REPORT

IOT COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

IoT Communication Protocols
Communication Protocols in IoT Network.
• IoT Networking
– Sensors
– Edge Networking
– Communication Protocols overview
• Communication Protocols -Edge
– ZigBee
– Z-Wave
– BLE
– Wi-Fi
– IPv6
– 6LoWPAN
• Communication Protocols - Cloud
– LPWA – SigFox and LoRa
– 3G, 4G, 5G
• Messaging Protocols
– CoAP
– MQTT
4 Layer Simplified IoT Architecture
1. Data Access
2. Connectivity
3. Middleware
4. Application

Difference between traditional Internet and IoT

• Internet the traffic is mostly between human beings and bursty in nature.
• In IoT the data generated is continuous but small packet, the traffic is sporadic, so
data
rate requirement also very less.
• Traditional Internet uses resourceful end devices, be it desktop, laptop or smart
phone.
• IoT devices are generally resource hungry and low on power, often run by batteries
• IP protocol needs lots of resources which all nodes cannot afford.
• IP protocols are resilient, excellent error recovery, may be over kill for erroneous WSN

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• IP is sender oriented, sender must ensure that the message has been properly
delivered,which calls for extensive storage of sent data and management of
acknowledgements and
resending lost packets.
• Many of the Iot device, (dumb device) this overhead is an over kill. It increases the cost
to maintain such protocol stack, nodes will become costly to own and maintain
• IoT architecture to be engineered for absolute minimum overhead
IoT Communication Models
1. Device to Device communication
2. Device to Gateway Communication
3. Device / Gateway to Cloud communication
✓ Device to Device communication
• The device-to-device communication model represents two or more devices that
directly connect and communicate between one another, rather than through an
intermediary application server.
• These devices communicate over many types of networks, including IP networks or
the Internet. Often, however these devices use protocols like Bluetooth, Z-Wave, or
ZigBee to establish direct device-to-device communications.
• This communication model is commonly used in applications like home automation
systems, which typically use small data packets of information to communicate
between devices with relatively low data rate requirements.
✓ Device-to-Device Communication Model
• In the device-to-gateway model, or more typically, the device-to-application-layer
gateway (ALG) model.
• In many cases, the local gateway device is a smartphone running an app to
communicate with a device and relay data to a cloud service.
✓ Device / Gateway-to- Cloud Communication
• In a device-to-cloud communication model, the IoT device/Gateway
connects directly to an Internet cloud service like an application service
provider to exchange data and control message traffic.
• Sensors of the Iot
• LPWA Requirements
Choosing the right Connectivity Technologies
• The main technical requirements in IoT connectivity are coverage, energy
consumption and efficiency.
• Another consideration is IoT Business model, cost, scalability and quality assurance.
• No Single technology will fulfill all these requirements.
Short Range IoT Wireless Communication Technologies
✓ Communication Technologies- Node to Gateway.

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 ✓ Protocol Standards.
IEEE 802.15.4
• An WPAN standard optimized for low (0.01 to 115kbp/s) data throughput applications
with simple or no QoS requirements.
• Low Power, Low cost than other WPANs (ex:Bluetooth).
• Depend on ZigBee alliance marketing and compliance .
• Defines PHY and Mac Layers only , upper layers defined by Zigbee.
• Significant break from “Bigger and faster 802.
standards, focus on low power, low data rate and mesh connectivity
• IEEE 802.15.4 is standard for low-power low data rate wireless communication
between small devices
• Forms basis for Low Rate, WPAN.
• Low transmit power
• Nodes should be able to run from batteries, ex: automotive app (3 to 5 years)
• Small MTU (127 bytes with headers)
• Low Power consumption
• Low cost
• Limited range
• Nodes have limited transmission range, the transmission of message beyond this
range requires that the node calls upon the neighboring nodes to relay the message
• Multi-hop
• Self-healing
• Automatic topology adaptation and fully automatic routing.
IEEE 802.15.4 condition
• It is not the same as Zig-Bee
• 802.15.4 specifies only MAC and PHY layers
• ZigBee specifies upper layers too and sits on the top of 802.15.4
• Higher level Protocols can make use of 802.15.4
• ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth Smart, Thread, WirelessHART, ISA100.11a etc...
IEEE 802.15.4 Operating Frequencies
868/915mhz.
IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types
• 802.15.4 Device Types.
Full function device (FFD)
• Talks to several devices.
• Normally main powered (always on).
• Can route messages.
Reduced Function Device (RFD)
• Carries limited functionality to control cost and Complexity.
• Talks to parent.
• Requires less memory.
• Can be a sleeping device.
• General usage will be in network edge devices.

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• Network Devices:
Coordinator (FFD)
• Establishes the network and PAN ID.
• Maintains overall network knowledge.
• Only one per network.
• Routes messages.
ROUTER
• Routes messages along the network.
• Always on device.
End Device (RFD)
• Edge of network.
• Does not route.
• Battery powered.

Zigbee
The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to enable reliable, cost-effective,
low-power, wirelessly networked monitoring and control products based on an open global standard”.

Z-Wave
• Z-Wave® is a routed, radio-only network owned by Sigma Designs, Inc.of Milpitas, CA.
• Sigma Designs purchased Z-Wave from ZenSys of Denmark, the originator of Z-Wave, on December
18,2008.
• It supports mesh connectivity with a range of 30mtrs between nodes.
• Z-Wave is intended for wireless home control applications, and has design goals.
• Low-cost.
• Low power.
• Reliable.
• Easy network installation.
• Easy association process.
• No ongoing network management.
• Product interoperability.

BLUETOOTH SMART
Bluetooth low energy is new open, short range radio technology.
• Blank Sheet of paper design.
• Different to Bluetooth Classic (BR/EDR).
• Optimized for ultra low power.
• Enables coin cell battery use cases.
• <20mA peak current.
• 5micro A average current.
Design Goals
• Must reuse as much Bluetooth RF as possible.
• Same antenna and RF components.
• Can time division multiplex with Bluetooth.
• Must reuse Bluetooth HCI.
• Same physical host interfaces: UART, USB and SDIO.
Long Range IoT Communication Technologies
Long Range Protocols
Let us discuss below Long Range Communication Protocols that can be

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adapted for IoT Ecosystem:
1. Thread.
2. Wi-Fi.
Thread (Network Protocol)
• Thread is originally from Nest Labs and is an IPv6 based protocol for Home Automation.
Thread in IoT Ecosystem
• Direct addressability to all devices – device to device or device to cloud.
• Simplified forming and joining of network.
• Limit special devices or customer knowledge of concepts like coordinator vs. router vs. end device..
• Scalable to 250-300 devices in a home.
• Latency less than 100 milliseconds for typical interactions.

Wi fi;-
Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet
access.

LPWAN Protocols used in iot

LPWAN Technologies
Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) or low-power wide-area (LPWA) network or low-power network
(LPN) is a type of wireless telecommunication wide area network designed to allow long-range
communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a
battery.
Characteristics of LPWAN
Low Data throughput.
Low Power.
Long Range.
Several LPWA Technologies
LPWAN Networks – Sigfox, LoRa, LTE-M.
Sigfox
A French Company, wants to become a global Internet of Things operator..
• 10 bps to 1kbps.
• 433 Mhhz, 868MHz, 2.4GHz.
• 40 KM range.
LoRa –
Log Range - provide a technology that lets other companies enable a global
Internet of Things.
• Long Range – 15KM- 20KM , millions of node, 10 years battery life.
• Data rate : 0.3kbps to 22kbps , 100kbps max, Chirp Spread Spectrum,
Mesh, Star , 6LoWPAN.
LTE-M
Evolve an existing technology to make more money for network operators.

Messaging Protocols CoAP and MQTT

IoT-Messaging Protocols
IoT and connected devices use different communication and messaging protocols at
different layers. While developing an IoT device, the selection of the protocol largely
depends on the type, layer and function to be performed by the device. MQTT, XMPP,
AMQP, and CoAP are a few of the widely used communication protocols for the IoT
application layer. Let us understand MQTT and CoAP in this section.

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CoAP – Constraint Application Protocol
• is a specialized web transfer protocol used for constrained nodes and constrained
networks in IoT..
MQTT – Message Queue Telemetry Transport
• Open.
• Lightweight.
• Reliable.
• Simple.
• A Light weight protocol for messaging.
• open spec, standard 40+ client implementations.
• minimal overhead efficient format tiny clients .

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