen) such that
they are separated by a small distance and their planes are vertical.
(2) Place one of the tubes (T1) on the paper, inclined to the normal at a suitable angle and directed towards
point C.
(3) Place the clock or watch near the mouth of tube T1.
(4) Place the second tube (T2) on the other side of the wooden plank used as a screen and direct it towards
point C.
(5) Hold your ear close to the mouth of tube T2 and adjust the inclination of T2 to normal CD in such a
way that the ticking sound of the clock (reflected by the reflector) is heard loudly and clearly.
(6) Mark the points E and F along the axes of the tubes. Remove the tubes and the screen. Draw the lines
EC and FC.
(7) Measure the angle of incidence (i), i.e., ∠ ECD, and the angle of reflection (r), i.e., ∠ FCD, of the sound.
(8) Repeat the experiment twice for different inclinations of tube T1. Tabulate your observations of i and r.
(9) Find the relation between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Wooden plank (Reflector)

Tube (T1) Tube (T2)

Incident sound Reflected sound

Ear

Clock Wooden plank (Normal)

Reflection of sound

28 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observation table :

Observation No. Angle of incidence (i) Angle of reflection (r)

1 30° 30°

2 40° 40°

3 50° 50°

4 60° 60°

5 70° 70°

Conclusion : Like light waves, sound waves, too, get reflected from a solid or liquid surfaces.

In the reflection of sound it is observed that angle of incidence (i) and angle of reflection (r) are equal.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which of the following is the requirement for regular reflection of sound?
(A) Smooth surface (B) Rough surface
A
(C) Vacuum (D) Transparent rough surface

2. What can you say about the planes in which the incident and reflected sound waves lie?
(A) Perpendicular planes to each other
(B) The same plane
(C) Parallel planes to each other
B
(D) Two different planes

3. What is the measure of the angle made by the reflected sound with the reflecting surface when
the angle of incidence is 30°?
D
(A) 0° (B) 30° (C) 90° (D) 60°

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Sound travels in air as longitudinal waves. Sound obeys the laws of reflections as followed by
light wave.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 29

 Experiment To show that (A) bleaching powder (B) activated charcoal
11 acts as a decolourising agent

Aim : To show that (A) bleaching powder (B) activated charcoal acts as a decolourising agent.
Requirements : Bleaching powder, activated charcoal, aqueous solution of ink, beakers, funnel, glass rod,
stand, etc.

(A) Bleaching powder as decolourising agent

Procedure :
(1) Take dilute aqueous solution of bleaching powder prepared by teacher in one beaker.
(2) Sprinkle few drops of red or blue ink on one piece of paper or cloth.
(3) Put this coloured paper or cloth in the beaker containing bleaching powder solution.
(4) Observe the stains on the paper/cloth.

(B) Activated charcoal as decolourising agent

Procedure :
(1) In a beaker, take aqueous solution of red or blue ink. Add some activated charcoal powder in the beaker
containing ink solution.
(2) Warm the solution.
(3) Place the folded filter on the funnel.
(4) Pour the solution along the glass rod on the filter paper.
(5) Filter the ink solution contaminated with charcoal.
(6) Collect the filtrate in a beaker and record your observation.

Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Beaker
Glass rod

Funnel
Ink water and charcoal powder

Filter paper

Residual charcoal powder

Stand

Colourless filtrate

Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal as decolourising agent

30 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observation and Conclusion : [A] When stained piece of paper or cloth is put into the dilute aqueous solution

of bleaching powder and stirred up, the stains are disappeared. In this reaction, chlorine gas that is present

as one of the components in bleaching powder gets released. Chlorine gas is a strong oxidising agent therefore

the colour of ink gets bleached and stains are disappeared.

CaOCl2  H2O  Ca(OH)2   Cl2 

(Chlorine gas)

Stain on cloth  Cl2  Stain on cloth disappeared.

[B] Activated charcoal is a decolourising agent. Therefore, when activated charcoal powder is added in the

aqueous solution of ink, the colour of ink gets decolourised and ink solution becomes colourless.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Of the following can be used to decolourise the coloured clothes.
B
(A) hydrogen (B) chlorine (C) oxygen (D) bromine

2. Bleaching powder reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to form gas.

(A) chlorine (B) hydrogen
A
(C) oxygen (D) carbon dioxide

3. The chemical name of bleaching powder is .

(A) calcium chloride (B) calcium hydroxide
D
(C) calcium oxide (D) calcium hypochloride

4.  is used for disinfection of drinking water.

(A) Copper sulphate (B) Alum
C
(C) Bleaching powder (D) Sodium carbonate

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) Bleaching powder is obtained by the reaction of chlorine gas with slaked lime.
(2) Bleaching powder gets its property because of release of chlorine gas.
(3) Activated charcoal is also widely used in the treatment of waste water and industrial contaminants.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 31

 Experiment
To prepare and study the properties of carbon dioxide gas
12

Aim : To prepare and study the physical and chemical properties of carbon dioxide gas.

Apparatus : Round bottom flask (250 ml), two-holed rubber cork, thistle funnel, four gas jars with lids,
delivery tube, stand, clamp, pair of tongs, deflagrating spoon, candle.

Chemicals : Calcium carbonate (Shahabad stone pieces / marble pieces / lime stone), dilute hydrochloric acid
(HCl), blue and red litmus papers, freshly prepared lime water, magnesium wire.

Procedure :

(1) Take a few pieces of Shahabad stone (CaCO3) (about 10 g) in a round bottom flask.

(2) Fix a rubber cork bearing a thistle funnel and a delivery tube to the flask. Arrange the apparatus as
shown in the figure. (Show it to the teacher/examiner.)

(3) Insert the open end of the delivery tube in a gas jar and cover the jar with the lid.

(4) Add some dilute HCl through the thistle funnel in such a way that CO2 is formed gradually and the
lower end of the thistle funnel is fully immersed in the acid.

(5) Allow the gas to escape for a while with the air in the flask. Then collect the gas in four jars by the
upward displacement of air.

(6) Introduce the moist blue and red litmus papers in the first gas jar.

(7) Drop a small amount of solution of a universal indicator in another gas jar and shake it.

(8) Insert an ignited candle in the third gas jar.

(9) Pour some freshly prepared limewater in the fourth jar and shake it well.

(10) Record your all observations in the table.

Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Thistle funnel

Delivery tube
Stand Rubber cork Lid

Clamp Gas jar

Carbon dioxide (Co2)
Round bottom flask
Shahabad stone dil.HCl Upward displacement of air

Preparation of carbon dioxide (Co2)

32 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Study of the properties of carbon dioxide

Test
Test Observation Conclusion
No.
1 (i) Colour of the gas.
No colour This gas is colourless
(ii) Smell (smell the gas from
a distance.) (Caution!) No odour This gas is odourless

2 Effect of the gas on moist red

Moist blue litmus paper becomes This gas is acidic
litmus paper followed by a
moist blue litmus paper. red and moist. Red litmus not

affected.
3 Effect of gas on universal
Solution becomes red. The gas is acidic in nature
indicator.
4 Effect of the gas on a burning
Candle extinguishes and gas does This gas does not support burning
candle.
not burn. and it is not a combustible gas.
5 Effect of the gas on fresh lime
Lime water becomes milky. CO2 turns lime water milky due to
water (for a short time).
the formation of CaCO3 which is

insoluble in water.

Notes :
(1) Fit the thistle funnel to the flask in such a way that its lower end is slightly above the bottom of the
flask.

(2) In order to make out whether the gas jar is filled with the gas, place a moist blue litmus paper at the
mouth of the gas jar. The litmus paper turns red when the jar is filled with the gas.

(3) When the experiment is over, take the apparatus out of the laboratory into an open space.

(4) 
In this experiment, initially about 20 ml of water may be taken in the flask and conc. HCl may be
gradually added through the thistle funnel.

Chemical reactions :

CaCO3 + 2HCl IIIIJ CaCl2  H2O  CO2

Shahabad
stone

CO2 + H2O IIIIJ H2CO3

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 IIIIJ CaCO3 H2O

Lime water

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 33

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. What is the comparison of CO2 in terms of heaviness with air?
(A) Lighter than air (B) Heavy as equal to air
C
(C) Heavier than air (D) It is not fixed

2. Which acid is formed when CO2 dissolves in water?

(A) Carbonic acid (B) Hydrochloric acid
A
(C) Acetic acid (D) Lactic acid

3. Which of the following gases is formed when dil. hydrochloric acid is poured on pieces of chalk?
(A) Oxygen (B) Hydrogen
D
(C) Nitrogen (D) Carbon dioxide

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : CO2 is given out in the combustion of wood and fossil fuel like coal. CO2 occurs in the air in
the free state to the extent of about 0.03%.

34 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment Using Litmus paper/pH paper, study the properties of salt (NaCl),
13 baking soda (NaHCO3) and washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O)

Aim : Using Litmus paper/pH paper, study the properties of salt (NaCl), baking soda (NaHCO3) and washing
soda (Na2CO3.10H2O).
Requirements : Salt (Sodium chloride – NaCl), Baking soda (Sodium-bicarbonate – NaHCO3), Washing soda
(Sodium carbonate – Na2CO3.10H2O), Litmus paper, pH paper, watchglass, etc.
Procedure :
(1) 
In three separate watchglasses, take approx. 1 gram each of salt, baking soda and washing soda
respectively.
(2) Keep these watchglasses on table and observe these compounds carefully after 30 minutes.
(3) Now prepare aqueous solutions of these compounds. Use litmus paper to test these solutions.
(4) Add one or two drops of aqueous solutions of these compounds on pH paper.
(5) Keep pH paper strip on white tile. Compare the colour shades and check the pH of these compounds
(salt, baking soda and washing soda.)
Observation :

Sr. No. Compound Initial observations Litmus test pH of solution

1 Salt (NaCl) Nature : Colourless Blue litmus – remains blue

7
crystalline Red litmus – remains red

2 Baking soda Nature : White non- Blue litmus – remains blue

(NaHCO3) 8.5
crystalline powder Red litmus – becomes blue

3 Washing soda Nature : Grey coloured Blue litmus – remains blue

(Na2CO3.10H2O)
non-crystalline Red litmus – becomes blue 11.6
odourless powder

Conclusion : On the basis of observations and other tests, the properties of salt, baking soda and washing
soda are as follows :

Compounds
Properties
Salt (NaCl) Baking soda (NaHCO3) Washing soda (Na2CO3.10H2O)

(1) Hygroscopic   

(2) Acidic – – –

(3) Basic –  

(4) pH 7 8.5 11.6

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 35

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1.  is used to make the active substance CO2 in fire extinguisher.
B
(A) Na2CO3 (B) NaHCO3 (C) NaCl (D) NaNO3

2.  is used in the manufacturing of soaps and detergents.

(A) Sodium hydroxide (B) Calcium carbonate
A
(C) Sodium bicarbonate (D) Sodium nitrate

3.  is an ingredient of baking powder.

(A) Aluminium chloride (B) Sodium carbonate
C
(C) Sodium bicarbonate (D) Aluminium sulphate

4. Sodium chloride is also obtained from a certain type of rock, therefore this salt is called .
(A) epsom salt (B) alum
D
(C) Glauber’s salt (D) rock salt

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : A neutral solution has a pH of exactly 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a
basic solution has pH more than 7.

36 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment Using a universal indicator determine the pH of substances
14 used in everyday life

Aim : Using a universal indicator determine the pH of substances used in everyday life.

Requirements : Universal indicator, lemon juice, lime, fruit juice, common salt, detergent powder, soil, milk,
gypsum, banana, food colour, deodorant.

Procedure :
(1) Take some substance of each type in a separate test tube.
(2) Prepare the solution by adding some water in each test tube.
(3) Add 2 drops of universal indicator in each solution.
(4) Observe the colour change of the solution in each test tube, compare it with the colour shades on the
bottle of universal indicator.

Observations :

Sr. No. Material The colour produced pH (approx.)

1 Lemon juice Dark orange 2

2 Fruit juice Dark orange 3

3 Common salt Green 7

4 Detergent powder Light blue 10

5 Milk Yellowish or Light green 6.5

6 Gypsum Green 7

7 Deodorant Light orange 5

8 Banana Light orange 5

9 Lime Dark blue 12.8

10 Soil Yellowish 6 (pH of soil varies from 3.5 to 6)

11 Sugar Green 7

[Note : Apart from the substances mentioned in this experiment, you can also take various other substances
used in daily life, for example, food items, medicines, food colours, dye, oil, bleaching powder, etc. for
finding out pH.]

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 37

Conclusion :

(1) Acidic materials (pH less than 7) Lime juice, Deodorant, Banana, Fruit juice.

(2) Basic materials (pH more than 7) Detergent powder, lime.

(3) Neutral materials (pH 7) Gypsum, sugar.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1.  is used with tamarind while cooking to help in maintaining the pH of our body.
(A) Salt (B) Kokam
C
(C) Jaggery (D) Vinegar

2. The pH range of human blood is .

(A) 6.35 to 7.35 (B) 7.35 to 7.45
B
(C) 7 to 7.5 (D) More than 5

3. The most accurate method of measuring the pH of a solution is .

(A) Universal indicator (B) pH paper
C
(C) pH meter (D) All of these

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.

38 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT EXPERIMENTS

Experiment Determination of the effective resistance of

A the series combination of two resistors

Aim : To determine the effective resistance of the series combination of two resistors.
Requirements : Two resistors of unknown values, a rheostat, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a plug key, dry cells,
connecting wires, a sand paper.
Procedure :
(1) 
Select the voltmeter and the ammeter of suitable range. Note the least count and zero error of the
voltmeter and the ammeter.
(2) 
Connect the electrical circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Show the connections to the teacher/
examiner.
(3) In the first step, connect the voltmeter across resistor of resistance R1. Put the key in the plug and adjust
the rheostat to obtain a desired current in the ammeter. Note the readings of the voltmeter and the
ammeter. Obtain two sets of such readings for different currents.
(4) Then connect the voltmeter across resistor of resistance R2 and again obtain two sets of readings as above.
(5) 
Finally connect the voltmeter across the series combination of the resistors and obtain two sets of
readings as above.
(6) Remove the key from the plug.
(7) In each case, find the ratio of the potential difference (V) across the resistor to the current (I) through
the resistor.
(8) Disconnect the circuit before leaving the laboratory.
Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Battery Plug key Rheostat

Combination of two resistors in series

Observations :

(1) Least count of the voltmeter = 1 V

(2) Least count of the ammeter = 1 A

(3) Zero error of the voltmeter = 0 V

(4) Zero error of the ammeter = 0 A

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 39

Observation table :
Ammeter reading (I) Voltmeter reading (V) Resistance,
Set of
Step Observed Corrected Observed Corrected R = V/I Average
observations

A A V V

1 50 mA  50  0.05 A 0.05 1.5 1.5 30 

1000
R1 R130 
2 100 mA  100  0.1 A 0.1 3.0 3.0 30 
1000

1 40 mA  40  0.04 A 0.04 1.5 1.5 37.5 

1000
R2 R237.5 
2 80 mA  80  0.08 A 0.08 3.0 3.0 37.5 
1000

1 220 mA  220  0.022 A 0.022 1.5 1.5 65.5 

1000
RS Rs67.65 
2 430 mA  430  0.043 A 0.043 3 3.0 69.8 
1000

Calculations :

(1) Mean resistance R1 = 30 ohms

(2) Mean resistance R2 = 37.5 ohms

(3) Mean effective resistance RS = 67.65 ohms

(4) Total resistance RS = R1 + R2 = 67.5 ohms

Result : Calculation no. (3) and (4) shows that RS found by experiment and by using formula are nearly equal.

This shows that when the resistors are connected in series the effective resistance is equal to the sum of their

individual resistances.

i.e. Rs  R1  R2 (for this experiment) & Rs  R1  R2 ...  Rn (General Formula)

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. How do you connect two resistors to increase the effective resistance?
(A) In series
(B) In parallel
(C) In a mixed arrangement
A
(D) By connecting them with thicker connecting wires

40 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

2. What is the effective resistance of the series combination of three resistors of resistances
2.5 ohms, 3 ohms and 3.5 ohms?
C
(A) 6 ohms (B) 1 ohm (C) 9 ohms (D) 1/9 ohm

3. State the relation between the ampere (A) and milliampere (mA).
(A) 1A = 10 2 mA (B) 1A = 10 3 mA
B
(C) 1A = 10 -3 mA (D) 1A = 10 -2 mA

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Series combination of resistors is used to increase the effective resistance in a circuit.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 41

 Experiment Determination of the effective resistance of
B the parallel combination of two resistors

Aim : To determine the effective resistance of the parallel combination of two resistors.
Requirements : Two resistors of unknown values, a rheostat, a voltmeter, an ammeter, a plug key, dry cells,
connecting wires, a sand paper.
Procedure :
(1) 
Select the voltmeter and the ammeter of suitable range. Note the least count and zero error of the
voltmeter and the ammeter.
(2) 
Connect the electrical circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Show the connections to the teacher/
examiner.
(3) In the first step, connect the ammeter in series with resistor of resistance R1. Put the key in the plug
and adjust the rheostat to obtain the desired current in the ammeter. Note the readings of the ammeter
and the voltmeter. Obtain two sets of such readings for different currents.
(4) Then connect the ammeter in series with resistor of resistance R2 and again obtain two sets of readings
as above.
(5) Finally, connect the ammeter in the main line as shown in the figure and obtain two sets of readings as
above.
(6) Remove the key from the plug.
(7) In each case, find the ratio of the potential difference (V) across the resistor to the current (I) through
the resistor.
(8) Disconnect the circuit before leaving the laboratory.
Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Electric current (I)

Ammeter Resistor

Battery Plug key Rheostat

Combination of two resistors in parallel

Observations :

(1) Least count of the voltmeter = 1 V

(2) Least count of the ammeter = 1 A

(3) Zero error of the voltmeter = 0 V

(4) Zero error of ammeter = 0 A

42 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observation table :

Ammeter reading (I) Voltmeter reading (V) Resistance,

Set of Average
Step Observed Corrected Observed Corrected R = V/I
observations R

A A V V

50
1 50 mA   0.05 A 0.05 1.5 1.5 30 
1000
R1 R130 
100
2 100 mA   0.1 A 0.1 1.5 1.5 30 
1000

40
1 40 mA  0.04 A 0.04 1.5 1.5 37.5 
1000
R2 R237.5 
80 0.08 3.0 3.0 37.5 
2 80 mA   0.08 A
1000

90 0.09 1.5 1.5 16.6 

1 90 mA   0.09 A
1000
Rp Rp16.59 
181
2 181 mA   0.181 A 0.181 3.0 3.0 16.57 
1000

Calculations :

(1) Mean resistance R1 = 30 ohms

(2) Mean resistance R2 = 37.5 ohms

(3) Mean effective resistance RP = 16.59 ohms

 
1 1 1
(4) The effective resistance (RP) using the formula = + = 16.6 ohms
RP R1 R2

Result : Calculation no. (3) and (4) shows that Rp found by experiment and by using formula is nearly equal.

This shows that when the resistors are connected in parallel, the inverse of the effective resistance is equal to

the sum of the inverses of the individual resistors.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
i.e.   (for this experiment) &    ...  (General Formula)
Rp R1 R2 Rp R1 R2 Rn

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 43

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. How do you connect two resistors to decrease the effective resistance?
(A) In series
(B) In parallel
(C) In mixed arrangement
B
(D) By connecting them with thinner connecting wires

2. Which of the following statements is true for the effective resistance of a parallel combination
of resistors?
(A) It is smaller than the smallest resistance.
(B) It is greater than the greatest resistance.
(C) It is an average of all resistances.
A
(D) It is the sum of all resistances.

3. Which of the following is the SI unit of potential difference?

(A) The volt (B) The ampere
A
(C) The ohm (D) The coulomb

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Parallel combination of resistors is used to reduce the effective resistance in a circuit.

44 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment
To study the chemical reactions using various chemicals
C

Aim : To study the chemical reactions using various chemicals and record the observations.
(1) Reaction of dil. hydrochloric acid with magnesium metal.
(2) Reaction of dil. sulphuric acid with sodium carbonate.
(3) Effect of heat on crystals of blue vitriol.
(4) Reaction of dil. HCl on red oxide.
Requirements : Burner or spirit lamp, beakers, test tubes, test tube holder, pair of tongs, magnesium ribbon,
sodium carbonate, blue vitriol (CuSO4), bleaching powder, red oxide, dil. hydrochloric acid, dil. sulphuric acid.
Procedure :
(1) Reaction of dil. hydrochloric acid with magnesium metal :
Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.
(i) Take a big hard glass test tube.
(ii) Take a few pieces of magnesium ribbon in the test tube and add some dilute HCl to it.
(iii) Close the mouth of test tube tightly with a cork with a gas tube fitted in it.
(iv) Take a lighted candle near the end of the gas tube and observe.

Burning of gas with blue flame

and explosion
Cork

Hard glass test tube

Gas effervescence of H2 Mg ribbon

Reaction of dil. HCl acid with Mg

(2) Reaction of dil. sulphuric acid with sodium carbonate :

Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.
(i) Fit a bent tube in a rubber cork.
(ii) Take some lime water in a test tube and keep it handy.
(iii) Take some sodium carbonate in another big hard test tube and add some dil. H2SO4 acid to it.
(iv) Immediately fit the bent tube over it.
(v) Insert the other end of bent tube into lime water.
(vi) Observe the changes in both test tubes.

Lime water

Sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3)  dil.H2SO4 acid Bubbles of CO2

Reaction of dil. H2SO4 acid with Na2CO3

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 45

 (3) Effect of heat on crystals of blue vitriol (CuSO4) :
Diagram : Label the various components in the given diagram.

Drops of water

Blue crystals of blue vitriol Colourless powder of blue vitriol

on giving heat toon giving heat to

Copper sulphateCopper sulphate

Action of heat on blue vitriol

(i) Take some crystals of blue vitriol in one test tube.

(ii) Observe the colour of crystals.
(iii) Heat the test tube on low flame of a burner.
(iv) Observe the colour of blue vitriol and the upper inner part of the test tube.
(v) When the test tube cools down add one or two drops of water in it and shake. Observe the colour
of the resulting solution.
(4) Reaction of dil. HCl on red oxide :
(i) Take some water in one test tube and add a little red oxide to it.
(ii) Shake it well and observe the change.
(iii) Then add a small quantity of dilute HCl to the test tube, shake it and observe the change.

Observations : (1) Gas coming out from delivery tube burns with blue flame and a pop sound.

(2) Gas coming out from bent tube when passed through lime water, lime water turns milky.

(3) On heating copper sulphate crystals, water droplets are formed and condensed on the upper

part of the test tube. The colour of the crystals changes from blue to white. On adding

water to the white powder, it turns blue again.

(4) Red oxide does not dissolve in water. When dil.HCl is added to the mixture, red oxide reacts

with HCl and dissolves in water giving yellowish colour to water.

Inferences / Conclusions : (1) Mg(s) 2HCl  MgCl2(aq)  H2 

Magnesium metal reacts with dil.HCl, a gas is formed. When a burning candle is brought near the gas passing

through tube, gas burns with a blue flame and a pop sound.

(2) Na2CO3(s)  H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq)  H2O(l)  CO2(g) 

In this reaction, the gas released in the form of an effervescence, when it comes in contact with lime water,

it turns milky. This is the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas.

(3) CuSO4.5H2O(s)  CuSO4(s)  5H2O

Blue (White unhydrous powder)

CuSO4(s) 5H2O(l)
CuSO4.5H2O(aq)

(White unhydrous powder)   Blue

46 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Water of crystallization is the part of blue vitriol. On heating blue vitriol, it loses water molecules due to

break down of crystal structure to form colourless powder. On adding water, it regains its original blue colour.

From this, it is concluded that all the above changes are physical changes.

(4) Fe2O3(s)  6HCl(aq) 2FeCl3  3H2O(l)

Ferric (Red) oxide          (Yellowish ferric chloride)

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. In the reaction of magnesium metal with dil. hydrochloric acid, which gas is formed ?
C
(A) oxygen (B) carbon dioxide (C) hydrogen (D) chlorine

2. Which of following salts is formed in the reaction of zinc metal with dil. sulphuric acid ?
A
(A) sulphate (B) chloride (C) nitrate (D) oxide

3. Which of the following tests is the chemical test of CO2 gas ?

(A) keeping lime water colourless   (B) turning lime water black
D
(C) boiling lime water        (D) turning lime water milky

4. When a dilute solution of a strong acid reacts with carbonate salt, which gas of the following gases
is formed?
C
(A) CO  (B) SO2  (C) CO2  (D) H2

5. Which yellowish salt is formed in the reaction between red oxide and dil. hydrochloric acid?
(A) Ferrous chloride (B) Ferric chloride
B
(C) Ferric sulphate (D) Ferric oxide

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) Metal  Dilute acid  Salt  Hydrogen gas.
(2) Carbonate and bicarbonate salts of metals react with acids to form CO2 gas.
(3) No chemical change has occurred in the crystals of blue vitriol due to heating.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 47

 Part 2

Experiment
Study of different types of plants
1

Aim : To study the characteristics of different types of plants such as (1) Spirogyra (2) Agaricus (3) Funaria
(4) Nephrolepis (5) Pinus or any other Gymnospeem (6) Catharanthus and classifying them according to
their characteristics.
Requirements : Specimens of Spirogyra, Agaricus, Funaria, Nephrolepis, Pinus or any other Gymnospeem
and Catharanthus, dissecting microscope and compound microscope, slide, coverslips, etc.
Procedure :
(1) Choose the specimens of Spirogyra, Agaricus, Funaria, Nephrolepis, Pinus or any other Gymnospeem
and Catharanthus and study their characteristics thoroughly.
(2) Observe the slides or specimens of the above plants.
(3) Give the classification of all the plants in a table below.
Observations : Classification :

Plant Specimen
Kingdom Sub-kingdom Division Class Genus Species
(Common Name)

Spirogyra Thallophyta
Plantae Cryptogamae Chlorophyta Spirogyra maxima
(Green Alga) (Algae)

Agaricus Thallophyta
Plantae Cryptogamae Basidiomycetae Agaricus bisporus
(Mushroom) (Fungi)

Funaria
Plantae Cryptogamae Bryophyta Bryopsida Funaria hygrometrica
(Moss)

Nephrolepis
Plantae Cryptogamae Pteridophyta Polypodiopsida Nephrolepis exaltata
(Fern)

Pinus Spermatophyta
Plantae Phanerogamae Coniferophyta Pinus roxburghii
(Conifer) (Gymnosperm)

Catharanthus Spermatophyta Magnoliopsida

Plantae Phanerogamae Catharanthus roseus
(Periwinkle) (Angiosperm) (dicot)

Diagram : Label the different

(1) Spirogyra
parts in the given diagram.
Characteristics : Fill in the blanks by using appropriate words :
[starch, pyrenoids, single, spirally, filamentous, cylindrical]

(1) It has a filamentous body consisting of cylindrical cells joined end to Cell wall

end. Nucleus

Each cell has a single nucleus and one or more spirally arranged
(2)  Chloroplast
chloroplasts. Cytoplasm
Each chloroplast is provided with a number of pyrenoids which are
(3) 
Mucilage
rounded refractive bodies.
Pyrenoid
(4) Around each pyrenoid, starch is stored in the form of granules.

Spirogyra

48 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 (2) Agaricus

Characteristics : Fill in the blanks by using Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagram.
appropriate words :

[basidiospores, saprotrophic, gills, pileus,

Pileus
stipe]

(1) 
In mushroom, the aerial umbrella-like Gills

fleshy body is known as pileus.

Stipe
(2) Fleshy stalk of mushroom is called stipe.

(3) 
From the under surface of pileus

suspend a large number of radially

arranged vertical plate-like structures

called gills which bears basidiospores. Mushroom

(4) Mushroom is saprotrophic fungus.

(3) Funaria

Characteristics : Fill in the blanks by using Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagram.
appropriate words :
[rainy, conducting, rhizoids, capsule] Capsule

(1) 
There are no true roots in Funaria, but
Seta
there are rhizoids that arise from the base

of the stem. Leaves

(2) At the tip of seta there is a capsule. Axis

(3) In Funaria conducting system is absent.

Rhizoids
(4) Funaria grows well in rainy season.
Funaria

(4) Nephrolepis

Characteristics : Fill in the blanks by using appropriate words :

[shade, sporangia, sporophylls, rhizome, pinnately]

(1) The underground stem of fern is called a rhizome .

(2) Leaves are pinnately compound.

(3) In Nephrolepis, sporophylls are also called leaves and they bear sporangia.

(4) Ferns are shade loving plants.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 49

 Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagram.

Rachis

Leaflets
Daughter plant

Stipe
Stolon

Rhizome
Fibrous roots

Nephrolepis

(5) Pinus

Characteristics : Fill in the blanks by using appropriate words : Diagram :

[Two, sexual, coniferous]

(1) Pines are coniferous trees.

(2) Two types of leaves are seen in Pinus.

(3) Pinus reproduces by sexual method.

Pine tree

(6) Catharanthus

Characteristics : Fill in the blanks by using appropriate words : Diagram :

[medicinal, reticulate, perennial]

(1) Catharanthus is perennial plant.

(2) The venation of leaves in Catharanthus is reticulate .

(3) Catharanthus plant has medicinal importance.

Catharanthus (Periwinkle)

50 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which of the following is an alga?
C
(A) Funaria (B) Agaricus (C) Spirogyra (D) Nephrolepis

2. Which of the following plants bears rhizoids instead of roots?

A
(A) Moss (B) Fern (C) Mushroom (D) Spirogyra

3. Which of the following has an umbrella-like body at its tip called

pileus?
C
(A) Spirogyra (B) Funaria (C) Agaricus (D) Nephrolepis

4. In which division of the following are vascular tissues present?

C
(A) Thallophyta (B) Bryophyta (C) Pteridophyta (D) Fungi

5. Cones are which type of the structures of Pinus?

B
(A) supporting (B) reproductive (C) nutritive (D) edible

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) Spirogyra is an algae found in fresh water environments.
(2) Mushrooms are fungi which do not have chlorophyll.
(3) Funaria do not have specific tissues for conduction of food and water.
(4) Nephrolepis is a fern which has well-developed roots, stem, leaves and separate tissues for conduction
of food and water.
(5) Seeds of pine tree do not have natural covering, i.e. these plants do not form fruits.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 51

 Experiment
Study of Hibiscus and Tuberose
2

Aim : To observe a representative monocotyledonous and a dicotyledonous plant to understand the difference
in their structure.
Requirements : A plant of Hibiscus and Tuberose, a needle, pointer, blade and a magnifying lens or dissecting
microscope.
Procedure : Select a healthy Hibiscus plant with a flower. Similarly select a Tuberose plant. Do not uproot the
plants unnecessarily. However, observe the roots of the smaller saplings which are yet to be planted. Collect
the flowers and leaves and bring them to the laboratory. Dissect open the flowers to observe the structure
of different whorls. For this purpose, take longitudinal section of the flower with the help of a sharp blade.
Take a transverse section of the ovary to see the arrangement of ovules inside the ovary which is known as
placentation.
Observations : Note the following characteristics and strike out the incorrect option.
(1) Tuberose has fibrous / tap root while Hibiscus has fibrous / tap root.
(2) Tuberose has delicate and green / tough and brown stem while Hibiscus has delicate and green / tough
and brown stem.
(3) The venation in Tuberose is reticulate / parallel while in Hibiscus it is reticulate / parallel.
(4) In Tuberose, Perianth has fused / free tepals while in Hibiscus corolla has fused / free petals.
(5) In Tuberose, six / numerous stamens are present whereas in Hibiscus six / numerous stamens are present.
(6) Gynoecium of Tuberose has ovary having three / five compartments while in Hibiscus there are three / five
compartments.
Diagrams : Label the different parts in the given diagrams.

Corolla

Corolla (Petal)
Calyx
Calyx (Sepal)
Epicalyx
Ovary
L. S. of a flower

A twig
Stigma

Anther

Style

Staminal tube

Ovary

Androecium A stamen Gynoecium

Hibiscus

52 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Diagrams : Label the different parts in the given diagrams.

Anther

C. Epiphyllous
Stamens attached with perianth

Ovary

Plant of tuberose A. Apical region of a B. V. S. of a flower

flowering shoot D. Single stamen

Tuberose
Conclusion :
(1) Differentiate between Hibiscus and Tuberose :

Part of the plant Hibiscus Tuberose

Roots Tap root system Fibrous root system

Stem Tough and brown Delicate and green

Leaves are dark green with reticulate

Leaves Leaves are straight with parallel venation.
venation

Tuberose flowers are white, fragrant and

Flower Hibiscus flowers are solitary and large
occur in inflorescence.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 53

 (2) Write classification of Hibiscus and Tuberose based on their characteristics :

Hierarchy Hibiscus Tuberose

Kingdom Plantae Plantae

Subkingdom Phanerogamae Phanerogamae

Division Spermatophyta Spermatophyta

Subdivision Angiospermae Angiospermae

Class Magnoliopsida (dicots) Liliopsida (monocots)

Order Malvales Liliales

Family Malvaceae Amaryllidaceae

Genus Hibiscus Polianthes

Species rosa-sinensis tuberosa

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. To which class do most of the cereals belong?
(A) Gymnosperms (B) Dicotyledonae
C
(C) Monocotyledonae (D) Pteridophyta

2. Parallel venation is the characteristic seen in which of the following plant?

A
(A) Banana (B) Mango (C) Hibiscus (D) Chilly

3. Which is the main distinguishing character between wheat and beans?

(A) Wheat can grow in cold weather, beans are grown in hot and humid weather.
(B) Wheat has single cotyledon in its seed, beans have two cotyledons in its seeds.
(C) Wheat is grown in agriculture, beans grow without any cultivation.
B
(D) Wheat has reticulate venation, beans have parallel venation.

4. Which of the following shows correct difference between tuberose and hibiscus?
(A) Characters of flowers (B) Venation of leaves
D
(C) Pattern of root system (D) All of these

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Structure of root, stem, leaves and flowers is different in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous
plants.

54 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment
Food chain
3

Aim : To observe the flora and fauna in the surroundings and to think about the trophic relationships among
them for construction of food chain.
Requirements : Notebook, writing material, binoculars.

Procedure :
(1) First decide a circumscribed area for the observation of trophic relations. e.g. School premises including
school garden, canteen and playground.
(2) Observe a number of living organisms that can be easily notified.
(3) Also observe the types of bird species seen in the area of your school. Try to identify these birds with
the help of binoculars.
(4) Take the help of your teachers or visit a library and refer the books to identify these birds.
(5) Similarly identify different insects seen in and around the school campus.
(6) 
Some reptilian species can also be seen such as wall lizard in the classroom or the garden lizard
in the garden.
(7) Also observe the plant species present in the school campus and garden. See if any plant species is
supporting insects such as butterflies, honeybees, etc.
(8) Note down all the observations in your notebook.
(9) There may be many bacteria in the soil and around everywhere, though they are not visible to your
eyes. They also form important position in the functioning of the food chains.
(10) Construct a food chain by taking into account the trophic position of each organism.

Diagram : Draw the diagram of a Food Chain.

Maize corn Rat Snake Kite

Food Chain

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 55

Observations :
(1) Mention the trophic level of each picture given below.

Maize Corn Rat Snake Kite

(Producer) (Primary consumer) (Secondary consumer) (Top consumer)

(2) Fill in the blanks by using appropriate words : [crops, apex, rats]

  (i) If secondary consumers in the given picture are completely destroyed, rats will increase in numbers.

(ii) Tertiary consumer in the above food chain is apex consumer.

(iii) If population of rats increase tremendously, the crops will be destroyed.

Conclusion : Trophic relationships : A trophic level is the step at which the organism obtains its food in the

chain. The amount of matter and energy gradually decreases from producers at lowest level to top consumers

at the highest level. The sun is the most important source of energy in any ecosystem. The energy obtained

from sun is passed on from one trophic level to the next.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. 
The interrelationships among the different living organisms in any ecosystem for energy
transfer is called .
(A) Food Chain (B) Food Pyramid
A
(C) Energy Pyramid (D) Food Dependency

2. The omnivorous living organism forms which trophic level?

(A) Producers (B) Primary consumers
C
(C) Secondary consumers (D) Decomposers

3. Producers are organisms.

(A) autotrophic (B) heterotrophic
A
(C) carnivorous (D) omnivorous

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

56 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Remember :
(1) Biotic components of an ecosystem depend on each other for their food.
(2) 
Feeding relationships among producers, consumers and saprophytes in an ecosystem is called food
chain.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 57

 Experiment
Aquatic food chain and food web
4

Aim : To understand the aquatic food chain and food web taking into account the mode of nutrition.

Requirements : Pen, pencil, small net, binoculars, notebook, etc.

Procedure : [Note : This activity must be done with the help of elders or in the presence of teachers.]
(1) The water body near your school should be selected. It can be a pond, lake, river, estuary or even a
coastal sea belt.
(2) Observe the organisms in such ecosystems. If you are planning to visit marine ecosystem, you can also
note down the species landed on the shore by fishing boats. Take a note of all possible organisms that
you are able to observe.
(3) Also note the presence of any bird species hovering over aquatic ecosystem to capture their feed.
(4) Note down all the names and then understand their trophic levels and their interdependence with each
other.
(5) In nature all these feeding relationships form the food webs.
(6) Represent the food chain or food web that you have understood through your observations.

Diagram :

Observations :
(1) What kind of food chain is shown in the given picture? Describe in brief.

Ans. The food chain shown in given picture is an aquatic ecosystem. In this food chain, aquatic plants are

food producers. Small fishes feeding on aquatic plants are primary consumers at first trophic level.

Big fishes eat small fishes and they are at second trophic level and are secondary consumers.

The birds eating big fishes are at third trophic level and are the apex consumers.

58 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 (2) In the given diagram, with the help of appropriate arrows show the interdependence among different
components of the ecosystem that forms the food web.

Conclusion : Fill the given chart with names of the organisms from the terrestrial food chain and food web.

Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers

Food chain Grass Rabbit Tiger

Food web Grass, tree, banana tree Rabbit, squirrel, deer, monkey, Tiger, fox,
bird, zebra, grasshopper vulture (scavenger)

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which of the following can be an apex consumer?
D
(A) Rabbit (B) Cow (C) Fish (D) Kingfisher

2. Which of the following forms first trophic level?

D
(A) Owl (B) Monkey (C) Man (D) Wheatgrass

3. Which of the following is not an omnivore?

D
(A) Man (B) Sparrow (C) Cockroach (D) Deer

4. The important ecological role of the decomposers in the food web or food chain is to
(A) convert the organic matter back into inorganic constituents.
(B) convert the inorganic constituents into organic food.
(C) create foul smell and unhygienic conditions everywhere.
(D) causing decomposition of the good matter into bad products. A

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : An ecosystem consisting of interconnected food chains at various levels constitute a food web.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 59

 Experiment Preparation of curds and
5 study of lactobacilli present in curd

Aim : (1) To make curds. (2) To prepare stained temporary slide of lactobacilli and to record the observations
and draw labelled diagram.

Requirements : A vessel with lid, glass slide, cover slip, blotting paper, compound microscope.

Chemicals : Milk, small amount of curds, methylene blue.

Procedure :

1. Preparation of curds :

(1) Take about 100 ml of milk in a clean and dry vessel.

(2) Heat it till it becomes lukewarm.

(3) Add a very small quantity of curds to the milk. Stir it gently.

(4) Leave the vessel undisturbed for about 7 to 8 hours.

(5) The curd will be set in this vessel.

2. Preparation of slide of lactobacilli :

(1) Smear in a drop of fresh curds on a glass slide.

(2) Stain it with methylene blue and put a cover slip over it.

(3) Remove the extra curds from the sides of the coverslip with a blotting paper.

(4) Observe the smear under the 10X objective or low power of a compound microscope and then focus
with more magnifying high power 45X objective.

Diagram : Draw and label the diagram of lactobacillus.

Lactobacilli

60 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observations : Fill in the blanks by using appropriate words :
[coagulation, lactobacilli, methelene blue, minute and rectangular, lukewarm, culture]
(1) The milk turns into curds due to culture which is added to the milk.

(2) The formation of curds takes place by a process called coagulation.

(3) 
The small amount of curds which are added to the milk is called culture. This culture contains

lactobacilli. The process requires warmth and hence the milk is made lukewarm before the setting of

curd.

(4) On the slide, the methylene blue stain used, make the lactobacilli bluish in colour.

(5) The shape of these bacteria is minute and rectangular.

Conclusion : Underline the correct alternative.

(1) Lactobacilli are useful / harmful bacteria.
(2) For observation of Lactobacilli 10X / 45X objective lens has to be used for compound microscope.
(3) Taking curds or buttermilk in daily diet helps to build up health / cause illness.
(4) Curds are acidic / alkaline in nature.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which microbes are observed in fresh buttermilk?
(A) Clostridium (B) Lactobacilli
B
(C) Rizobium (D) Yeast

2. By which process Lactobacilli convert lactose sugar in the milk, into lactic acid?
(A) Respiration (B) Neutralization
D
(C) Nitrogen fixation (D) Fermentation

3. What is the bacteria producing energy without the use of oxygen called?
(A) Aerobic (B) Anaerobic
B
(C) Symbiotic (D) Bactericide

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Microbes like lactobacilli are used in preparation of curd, yoghurt, cheese. Other microbes
like yeast are used for fermentation and in preparation of wine, beer, bread, etc.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 61

 Experiment
Study of microbes – Rhizobia
6

Aim : To prepare stained temporary slide of Rhizobium and to record the observations and draw labelled
diagram.
Requirements : Plantlet of fenugreek, groundnut or any other bean plant, blade, glass slide, cover slip, blotting
paper, compound microscope.
Chemicals : 3 to 5% Hydrogen peroxide, 70% ethyl alcohol, safranin.
Procedure :
(1) Take one plantlet of fenugreek, groundnut or any other bean plant and sterilize it with a 3 to 5% solution
of hydrogen peroxide. Clean the roots with sterile water.
(2) Keep it in a 70% solution of ethyl alcohol for 4 to 5 minutes.
(3) Take thin sections of the root nodules.
(4) Select good section and place it in a solution of safranin for 2 to 3 minutes for staining.
(5) Place the stained section on a glass slide and cover it with a cover slip.
(6) Observe the section under compound microscope.
Diagram : Draw and label the diagram of Rhizobium.

Rhizobium and its association

with leguminous plant’s root nodule

Observations : Strike out the wrong word.

(1) Inside the root nodules / stem nodules of leguminous plants there are mutualistic / parasitic
virus  /bacteria.
(2) These help in fixation / excretion of carbon dioxide / nitrogen.
(3) The name of this bacterium is Salmonella / Rhizobium.
(4) One can see pinkish / yellowish bacteria in the slide made by using safranin / iodine stain.

Conclusion : There is mutualistic interaction between Rhizobium and its host plant.

62 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which are the microbes observed in root nodules in bean plant?

(A) Rhizobium (B) Clostridium

A
(C) Lactobacilli (D) Penicillium

2. Rhizobium converts the atmospheric nitrogen into which compounds?

(A) Sulphur (B) Nitrates
B
(C) Hydrogen (D) Oxygen

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Beans and pulses grown on the plants with use of Rhizobial cultures are rich in proteins due
to the nitrogenous compounds made available by Rhizobia.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 63

 Experiment
Weather recordings
7

Aim : To record air temperature, air pressure and humidity with the help of appropriate and suitable
instruments for a week, to write a report about it.
Requirements : Thermometer (either digital or traditional), barometer and hygrometer, notebook, pen, pencil,
graph paper, etc.
Procedure :
(1) From the school laboratory observe the instruments that are used for taking readings for temperature,
air pressure and humidity.
(2) Learn the handling of these instruments prior to actual readings.
(3) 
Make a tabulation to note readings that you will be taking for a week. Also fix a definite place for
performing the experiments.
Diagram : Name the following instruments.

120 50
100 40
80 30
20
60
10
CHANGE 40
0
5
20 -10
1000 10
IN

30

99
0 10 0
FA
29

-20
RA

10

IR

-20
0

-30
20
98

1030

-40 -40
970

5
5

0
960

104

95
50
0
10 °F °C
28 31

Barometer Hygrometer Traditional Digital

Thermometer Thermometer

Observation :

Readings of temperature in Readings of air pressure in Readings of humidity in

Sr. degree centigrade. (°C) millibar. (mb) percentage. (%)
Date
No.
Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum

1 21-9-22 33°C 28°C 1007 mb 1005 mb 86% 84%

2 22-9-22 33°C 29°C 1008 mb 1004 mb 82% 80%

3 23-9-22 32°C 29°C 1007 mb 1005 mb 76% 72%

4 24-9-22 34°C 30°C 1008 mb 1006 mb 77% 70%

5 25-9-22 34°C 30°C 1008 mb 1007 mb 77% 75%

6 26-9-22 34°C 31°C 1006 mb 1001 mb 73% 70%

7 27-9-22 33°C 30°C 1005 mb 1000 mb 72% 70%

(Temperature, air pressure and humidity values will vary according to geographic location and season of
the year).

64 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Conclusion : By recordings of the weather following conclusions were made.

From date 21-9-2022 to 27-9-2022

(1) Average temperature was 33.3°C

(2) Average humidity was 77.6%

(3) Average air pressure was 1007 mb.

(3) These readings indicate that the weather is rainy in the place where we reside. (In above mentioned

period)

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. The readings obtained through various instruments for a period of one week are noted and used
in the .
(A) understanding local weather
(B) predicting the climatic crisis
(C) analyzing the climate of a place
A
(D) all the above

2. For what purpose is hygrometer used and in which units are the measurements done?
(A) Temperature and degree Fahrenheit
(B) Air pressure and millibar
(C) Humidity and per cent
C
(D) None of the above

3. 
Mercury Barometers which were previously used are no longer used for field investigations.
Why is it so?
(A) They are outdated instruments.
(B) They are immovable.
(C) They are very heavy and inconvenient to carry for field studies.
C
(D) They do not give accurate readings

4. The thermometer, barometer and hygrometer are basically instruments used for
(A) meteorological studies (B) physical studies
A
(C) chemical studies (D) geographical studies

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Weather is related to a specific location and specific time.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 65

 Experiment
Wealth from waste
8

Aim : To prepare compost from the daily biodegradable waste by separating the wastes from the dustbin.

Requirements : Dustbin from your own home, shovel, sprinkler, pair of gloves, earthworms, soil, a big trough
to make the compost.

Procedure :
(1) With the permission of your parents, separate the wastes from your dustbin.
(2) Keep biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials separately in different containers. Note down the
biodegradable and non-biodegradable items present in the garbage.
(3) Make sure that you wear plastic gloves while touching the garbage.
(4) Now place the biodegradable waste in a large trough which has a thin layer of soil beneath. Add a few
earthworms into this matter.
(5) Again cover the garbage with a little thicker layer of soil on the top. Add some water over it through a
sprinkler.
(6) Keep on repeating the same procedure for a week till your trough becomes full. Now leave it in a secluded
corner on the terrace or your balcony.
(7) Keep on sprinkling a little water after every two days.
(8) Similar composting can be done on a large scale in the school campus by digging a compost pit having
4ft. × 4ft. dimension.

Observations :

Fill in the blanks :

(1) Biodegradable type of wastes get converted into rich manure after few days.

(2) Non-biodegradable type of wastes can be recycled or reused by converting into some other form.

(3) It takes 5 to 30 days for the degradation of vegetable refuse and unconsumed food.

(4) Plastic and glass do not show easy degradation.

66 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Conclusion : How can waste be wealth?

Ans. The waste can be converted into wealth if it is managed properly.

(1) Waste can be used for material recovery.

(2) Through different processes like pyrolysis, gas and electricity can be generated.

(3) The organic waste can be used to produce biogas that supplies fuel and electricity.

(4) Biodegradable waste can be converted into manures and biogas.

(5) Variety of waste, especially, non-biodegradable waste can be recycled and reused in altered form.

Therefore it is said that waste can be wealth.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. How many days does it take for the plastic to degrade?
(A) Plastic degrades in one year’s time.
(B) Plastic is non-degradable.
(C) Plastic remains as it is in the nature without any change for about 6 months.
B
(D) Plastic degrades in 10 years.

2. It is good to make compost from the wastes because

(A) it saves time in going to shop to buy the fertilizers.
(B) it helps the poor people to get some employment.
(C) it keeps the surrounding air pollution free.
D
(D) there are many nutrients in the wastes which can be given back to the nature.

3. Upon which of the abiotic factors is composting process dependent?

(A) air pressure (B) wind
C
(C) humidity and temperature (D) soil quality

4. Which of the following is the best way to dispose the solid waste?
(A) Incineration
(B) Dumping in oceans
(C) Segregation and composting/recycling
C
(D) Landfilling

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Waste separation or segregation, composting, vermicomposting, secured landfill and pyrolysis
are the scientific methods in solid waste management.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 67

 Experiment
Study of stomata
9

Aim : To study structure of stomata.

Requirements : Compound microscope, petri dish, slide, cover slip, brush and a suitable dicot (sunflower /
betel) and monocot (maize) leaves.
Procedure :
(1) Place the leaf on a slide.
(2) Peel off the lower and upper epidermis of the leaf.
(3) Mount both of them on separate slides.
(4) 
Observe the slide prepared from the peeling from the upper and lower side of the leaf. Study the
structure of stoma as seen in surface view.
(5) Compare the distribution of stomata in upper and lower surfaces of the leaf.
Diagrams : Label the different parts in the given diagrams.

Stomatal pore Chloroplast Outer thin wall

Guard
Guard cell
Nucleus cell

Chloroplast Subsidiary Inner

thick wall
cell
Epidermal cell
Stomatal pore Epidermal cell
Peeling from lower epidermis of a dicot
(sunflower) leaf showing stomata A single stoma of a dicot leaf (Magnified)

Subsidiary cell
Epidermal cell

Dumb-bell
shaped
guard cell
Subsidiary
cell

Epidermal
cell

Dumb-bell shaped guard cell

Peeling from a monocot (maize) leaf

showing stomata A single stoma of a monocot leaf (Magnified)

68 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observations : Strike out the incorrect word :
(1) On the epidermal peels stomata / holes are seen.
(2) Stomata present on the upper surface of the leaf are comparatively more / less than that of on the lower
surface of the same leaf.
(3) Just next to stomatal pore on the lateral side guard cells / subsidiary cells are present.
(4) The guard cells in monocotyledonous plants are kidney / dumb-bell shaped.

Conclusion :

The difference between stomata present in dicotyledonous leaf and monocotyledonous leaf is as follows :

(1) 
In dicot stomata, guard cells are kidney shaped, while in monocot stomata, guard cells are dumb-bell

shaped.

(2) Dicot leaves have more stomata on upper epidermis, while monocot leaves have equal number of stomata

on both upper and lower epidermis.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which is the main function of stomata?
(A) Elimination of unwanted substances
(B) Transpiration
(C) Photosynthesis
B
(D) Translocation

2. What is transpiration?
(A) Moving the sap in upward direction in the plants.
(B) Synthesizing carbohydrates with the help of CO2.
(C) Losing the excess of water in the form of water vapour.
C
(D) Release of oxygen from the leaves into the atmosphere.

3. What is the main function of the guard cells?

(A) Helping in closure and opening of aperture of stomata.
(B) Guarding the stomata from polluting air.
(C) Helping the process of respiration.
A
(D) Functioning in photosynthesis.

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Stomata are present in the epidermal cells of the leaf and are involved in gaseous exchange.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 69

 Experiment
Phototropism
10

Aim : To understand the positive phototropism shown by the growing shoots.
Requirements : A wooden or a cardboard box, the potted plant, etc.
Procedure :
(1) Take a wooden or a cardboard box.
(2) Cut a small window on one of the sides of the box.
(3) Now take a potted plant. Let the plant stand in a box.
(4) The sunlight can enter only through the small window.
(5) Leave the plant undisturbed for about a week.
Diagram :

Wooden box

Opening
(For light to enter)

Seedlings

Experiment to show phototropism

Observations :
(1) Where does the stem of the growing plant kept in a box turn ?
Ans. The growing stem of the plant is seen turning towards the window through which the illumination passes
inside.

(2) Why does the stem turn towards the light ?

Ans. The stem of a plant shows positive response to the stimulus of light. When light falls on the plant ‘Auxin’
is synthesised at the tip of the shoot. It spreads to the side of shoot which is opposite to light and gives
stimulus for the growth of cells in this region. Thus, the stem shows growth in direction towards the light
due to plant hormone Auxin.
(3) Which part of the plant grows away from the light ?
Ans. Roots of plant grow away from light.

Conclusion : Fill in the blanks by using appropriate words.

[abscisic acid, hydrotropic, phototropic, Auxin]

(1) Auxin hormone induces growth of a shoot.
(2) Roots of plant show hydrotropic while stems show phototropic movements.
(3) If the leaves of the above plant are seen wilted then it is the action of abscisic acid hormone.

70 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Phototropic movements shown by the shoot are due to .
(A) gibberellins (B) cytokinins
C
(C) auxins (D) abscisic acid

2. Which type of movement is shown by the root of any plant?

(A) Phototropic (B) Geotropic
D
(C) Hydrotropic (D) Both (B) and (C)

3. What kind of movement is shown by Mimosa pudica (Touch-me-not) plant?

(A) Hydrotropic (B) Gravitropic
C
(C) Seismotropic (D) Phototropic 

4. Stimuli from the environment causes in plants.

(A) tropic movements (B) harmful effects
A
(C) no effect (D) random responses

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Auxins promote growth and elongation of cells on the dark side of a stem causing its bending
towards light.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 71

 Experiment
Hybrid and local varieties of banana
11

Aim : To study the characteristics of ripened hybrid and local variety of banana available in market.
Procedure :
(1) From the market bring local and hybrid variety of bananas. Hybrid banana is also called tissue banana
by the sellers because it is grown by tissue culture methodology.
(2) Observe the colour, length, colour of petiole, taste, etc. for both the varieties of banana.
(3) 
Place both the bananas in separate jars containing water for about half an hour. With the help of
universal indicator, measure the pH of water in which both the bananas are kept.
(4) Again test the pH using blue and red litmus papers.

Hybrid varieties are sold in urban areas. Local varieties are available only at specific regions. Now-a-days,
the artificial ripening of banana is done by calcium carbide. Calcium carbide releases ethylene due to
which skin of banana turns yellow. If bananas are smeared with such agents, they will show change in
pH. But only skin of banana will yield this result. The peeled banana has acidic pH of about 4.5 to 5.0.
Hybrid as well as local varieties of banana have common pH if they are peeled.
Important Indian hybrid variety is Musa paradisiaca which is obtained by crossing two Asian varieties,
Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiona.

Observation table :

Observations Hybrid banana Local banana

Taste of banana sweet and starchy sweet honey-like

Girth / Circumference of banana 13 cm 16 cm

Length of banana more than 8 inches less than 8 inches

Colour of banana red yellow

Colour of petiole of banana green green, yellow or brown

Change in Universal indicator turns red turns red

Change in litmus paper blue litmus turns red blue litmus turns red

Conclusion :
(1) Cross out the wrong word.
(a) Hybrid varieties are sold everywhere in urban / rural areas.
(b) The artificial ripening of bananas is done by calcium carbide / carbonate.
(c) The artificially ripened bananas are very useful / harmful for the health.
(d) The peeled bananas have acidic / alkaline pH.
(2) The main difference between hybrid banana and local banana is .
Ans. Peel colour of hybrid banana is reddish and that of local banana is yellow.

72 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. What are the main nutrients in banana?
A
(A) Carbohydrates (B) Proteins (C) Fats (D) All of these

2. Using calcium carbide for ripening the bananas is very for the consumers.
B
(A) suitable (B) harmful (C) useful (D) tasty

3. Which gas make green peels of banana to become yellow and show look of ripened banana?
(A) calcium carbide (B) ethyl alcohol
C
(C) ethylene (D) phenol oxidase

4. Which area near Mumbai is famous for ‘safed velchi’ banana variety?
A
(A) Vasai (B) Dombivali (C) Thane (D) Ambarnath

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Hybrid varieties of plants are produced by crossing two plant varieties to obtain a new plant
with desired qualities.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 73

 Experiment
Study of animal tissues
12

Aim : To observe and study the muscular tissue and a neuron with the help of permanent slides.

Requirement : Permanent slides of tissues and compound microscope.

Procedure : Observe the permanent slides of voluntary or striated muscular tissues and a neuron under the
compound microscope. There are three types of muscular tissues – Striated muscles, Non-striated muscles
and Cardiac muscles. We shall observe only striated muscles.

(1) Striated muscles

Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagram.

Cell membrane

Dark bands

Light band

Nucleus

Striated muscle fibre

Observations : Fill in the blanks :

(1) Nucleus and bands are the main structures seen in striated muscles.

(2) Because our will has control over striated muscles therefore they are also known as voluntary muscles.

(3) Striated muscles are present at following body parts : arms and legs muscles, face muscles.

(4) Striated muscles are also known as skeletal muscles because they are attached to bones.

74 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 (2) A nerve cell

Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagram.

Dendrites

Nucleus

Cell body

Axon

Nerve endings

Nerve cell

Observations :

(1) The main parts of a neuron are cell body, dendrites, axon.

(2) What is the function of each part ?

  (i) Cell body : It contains all the important parts of the cell that allow it to function properly.

 (ii) Dendrites : Carry nerve impulse towards the cyton/cell body.

(iii) Axon : It transports signals from one neuron to other.

Conclusion : The muscular tissue and neuron conducts following functions :

(1) Muscular tissue : Movement of arms and legs, running, speaking, movements of eye lids, passage of food

through alimentary canal, contraction and relaxation of blood vessels, contraction and relaxation of heart.

(2) Neuron : Enables us to respond to stimuli like touch, sound, odour, colour, etc.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Find the misfit term : with reference to muscles.
B
(A) Voluntary (B) Skeletal (C) Smooth (D) Striated

2. Which type of muscles have dark and light bands but not under our voluntary control?
C
(A) Striated (B) Non-voluntary (C) Cardiac (D) Smooth

3. Rhythmic contraction and relaxation is shown by which type of muscles.

B
(A) Cardiac (B) Skeletal (C) Striated (D) Non-voluntary

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 75

4. Nucleus of a neuron is situated in which part of the neuron?
(A) Cell body (B) Axon
A
(C) Dendrites (D) All the above three

5. Why is neuron considered as a special cell?

(A) Because it has an ability to contract.
(B) Because it can secrete chemicals.
(C) Because of its ability to get excited and conduct impulses.
C
(D) Because it has three parts.

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) Animal tissues consist of only living cell components and they are without cell wall.
(2) Nervous tissue is found in brain, spinal cord. Nerve cells are the longest cells in human body and are
structured and functional unit of nervous system.

76 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Experiment
Plant tissues
13

Aim : To identify simple permanent tissues in plants with the help of permanent slides.
Requirements : Compound microscope and permanent slides of parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues.
Procedure : Focus the above mentioned permanent slides under low/high power of a compound microscope.
Identify and observe the structures seen therein.

(1) Parenchyma

Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagram.

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Parenchyma in T. S. Parenchyma in L. S.

Observations :
(1) Write any three characteristics of the parenchyma cells.
  (i) Living tissue.
(ii) Cell wall is thin and contain large number of intercellular spaces.
(iii) Each cell possesses a single nucleus.

(2) Describe the functions of parenchyma.

  (i) Gives support to plant.
(ii) Storage of food.
(iii) It forms a basic packing tissue.

(3) Name two types of parenchyma cells that perform definite function. What are these functions ?
  (i) Chlorenchyma : Performs photosynthesis.
(ii) Aerenchyma : In aquatic plants it helps in floating.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 77

 (2) Sclerenchyma

Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagram.

Simple
Lumen
pit pair
(cavity)

Lignified thick
cell wall

Sclerenchyma in T.S Sclerenchyma in L.S

Observations :
(1) Write any three characteristics of the sclerenchyma cells.
  (i) Dead and fibrous cells.
(ii) Both ends are tapering.
(iii) Thick cell wall contains lignin.

(2) Describe the functions of sclerenchyma.

  (i) Give strength and rigidity to parts of the plants.

(ii) It makes the plant hard and stiff.

Conclusion : Distinguish between parenchyma and sclerenchyma :

Type of tissue Parenchyma Sclerenchyma

Characteristics Living cells Dead cells

Structure Brick like and very small Tapering to both the ends

Functions Support and storage of food Give strength and rigidity to parts of the plants

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Find the odd one out.
(A) Parenchyma (B) Collenchyma
B
(C) Chlorenchyma (D) Aerenchyma

2. Which plant tissue has cellulose and lignin deposited at the corners only?
(A) Parenchyma (B) Sclerenchyma
C
(C) Collenchyma (D) Chlorenchyma

78 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

3. Name the simple permanent tissue present in leaves that performs photosynthesis.
(A) Parenchyma (B) Chlorenchyma
B
(C) Sclerenchyma (D) Collenchyma

4. Which of the following is a dead tissue?

(A) Sclerenchyma (B) Collenchyma
A
(C) Parenchyma (D) Aerenchyma

5. Which substance is deposited on cell wall of sclerenchyma only?

(A) Lignin (B) Suberin
A
(C) Cellulose (D) Pectin

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember :
(1) Parenchyma are generally present in the soft parts of plants like leaves, young stems, flowers, etc.
(2) Sclerenchymatous cells have pits which act as connections with adjacent cells.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 79

 Experiment
Dicot and monocot stem
14

Aim : To study and compare the structure of stems of dicot and monocot.

Requirements : Young sunflower stem, maize stem, watch glasses, slides, blades, cover slips, brush, section
lifter, safranin stain, blotting paper and a compound microscope.

Procedure : In order to study the T. S. of dicot and monocot stems, you have to prepare their slides. The
preparation of a slide is carried out in the following three main steps: sectioning, staining and mounting.

Diagram : Label the different parts in the given diagrams using the following terms.

[Epidermis, Endodermis, Hypodermis, Vascular bundles, Xylem, Phloem, Cuticle, Xylem parenchyma,
Cortex, Ground tissue]

Cuticle Epidermis

Epidermis Hypodermis

Hypodermis Vascular bundle

Cortex Ground tissue

Endodermis
Phloem

Phloem
Xylem

Xylem parenchyma

T. S. of Dicot (Sunflower) stem T. S. of Monocot (Maize) stem

Observation :

Observe the T.S. of Dicot stem and fill in the blanks :

(1) The outermost layer is called the epidermis which has brick shaped cells.

(2) There are few stomata in this layer which does the function of transpiration. The main function of
epidermis is to protect the internal tissues.

(3) Second layer is hypodermis which is followed by cortex. The inner layer of cortex is called an endodermis.

(4) The central core of tissue consisting of the vascular bundles is called stele.

(5) The vascular bundle is made up of xylem and phloem.

(6) Function of xylem is to transport water and mineral nutrients.

(7) Function of phloem is to transport food materials to various parts of the plant body.

80 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

Observe the T.S. of monocot stem and fill in the blanks :

(1) The outermost layer of the T. S. of monocot stem is epidermis .

(2) The cells of the epidermis lack intercellular spaces .

(3) Below the epidermis there is hypodermis. These are few layers of sclerenchyma which form a narrow
zone.

(4) The vascular bundles in the monocot stem are scattered in the ground tissue.

(5) Vascular bundles of monocot stem are made up of xylem and phloem.

Conclusion : What is the difference between T. S. of dicot stem and monocot stem ?

Ans. In dicot stem vascular bundles are arranged in rings while in monocot stem they are scattered.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Which stain is used for staining stem tissues?
A
(A) Safranin (B) Methylene blue (C) Eosin (D) Iodine

2. What are vascular bundles made up of?

(A) Sclerenchyma (B) Xylem and phloem
B
(C) Only xylem (D) Only phloem

3. Why do we put cover-slip on the mounting?

(A) To have a better view.
(B) To keep the section moist.
(C) To prevent contamination of a section.
D
(D) All the above.

4. How will you identify the section of monocot stem from the section of dicot stem?
(A) From the parenchyma and sclerenchyma pattern.
(B) Dicot vascular bundles are arranged in a ring form while monocot vascular bundles are
scattered.
(C) From the colour of the slide.
B
(D) One cannot identify.

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : Dicot stems have vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring, whereas monocot stems have
scattered vascular bundles.

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 81

 ADDITIONAL IMPORTANT EXPERIMENT

Experiment Temporary mounting of onion peels

Aim : To prepare stained temporary slide of an onion peel and observe it under microscope.
Requirements : Compound microscope, forceps, dropper, watch glass, slides, cover slips, needles, brush,
blotting paper and slice of onion.
Chemicals : Dilute iodine solution, water.
Procedure :
(1) Take an epidermal peeling from the inner concave side of scaly leaf of onion and place it at the centre
of a slide.
(2) Add a drop of iodine stain and then put a cover slip over the peeling.
(3) Remove the extra stain from the sides of the cover slip with a blotting paper. Observe the prepared slide
under a compound microscope.
Diagram :
Cell wall
Cell membrane

Nucleus

Vacuole

Cytoplasm

Epidermal peeling from onion scaly leaf showing cells

Observations : Note the observations in the following table.

No. Features Observations

1 Shape Rectangular cells

2 Cell wall Made up of cellulose. Does not contain chlorophyll.

3 Cell membrane It is covered by cell wall and it is a protective layer against viruses and fungi.

4 Arrangement Cells are compactly arranged and without any inter cellular spaces.

5 Nucleus Nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm.

6 Cytoplasm A thin layer of jelly-like cytoplasm can be seen along the inner surface.

7 Vacuole Cell vacuoles appear inside the cell and at the centre of the cell.

This is the epidermal peel and it is a thin membranous adhering to the inner surface
8 Location
of the leaf of onion.

Conclusions :
(1) The peripheral nucleus was darkly stained because of dilute iodine stain.
(2) The large central vacuole helps us to identify that this is a plant cell.

82 NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX

 Multiple Choice Questions

• Choose the correct alternative and write its letter (A), (B), (C), (D) in the box :Ans.
1. Where is the mounting of material on the slide done?
(A) On the right side (B) Near the margin
D
(C) On the left side (D) In the centre

2. You are able to identify onion cells because of which shape they have?
D
(A) Square (B) Circular (C) Spherical (D) Rectangular

3. Why is staining done prior to mounting?

(A) Cell organelles look beautiful
(B) Cell organelles are clearly visible
(C) Cell organelles are magnified
B
(D) Cell organelles are diminished

4. Which cell organelle is conspicuous in the slide of onion peel?

(A) Mitochondrion (B) Golgi complex
C
(C) Nucleus (D) Vacuole

Date :  Teacher’s Signature :

 

Remember : The epidermal peel of onion comprises of rectangular shaped cells. Each cell shows presence
of nucleus, a central vacuole, thin layer of cytoplasm and cell wall.

Shailesh K1019QR

NAVNEET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL BOOK : STD. IX 83