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Introduction:

The textile industry contributes significantly to the economies of most


developing nations. However, the industry has also remained one of the most
polluting and energy-intensive industries. The amount of water consumed in the
pre-treatment of textiles is estimated to be 18–42% of the total water consumed
during wet processing. Pretreatment processes are often carried out at extreme
pH values and temperatures to remove impurities from textiles substrates, an
increase in population has resulted in an augmented demand for basic needs.
There has been extensive modernization of technologies in today’s world to meet
requirements. However, new technologies have their share of problems. In this
modern age, the application of science and technology aims to maximize profits,
while largely neglecting environmental concerns. An evaluation of sustainability
involves the performance of environmental, social, and economic factors, major
corporate issues exist as a barrier to sustainable production in the consumer-
driven textile industry. In this context, a strategy to drive the protection of
resources and the economical use of raw mate rials and energy is essential, In
textile sector wet processing of textiles requires massive amounts of water and
energy and generates a large volume of wastewater from several treatments like
desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing, and finishing.

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Overview of the textile industry:

The textile industry has played an important role in the development of human
civilization over several millennia. Coal, iron and steel, and cotton were the
principal materials upon which the industrial revolution was based.
Technological developments from the second part of the eighteenth century
onwards led to an exponential growth of cotton output, first starting in the U.K.,
and later spreading to other European countries. The production of synthetic
fibers that started at the beginning of the twentieth century also grew exponential

The textile industry is traditionally regarded as a labor-intensive industry


developed based on an abundant labor supply. The number of persons employed
in the textile and clothing industry was around 2.45 million in the European
Union (EU) in 2006 [68], around 500,000 in the U.S. in 2008 [133], and about 8
million in China in 2005

flow diagram depicting the various textile processes that are involved in
converting raw materials in to a finished product. All of these processes do not
occur at a single facility, although there are some vertically integrated plants that
have several steps of the process all in one plant. There are also several niche
areas and specialized products that have developed in the textile. Textile industry
of Pakistan is comprised of Ginning, Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Printing,
Processing, Dyeing, Hosiery, Made ups and Garments.

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There are also some fully integrated composite units which are the combination
of all the process and production under one roof. In Pakistan these sectors are
mainly situated in Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Kotri and Nooriabad.
For conducting research the above sectors were lumped together into four major
sectors for compiling the qualitative data sectors shown in the textile value chain
diagram. The selected sectors were; spinning, weaving (including knitting),
dying and printing (including Processing and Bleaching) and Garments.

Why this Sector Should be Prioritized:

Textiles is a strategic sector in Pakistan’s economy, a sector that contributes 57


percent of exports and employs more than 15 million people, about one-third of
the country’s total workforce.

 What are the characteristics of Pakistan’s textile industry and its strengths?
 What opportunities for further growth are there for the coming years?

Characteristics of Pakistan’s Textile Industry

Vertically integrated: Pakistan has a complete textile value chain, from cotton
ginning to garment manufacturing. This gives Pakistani textile companies a
competitive advantage, as they can control the entire production process and
ensure quality and consistency.

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Labor-intensive: Pakistan’s textile industry is one of the largest employers in
the country, providing direct and indirect employment to over 15 million people.
The industry’s labor force is relatively young and skilled, and wages are
competitive compared to other major textile-producing countries.

Export-oriented: Pakistan’s textile industry is highly export-oriented, with over


60% of production being exported. The industry’s major export markets include
the United States, the Europe and African countries

Strengths of Pakistan’s Textile Industry

Natural resources: Pakistan is the world’s fourth largest producer of cotton,


which is the primary raw material for textile production and also has a growing
synthetic fiber industry.

Infrastructure: Pakistan has a well-developed textile infrastructure, including a


network of spinning, weaving, and finishing mills, as well as garment factories.

Opportunities for Further Growth

Diversification: Pakistan’s textile industry is currently dominated by cotton-


based products. However, there is potential to diversify into other areas, such as
synthetic fibers, technical textiles.

Value addition: Pakistan can also increase the value of its textile exports by
moving up the value chain into higher-end products, such as technical wear,
branded jackets and gloves.

Human capital development: Pakistan can invest in human capital development


to create a more skilled and productive workforce. This includes funding training
programs for textile workers and engineers.

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Methods and Strategies

 Always in demand
 Going Green
 Global Trade
 Government Support
 Flexible Industry
 Job Provider

Methods and Strategies are as follows

Always in demand: Strategically plan sustainable production to meet ongoing


demand while conserving resources.

Going Green: Emphasize the adoption of eco-friendly raw materials organic


cotton, recycled fibers and production processes that reduce waste and emissions.

Global Trade: Develop strategies to enhance the export of sustainable textiles,


positioning them as eco-friendly alternatives in the global market.

Government Support: Advocate for policies that incentivize ecological


practices, such as tax benefits for green initiatives or subsidies for sustainable
technologies.

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Flexible Industry: Leverage the adaptability of the textile sector to incorporate
ecological trends, like circular fashion (recycling/upcycling) and biodegradable
textiles.

Job Provider: Support ecological jobs by focusing on sustainable farming


(organic cotton), green manufacturing, and renewable energy use in production
facilities.

Challenges:

1. Export of Fabric
2. Paucity of Skilled Techniques
3. Erratic Power Supply
4. Scarcity of Cotton
5. Obsolete Machinery
6. GST (Goods and Services Tax)
7. Availability of Power Looms
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Export of Fabric: Shipping fabric pollutes the air. Making more locally can
reduce pollution

Paucity of Skilled Techniques: Without proper skills, more waste happens.


Training people in eco-friendly methods helps reduce waste.

Erratic Power Supply: Unstable power makes factories use dirty energy.
Renewable energy can be a cleaner choice.

Scarcity of Cotton: Cotton is becoming rare because of climate change.


Growing eco-friendly cotton can solve this.

Old Machinery: Old machines waste more energy and create more pollution.
New, efficient machines can help.

GST (Goods and Services Tax): High taxes on green products make them
expensive. Lowering taxes on eco-friendly items can help them grow.

Power Looms: Power looms use a lot of energy. Using renewable energy or
more efficient machines can cut down energy use.

What is Regenerative and Degenerative:

Regenerative: Refers to processes, systems, or practices that restore, renew, or


improve over time, contributing to growth or repair.

Degenerative: Refers to processes that lead to decline, deterioration, or loss of


function over time.

In textile we observed these points where they make Issues industries how to
overcome these that we notice are

1. Water Usage

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2. Pollution
3. Waste Creation
4. Materials
5. Worker Conditions
6. Energy Use
7. Impact on nature
8. Carbon Emissions

1) Water Usage

 Degenerative: Uses too much water for crops like cotton, especially in dry
areas.

 Regenerative: Uses crops that need less water (like hemp) or adopts water-
saving methods.

2) Pollution

 Degenerative: Dumps toxic dyes and chemicals into rivers.

 Regenerative: Uses natural, plant-based dyes that are safe for the
environment.

3) Waste Creation

 Degenerative: Produces too many clothes that end up in landfills.

 Regenerative: Focuses on recycling, repairing, or upcycling old clothes to


reduce waste.

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4) Materials

 Degenerative: Uses synthetic fabrics like polyester that release


microplastics.

 Regenerative: Uses biodegradable or recycled materials like organic cotton


or bamboo.

5) Worker Conditions

 Degenerative: Underpays workers and puts them in unsafe conditions.

 Regenerative: Provides fair wages and ensures safe, ethical workplaces.

6) Energy Use

 Degenerative: Factories use fossil fuels, creating pollution.

 Regenerative: Uses clean energy like solar or wind in production.

7) Impact on Nature

 Degenerative: Depletes soil health with chemicals and pesticides.

 Regenerative: Improves soil health with organic farming and composting.

8) Carbon Emissions

 Degenerative: Produces greenhouse gases that harm the environment.

 Regenerative: Uses plants like hemp that absorb CO₂ from the air.

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Significances:

 Economic Growth: It creates jobs and brings in money through exports.

 Job Opportunities: It provides work for millions, especially for women


and rural communities.

 High Demand: Textiles are needed everywhere, from clothes to home


products.

 Innovation Potential: New ideas like smart fabrics and eco-friendly


production can drive growth.

 Environmental Impact: Improving this sector helps reduce pollution and


promote sustainability.

Flow chart:

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Risk Register:

Hierarchy of Control:

 Dyeing:

• Elimination: Stop using harmful dyes and use safer methods.

• Substitution: Use dyes that are less harmful.

• Engineering Controls: Use Ventilation to remove harmful fumes.

• Administrative cont.: Train workers to handle dyes safely.

• PPE: Use gloves, goggles, and aprons for chemical protection.


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 Yarn Manufacturing

• Elimination: Remove processes that make a lot of dust or lint.

• Substitution: Use safer fibers instead of ones that release dust.

• Engineering Controls: Cover machines to stop dust from spreading.

• Administrative cont.: Clean work areas regularly to remove dust.

• PPE: Use makes and protective suits to avoid Dust

 Printing

• Elimination: Use digital printing instead of dangerous chemical-based


printing.

• Substitution: Switch from chemical inks to safer water-based inks.

• Engineering Controls: Use closed machines to reduce exposure to fumes.

• Administrative cont: Check machines often to keep them safe.

• PPE: Use masks and gloves when handling inks.

 Chemical Storage:

• Elimination: Avoid storing dangerous chemicals if not needed.

• Substitution: Store less harmful chemicals instead of toxic ones.


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• Engineering Control: Add barriers or trays to stop chemical spills.

• Administrative cont.: Use labels and safety signs to guide workers

• PPE: Wear chemical-resistant gloves and goggles

 Packing

• Elimination: Automate packing to remove manual handling risks.

• Substitution: Replace sharp tools with safer, user-friendly cutters.

• Engineering Controls: Use adjustable workstations to reduce strain on


workers.

• Administrative Cont.: Rotate workers to different tasks to avoid tiredness.

• PPE: Use gloves, safety shoes, and wrist supports to prevent injuries.

In-Textile Sector Management And Disposal of Hazardous Waste (HW)

1. Identification and Classification (Hazardous and Hazardous Characteristics)

Chemical residues

Solvent

Dust and fibers

Packaging waste

Water Dyes

2. Segregation and Storage

3. Handling Procedures

4. Treatment and Disposal Options


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5. Regulatory Compliance

6. Emergency Response Plan

7. Continuous Improvement

Regenerative and Degenerative:

In Pakistan, Textile Sectors is Degenerative because

industries are not focusing on environmentally as well

as socially

1. Lack of Wastewater Treatment

2. Excessive Energy Consumption

3. Poor Working Conditions

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4. High Water Usage

5. Neglect of Sustainable Practices

Possible [Externally Degenerative and

Internally Degenerative] Fully Degenerative

Possible [Internally Regenerative Externally Degenerative] Self Centered

Quadrant: 3rd Fully Degenerative, 4th Self Centered

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