Nursing Informatics – Lecture & Laboratory

Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: THEORIES, MODELS & FRAMEWORK Materials:

Electronic gadget, pen, & notebook
Learning Targets:
At the end of the module, students will be able to: References:
1. Describe different models and theories of healthcare
informatics; Calano, Roel B. & Del Rio, Fernando. (2017).
2. Define the three building blocks of nursing communication; Health informatics: An illustrative approach
3. Explain nursing informatics as a distinct specialty; and, (1st ed.)
4. Identify different terminologies used in nursing informatics.
Saba, Virginia & McCormick, Kathleen.
(2006). Essential of nursing informatics (4th
ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Let us have a quick review of what you have learned from the previous session. Kindly answer the posted task/question
on the space provided. You may use the back page of this sheet, if necessary.

What is the importance of informatics in nursing?

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B. MAIN LESSON

Nursing informatics is a field of nursing that incorporates nursing, computer, and information sciences to maintain and
develop medical data and systems to support the practice of nursing, and to improve patient care outcomes. Technologies
that have evolved due to health care/nursing informatics include:
● Computerized provider order entry (CPOE)
● Electronic medical records (EMRs)
o Test results
o Progress notes
o Nursing notes
o Medication records

There are three "building blocks" of nursing communications - data, information, and knowledge.
A. Data: Raw facts which lacks meaning and described objectively without interpretation, may include direct observations
that do not need interpretation, such as:
● Patient's name
● Age
● Vital signs
● Disease history
B. Information: Data that is interpreted, organized, or structured. Data made functional through the application of
knowledge. Examples include:
● Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections, by care unit
● Percentage of patient care delays in outpatient clinics, by specialty
C. Knowledge: Processed information that helps to clarify or explain some aspects of our environment or world that we
can use as a basis for action or upon which we can act Nursing knowledge: Is defined as information that has been

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 Nursing Informatics – Lecture & Laboratory
Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

synthesized so that interrelationships are identified and formalized resulting in decisions that guide nursing practice
such as:
● The effect of nurse-patient ratios and patient outcomes
● Developing care protocols (i.e. anaphylactic reaction protocols, pressure ulcer protocols, etc.)

While nurses incorporate all three communication "building blocks" in their daily routines, the three concepts are also
stored in computer programs and software to assist health care providers across the continuum to provide high-quality,
safe patient care.

THEORIES AND MODELS

CHANGE THEORY
● No matter which agency experiences computerization of information and whether it is an entirely new experience,
or an update to an ongoing system, change is involved.
● It may be a simple change such as a minor upgrade to a system, or a major change such as moving from a paper
– based record to a completely paperless electronic system.
Different Theories:
● Lewin’s Change Theory
● Information Theory
● General Systems Theory
● Cognitive Science
● Learning Theories

GRAVES AND CORCORAN MODEL (1989)

● Nursing informatics as the linear progression - from data into information and knowledge
● Management processing is integrated within each element, depicting nursing informatics as the proper
management of knowledge – from data as it is converted into information and knowledge

SCHWIRIAN’S MODEL (1986)

● Nursing informatics involves identification of information needs,
resolution of the needs, and attainment of nursing
goals/objectives

● Patricia Schwerin – proposed a model intended to stimulate and

guide systematic research in nursing informatics in 1986
Model/framework that enables identification of significant
information needs, that can foster research (somewhat similar
to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs)

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 Nursing Informatics – Lecture & Laboratory
Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

TURLEY’S MODEL (1996)

● Nursing informatics is the intersection between the discipline-
specific science (nursing) and the area of informatics Core
components of informatics:
1. Cognitive science
2. Information science
3. Computer science

DATA-INFORMATION- KNOWLEDGE MODEL

● NI is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science
and information science to manage and communicate data,
information, knowledge and wisdom into nursing practice (ANA)
● Nursing informatics is an evolving, dynamic process involving the
conversion of data into information, and subsequently knowledge
● Important Note: Processing of information does not always result in
the development of knowledge.

BENNER’S LEVEL OF EXPERTISE MODEL

● Every nurse must be able to continuously exhibit the capability to acquire skills (in this case, computer literacy
skills parallel with nursing
knowledge), and then
demonstrate specific skills
beginning with the very first
student experience

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Nursing Informatics – Lecture & Laboratory
Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

Check for Understanding

After studying the main lesson, you may now answer the following multiple choice questions and provide the rationale for
each item.

1. Which of the following is not a component of healthcare informatics?

a. Computer science
b. Healthcare science
c. Cognitive science
d. Radiologic science
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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2. Which of the following is associated with nursing informatics theory?

a. Organizational interactions
b. Impact of technology on productivity
c. Data with some structure
d. Employer rewards and authority
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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3. Supports the use and documentation of nursing activities, provides tools for managing and delivery of nursing care.
a. Healthcare information system
b. Nursing information system
c. Computer program system
d. Nursing information systems
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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4. Based on traditional documents with nursing diagnosis as an organizing framework, may use standardized nursing
languages from assessment to evaluation.
a. Nursing process
b. Healthcare information system
c. Nursing information system
d. Computer program system
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Nursing Informatics – Lecture & Laboratory
Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

5. The ability of a nurse to use knowledge & make a judgment call which can impact actions resulting from this decision.
a. Nursing process
b. Critical thinking
c. Healthcare information system
d. Nursing information system
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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6. The framework for nursing informatics relies on the central concepts of the following EXCEPT
a. Data
b. Information
c. Knowledge
d. Science
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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7. This model emphasizes three entities: data, information and knowledge which are regarded as the core concepts of
informatics.
a. Graves and Corcoran Model
b. Schwirian’s Model
c. Turley’s Model
d. Data-Information- Knowledge Model
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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8. This model states that nursing informatics is an evolving, dynamic process involving the conversion of data into
information, and subsequently knowledge
a. Graves and Corcoran Model
b. Schwirian’s Model
c. Turley’s Model
d. Data-Information- Knowledge Model
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Nursing Informatics – Lecture & Laboratory
Module #2 Student Activity Sheet

Name: _________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ___________________________________ Date: _______________

9. A model intended to stimulate and guide systematic research in nursing informatics. It enables identification of
significant information needs that can foster research somewhat similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
a. Graves and Corcoran’s model
b. Schwirian’s Model
c. Turley’s Model
d. Data-Information- Knowledge Model
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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10. Stage of skill acquisition that is accomplished when the expert performer no longer relies on analytical principles like
rules, guidelines and maxims to connect his/her understanding of the situation to an appropriate action.
a. Expert
b. Beginner
c. Competent
d. Proficient
Answer: ________
Rationale:
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C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Thinking about Learning

SIMILE ME

A simile is a useful way to describe something without using a long list of adjectives. It can create a vivid image in the
reader’s mind, helping to engage and absorb them. Complete the statement:

"Health informatics is like ______________________________ because _____________________."

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