Antibiotics- A substance that kills bacteria or prevents its growth.

They do not work against

viruses. But sometimes when you have a viral infection, bacteria invades the body and cause
secondary infections that can be treated with antibiotics.
Penicillin- The first successful antibiotic
Histamine- A chemical that is made by cells in response to injury. It is released from white
blood cells due to inflammation and causes more blood to flow to the affected area. In this
blood there are types of white blood cells that come along with it that help to fight the
infection. Neutrophils consume and destroy bacteria. Macrophages also do this, but they are
found in tissues. Consuming lots of bacteria causes neutrophils and macrophages to die and
leave behind a yellow pus.
White blood cells- there are many types of white blood cells. They may be macrophages,
neutrophils, or lymphocytes.
Lymphocytes- help destroy the pathogen and continue to help the body in the future. They
make a protein called an antibody which causes pathogens to clump together. This allows
macrophages to destroy more pathogens at a time. After the infection is cleared, memory
lymphocytes stay behind. The next time you get infected with that specific pathogen, your
immune system ‘remembers’ it and the memory lymphocytes can make the antibiotic more
quickly than before. This makes you immune to that particular pathogen.
Anti-body- a chemical made by the immune system that makes it easier for white blood cells
to destroy pathogens.
Vaccine- a chemical that causes you body to react as if it had encountered a pathogen
Virus- a pathogen 100x smaller than a bacterium. They do not need nutrients, produce
wastes, or exchange gases with the environment. The only characteristic of life it shows is
when it invades a host cell and uses it to make thousands more identical viruses. Do not show
any signs of life outside a living cell. They cause many common diseases, like colds, flus,
measles, and chickenpox.
Parasite- an organism that lives on or in the body of their host organism and takes nutrients
from it. The host gets nothing in return and may be harmed by the parasite. Some parasites
can cause serious diseases in humans.
Pathogen- An organism that can cause disease. Can be a virus, bacteria, or fungus
Contagious- an infectious disease that is readily spread by close contact (communicable). All
fungal infections are contagious
Host- the organism a parasite lives in. It is damaged/destroyed when it releases new viruses
that spread throughout the body infecting other cells.
Malnutrition- When the nutrition provided by the diet does not meet the needs of the body. It
does not just mean you don't have enough of the nutrients that the body requires. The two
forms of malnutrition are under-nutrition- not having enough of the nutrients that your body
requires (caused by not getting enough food, it impacts the ability to normally grow), and
over-nutrition- when the body gets so much nutrition that it does not work properly (Caused
by eating too much/too many of the wrong things, not exercising enough, or taking too many
vitamins. Can lead to chronic diseases like diabetes or high blood pressure)
Body Mass Index (BMI)- used to roughly estimate if a person is overweight, average, or
underweight. It compares a persons height to their weight. Is calculated by dividing a persons
weight in Kg by their height in M squared
High Blood pressure- When the blood pressure in arteries remains high between heartbeats
and during rest
Obese- excessively overweight, BMI over 30. When a person has more body fat than is
considered healthy.
Stroke- when part of the brain is damaged or dies because the blood supply is blocked or
severely reduced
Heart attack- when part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies because blood supply is
blocked or severely reduced.
Diabetes- A complex disease caused by a lack of or insensitivity to insulin.
Type 1 diabetes- The body stops making insulin because the immune system destroys all
insulin producing cells in the pancreas. No matter how well a person eats, their body will
always be undernourished because they cannot release the energy from any of their food.
They have to regularly test the glucose levels in their blood and inject themselves with insulin
to replace the insulin that their body does not make. This makes them able to get the nutrition
they need from the food they eat. Type 1 diabetes is caused by inherited characteristics. It is
not linked to lifestyle choices but you must eat and exercise well to manage the disease.
*type 1 diabetes causes you to loose weight, type 2 diabetes causes you to gain weight
*in both cases they must inject themselves with insulin
*Both have a genetic link but type 2 diabetes is also connected to lifestyle
Type 2 diabetes- The body has become resistant to insulin. The levels of insulin in blood may
be normal or higher than normal but the body cannot use it. If you have type 2 diabetes, your
glucose levels will be permanently high. When glucose levels get to that level the body
converts glucose to fat and you will gain weight very easily. When first diagnosed, people can
often control it with diets and exercise. Later, they may have to inject themselves with insulin.
It has a genetic link but a diet high in fat, sugar and refined foods increases the risk of getting
it.
Asbestosis- A lung disease caused by breathing in asbestos particles. Asbestos fibers are 50-
200 times thinner than a human's hair so they cannot be seen while floating in the air.
Insulin- the hormone that lowers the level of glucose in blood.
People are put into quarantine to isolate the healthy people from the infected to prevent the
spread of the disease.
Pathogens can enter the body through food and water, breathing in, cuts and wounds, sexual
contact, physical contact.
First line of defense: Skin prevents pathogens from entering the body, it acts as a physical
barrier. Fluids like tears and saliva had slight antiseptic properties which help wash away
pathogens. Air entering through the nose is filtered by hairs and other unwanted particles
found in the air are trapped in the lining of the trachea. Pathogens trying to enter the body
through the digestive system are usually killed by stomach acid. If not, vomiting and diarrhea
get rid of pathogens that have gotten past the stomach.
Second line of defense: this is what happens after the pathogen has entered boldly tissues
and caused inflammation, which is the bodies response to infection. Immune cells release
histamine, which is a chemical that causes more blood to flow to the infected area. Inside this
blood there are white blood cells which will be neutrophils and macrophages. They both
consume and destroy bacteria but macrophages are found in tissues. Consuming lots of
bacteria causes them to die which leaves behind a yellow pus.
Third line of defense (Lymphatic system):
The lymphatic system is a series of vessels and capillaries that carry fluid from around your
cells back to your heart. Areas where the lymphatic system is, there are lymph nodes. Lymph
nodes contain lots of different types of white blood cells including lymphocytes. Lymphocytes
help destroy pathogens and protect the body in the future. They make a protein called an
antibody which causes pathogens to clump together. This makes it easier for macrophages to
destroy more of the pathogens at one time. Anti bodies are made specific to each pathogen
so they take time to produce, and in this time you may get sick. After infections are cleared,
memory lymphocytes stay behind. This is so the next time your body encounters that
pathogen, you immune system will remember it and the memory lymphocytes will be able to
produce antibodies quickly before it makes you sick. This means you are now immune to that
disease.
During an infection, lymph nodes closet to that area tend to get swollen. You body
temperature also rises and you develop a fever to help fight off infections. This is because
pathogens function best at normal body temperature and so by increasing it, pathogens will
not be able to function as well and your immune system can fight them off easier.
Antibodies are produced by lymphocytes when there is an infection.
Vaccines help to protect you from pathogens because they make your body react as if it had
come into contact with the pathogen. It is a weakened version of the bacteria so it is harmless
but your immune system responds to it as it usually would and you become immune to the
pathogen.
How to avoid getting infected by a pathogen: washing hands removes germs and pathogens
from your hands, vaccines can cause immunity, quarantining makes you less likely to contact
a contagious disease, cover you mouth and nose when coughing, cleaning frequently touched
surfaces prevents pathogens being spread, ensure food is properly cooked and water is clean
because viruses and bacteria can be transmitted through contaminated food and water, and
wearing gloves, masks and gown when you may be exposed to infections can also protect
you.
Viruses- 100x smaller, show no signs of life outside of the host cell, uses and then destroys
the host cell to reproduce and spread the virus, cannot be treated with antibiotics, treated
with vaccines
Bacteria-single celled, living organism, reproduces by splitting in half, can be treated with
antibiotics
Both- pathogenic, cause diseases, are micro organisms, are spread in similar ways
Doctors treat viral infections by prescribing antiviral drugs. They don’t target the virus
directly, instead they stop their reproduction. They do this by stopping the virus from entering
a host cell or interfering with the virus once it is inside the host cell. Doctors take great care to
make sure the host cell and any other cells inside the person are not damaged but this does
limit the amount of usable antiviral drugs. Many are only partially effective and there is no
cure for some.
Nanomedicine is also used. Scientists are working to produce nano traps, which are molecules
that imitate the surface of a cell membrane. Viruses bind too this instead of entering and
infecting the cell it is cleared away by the bodies defenses.
Parasitic diseases grow by living in/on their host and taking nutrients from it. They reproduce
when its host cell infects another cell.
Fungal diseases can be difficult to treat but it is still possible. It can be treated with fungicide,
a chemical that kills fungi.
A healthy diet is made up of water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals and vitamins. And
grains, vegetables, fruit, dairy, and meat.
Protein is used for the growth and repair of tissues, Carbohydrates are your main source of
energy, fats provide 2x as much energy as carbs, minerals- depending on what kind- are
important to your health, vitamins control the chemical reactions in your body.
High blood pressure is bad because it can cause a heart attack or stroke.
Heart attacks have to do with the heart being damaged, strokes have to do with the brain
being damaged.
The body controls its sugar levels by moving it into the digestive system from the blood where
it is broken down and used in cellular respiration. Insulin moves it from the blood into the
cells.