‫‪Derivatives and integration of‬‬

‫‪trigonometric functions‬‬

‫اعداد الطلبه‪:‬‬

‫شعبه ‪B‬‬
‫احمد عدي سلمان‬
‫احمد عماد ماجد‬
‫تبارك حسن جواد‬
‫بتول يحيى‬
‫جعفر سجاد‬
‫جعفر عبد الحكيم‬
‫حسن هاشم‬
3.5 Derivatives of
Trigonometric
Functions
Many phenomena of nature are approximately periodic (electromagnetic
fields, heart rhythms, tides, weather). The derivatives of sines and cosines
play a key role in describing periodic changes. This section shows how to
differentiate the six basic trigonometric functions.

Derivative of the Sine Function

To calculate the derivative of ƒ(x) = sin x, for x measured in radians,
we combine the limits in Example 5a and Theorem 7 in Section 2.4
with the angle sum identity for the sine function:
Derivative of the Cosine
Function
With the help of the angle sum formula for the cosine
function,
Section 7.2 :
Integrals Involving
Trig Functions
In this section we are going to look at quite a few integrals involving trig functions
and some of the techniques we can use to help us evaluate them. Let’s start off
with an integral that we should already be able to do.

This integral is easy to do with a substitution because the presence of the cosine, however,
what about the following integral.

This integral no longer has the cosine in it that would allow us to use the substitution that
we used above. Therefore, that substitution won’t work and we are going to have to find
another way of doing this integral.
Let’s first notice that we could write the integral as follows,

Now recall the trig identity,

Notice that we were able to do the
rewrite that we did in the previous
example because the exponent on the
sine was odd. In these cases all that we
need to do is strip out one of the sines.
The exponent on the remaining sines will
then be even and we can easily convert
the remaining sines to cosines using the
identity,

If the exponent on the sines had been

even this would have been difficult to do.
We could strip out a sine, but the
remaining sines would then have an odd
exponent and while we could convert them
to cosines the resulting integral would
often be even more difficult than the
original integral in most cases.
Both of the previous examples fit very nicely into the patterns
discussed above and so were not all that difficult to work.
However, there are a couple of exceptions to the patterns
above and in these cases there is no single method that will
work for every problem. Each integral will be different and
may require different solution methods in order to evaluate
the integral.
Let’s first take a look at a couple of integrals that have odd
exponents on the tangents, but no secants. In these cases
we can’t use the substitution u=secxu=sec⁡xsince it requires
there to be at least one secant in the integral.
 2. Sound Waves
Applications of Trigonometry is also essential in musical theory
and production. Sound waves move in a
Trigonometry in Real repeating wave pattern that can be visually
represented by sine and cosine functions. A sine
Life (Uses & curve may represent a single note, and many sine
curves can be used in combination to model a
Examples) chord. A graphical representation of music
Now, we will explore the historical enables computers to generate and comprehend
uses of trigonometry and the sounds. It also allows sound engineers to view
different real-life applications of sound waves, altering volume, pitch, and other
trigonometry. factors to get the desired sound effects.
A mechanical structure, such as a
3. Navigation
bridge or a building, is a simple
example of trigonometry. An The control and monitorization of
architect’s blueprint includes many moving vehicles are explored in
trigonometric elements where their various forms of navigation.
findings are compared for
implementation into the plan.
These forms include:
Maritime navigation
1. Astronomy Aviation navigation
Humans have been drawn to the Space navigation
mysteries of the solar system since
Terrestrial navigation
the beginning of civilization.
The study of moving objects is known
Throughout history, astronomers
as navigation, and the angle or
have used trigonometry to calculate
distance measured at that time is
the distances of stars and planets
done with trigonometry. Compass,
from Earth. Today, NASA scientists
use it to construct and launch space pinpoint poles, trigonometric ratios,
shuttles and rockets. Humans would and various formulas are utilized to
never have made it to the moon determine the exact location of a
without trigonometry. moving body.
Civil engineering
Trigonometry is also important for civil engineering, which is the
branch of engineering that deals with the planning, construction, and
maintenance of public works, such as roads, railways, bridges, tunnels,
airports, and water supply systems. Civil engineers use trigonometry to
calculate the slopes, grades, curves, and angles of roads and railways,
to ensure that they are safe, smooth, and efficient for transportation.
For example, by using trigonometric ratios and functions, they can
determine the angle of elevation or depression of a road or railway, or
the radius and length of a curve or bend. Trigonometry also helps civil
engineers design and manage the drainage, irrigation, and flood control
systems that involve water flow and pressure.
Have you ever wondered how civil engineers design skyscrapers, sturdy
bridges, and intricate road networks using precision and accuracy? The
answer lies in the fascinating world of trigonometry. It’s a secret tool that
engineers use to solve complex problems and create structures that last a
lifetime.
In this article, we’ll go over the many applications of trigonometry in civil
engineering. Trigonometry is widely used in engineering to determine the
properties of vast areas of land, analyze structural forces, design efficient
road networks, and conduct fluid behavior experiments. We’ll look at
practical applications and real-world examples demonstrating how angles
and measurements can open up civil engineering possibilities.
Taking a journey that reveals the hidden ties between mathematics and
engineering is one way to learn more about this fascinating relationship.
Whether you’re a student interested in a career in civil engineering or
curious about the environment, this article will captivate your attention. By
diving into the fascinating details, we will discover how trigonometry
shapes the world of civil engineering, one angle at a time.
UNDERSTANDING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 UNDERSTANDING
TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Trigonometry, a fundamental branch of mathematics, forms the backbone of

numerous applications in various fields, including civil engineering. To truly
comprehend the impact of trigonometry in this domain, it is crucial to delve into its
core concepts and understand its primary functions: sine, cosine, and tangent.
These functions unlock the secrets of angles and sides in right triangles, providing
engineers with powerful tools for precise calculations and problem-solving.
At its essence, trigonometry explores the relationships between angles and sides
in geometric shapes, particularly triangles. By defining trigonometry and
familiarizing ourselves with its core concepts, we gain a deeper understanding of
its practical applications in civil engineering. Trigonometry enables engineers to
tackle complex problems, such as determining distances, angles, and heights, that
are essential in surveying, structural analysis, and design.
The three primary trigonometric functions—sine, cosine, and tangent
—are pivotal in solving trigonometric equations and establishing
relationships between angles and sides. Let’s take a closer look at
each function:
1. Sine (sin): Sine is a fundamental trigonometric function that
relates the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the
length of the hypotenuse in a right triangle. In civil engineering,
sine plays a crucial role in calculating elevations, slopes, and
inclinations. For instance, when surveying land or designing a
road, engineers utilize sine to determine the gradient of the
terrain and ensure the proper drainage of water.
2. Cosine (cos): Cosine is another key trigonometric function that
represents the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the
length of the hypotenuse in a right triangle. Cosine finds extensive
application in civil engineering, particularly in structural analysis.
Engineers utilize cosine to calculate forces, stresses, and loads
acting on various structural components, ensuring the safety and
stability of buildings and bridges. [email protected]
3. Tangent (tan): Tangent is a trigonometric function that determines
the ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length
of the side adjacent to the angle in a right triangle. In civil
engineering, tangent is invaluable for calculating angles of
inclination, slopes, and gradients. It finds application in road
design, where engineers employ tangent to determine the
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superelevation and curvature of road alignments, facilitating
smooth and safe transportation.
To truly grasp the power of trigonometry, visual aids such as
examples and diagrams are indispensable. Through carefully
constructed visuals, the relationships between angles and sides in
right triangles become vividly apparent. Engineers can visually
Arowwai
comprehend the influence of different angles on the lengths of sides
Industries
and vice versa, enabling them to make informed decisions when
solving complex engineering problems.