1.

Encode the following binary data stream into Manchester and differential Manchester codes
11001010
Ans:
Manchester Encoding:

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

Differential Manchester Encoding:

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
 2. Explain OSI reference model

OSI Layer Name Working of That Layer

Application  The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
 Resource sharing
 Provides a set of interfaces for sending and receiving applications to gain
access to and use network services
Presentation  This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, data
 encryption/decryption, or data
 compression/decompression.
 Manages data format, it converts data into a generic format
Session  Responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating sessions
 Responsible for security and access control to session information
 Responsible for synchronization services, and for checkpoint services
Transport  Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting long data streams
into smaller data chunks
 Reliable transmission (Provides
 Acks of successful transmissions and requests resends for packets which
 arrive with errors)
 Provides Congestion control and flow control
 Multiplexing and demultiplexing
 End-to-end data delivery
Network  Responsible for deciding how to route
 transmissions between computers
 Find best route to route the packet
 This layer also handles packet switching
 and network congestion control
Data Link  Handles special data frames (packets) between the Network layer and the
Physical layer
 Error control, Flow control,Framing
Physical  Converts bits into electronic signals & Viceversa
 This layer manages the interface between the computer and the network
medium

3. Compare between Hub and Switch

Basis for Comparison Hub Switch

Layer Physical layer. Layer 1 devices Data Link Layer. Layer 2

Data Transmission Electrical signal or bits Frame (L2 Switch) Frame & Packet (L3
switch)
Ports 4/12 ports Switch is multi port Bridge. 24/48 ports

Device Type Passive Device (Without Software) Active Device (With Software) &
Networking device
Used in LAN LAN

Transmission Mode Half duplex Half/Full duplex

Broadcast Domain Hub has one Broadcast Domain. Switch has one broadcast domain

Definition An electronic device that connects A network switch is a computer

many network device together so networking device that is used to
that devices can exchange data connect many devices together on a
computer network. A switch is
considered more advanced than a hub
because a switch will on send msg to
device that needs or request it
Speed 10Mbps 10/100 Mbps, 1 Gbps

Address Used Uses MAC address Uses MAC address

4. Explain the types of Spread Spectrum

Ans:
Spread spectrum is a form of wireless communications in which the frequency of the
transmitted signal is varied. This results in a much greater bandwidth than the signal (Bss >> B)
Two types of Spread Spectrum- FHSS and DSSS
a. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)- Signal is broadcast over seemingly random
series of radio frequencies. Signal hops from frequency to frequency at fixed intervals.
Receiver, hopping between frequencies in synchronization with transmitter, picks up
message.
Advantages
 Efficient utilization of available bandwidth
 Eavesdropper hear only unintelligible blips
 Attempts to jam signal on one frequency succeed only at knocking out a few bits
 Figure: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

b. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): Each bit in original signal is represented by
multiple bits in the transmitted signal.Spreading code spreads signal across a wider frequency
band .DSSS is the only physical layer specified for the 802.11b specification
 802.11a and 802.11b differ in use of chipping method
 802.11a uses 11-bit barker chip
 802.11b uses 8-bit complimentary code keying (CCK) algorithm

Figure: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

5. Write the use of different network connecting devices and also state at which layer that
works?

Network Layer Working

Devices Name
Gateways Application Gateway is a device which is used to connect multiple networks and
and passes packets from one packet to the other network. Acting as the
Transport ‘gateway’ between different networking systems or computer programs, a
Layer gateway is a device which forms a link between them
Brouters Network Brouters are the combination of both the bridge and routers. They take up
and Data the functionality of the both networking devices serving as a bridge when
link Layer forwarding data between networks, and serving as a router when routing
data to individual systems. Brouter functions as a filter that allows some
data into the local network and redirects unknown data to the other
network.
Routers Network Routers are network layer devices and are particularly identified as Layer-
Layer 3 devices of the OSI Model. They process logical addressing information in
the Network header of a packet such as IP Addresses.
Functionality:
 To connect different network segments.
 To connect different network protocols such as IP and IPX.
 To connect several smaller networks into a large network (known
as internetwork)
Bridges Data Link A bridge is a computer networking device that builds the connection with
Layer the other bridge networks which use the same protocol. It works at the
Data Link layer of the OSI Model and connects the different networks
together and develops communication between them. It connects two
local-area networks; two physical LANs into larger logical LAN or two
segments of the same LAN that use the same protocol.
Types of Bridges:
1. Transparent Bridge
2. Source Route Bridge
3. Translational Bridge
Switches Data Link Switches are connected to them through twisted pair cabling. But the
Layer difference shows up in the manner both the devices; hub and a switch
treat the data they receive. Hub works by sending the data to all the ports
on the device whereas a switch transfers it only to that port which is
connected to the destination device. A switch does so by having an in-
built learning of the MAC address of the devices connected to it.
Hub Physical Hubs are fundamentally used in networks that use twisted pair
Layer cabling to connect devices. They are designed to transmit the packets to
the other appended devices without altering any of the transmitted
packets received.
Active Hub: They not only provide the path for the data signals infact they
regenerate, concentrate and strengthen the signals before sending them to
their destinations.
Passive Hub: They are more like point contact for the wires to built in the
physical network. They have nothing to do with modifying the signals.
Repeater Physical A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal
Layer over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted
so as to extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the
same network. An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they
do no amplify the signal.

6. List out name of different topologies

Ans:
 BUS
 RING
 STAR
 MESH
 TREE
 HYBRID